Filipino Psychology Concepts and Methods

Filipino Psychology
Concepts and Methods

Robert E. Javier Jr., PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Psychology
De La Salle University - Manila

What is Filipino Psychology?

 It is an Indigenous Psychology

The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and
culture of a people and the application to
psychological practice of indigenous knowledge
rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and
consciousness.

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous Psychology
& Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Lungsod ng Quezon.

Distinctions among the forms of
Psychology in the Philippines

 Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
Psychology in the Philippines
 Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
Psychology of Filipinos
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Filipino Psychology
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at
gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press:
Quezon City.

Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas

 Psychology in the Philippines

refers to a series of events related to the field of
psychology in the Philippines.
(e.g. number of degree programs and journals,
the amount of research conducted)

ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng
sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.

Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino

 Psychology of Filipinos

refers to any theories or knowledge of Filipino
nature regardless of source, Western or local

palasak na anyo sapagkat pinakakaraniwan o
madaling makita.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 Filipino Psychology

refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s
true thoughts, feelings, behaviors and must
derive from indigenous Filipino sources,
language, and methods.

nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng
karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong Pilipino

Limits of Western Concepts & Methods

 Issue

Applicability of the Western theories and
principles taught as well as the research
concepts and methods used in the
Philippine setting.

Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of
Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Quezon City.


 The limits of Western social research methods in
rural Philippines: The need for innovation

Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at
Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press:
Quezon City.


 The limits of applicability of Western concepts,
values and methods in the social sciences to the
concrete realities of Asian societies.

Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings.
V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) (1990) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon
City.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino
from a movement to an academic discipline
 Principal emphasis in psychology

Identity and national consciousness
Social awareness and involvement
Psychology of language and culture
Applications & bases of Filipino psychology
(health practices, agriculture, art, religion)

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The
Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press. QC

Primary areas of protests of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
 It is against

a psychology that perpetuates the colonial
status of the Filipino mind

a psychology used for the exploitation of the
masses

the imposition of psychologies developed in
foreign countries

Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 On psychological practice

conceptualization of psychological practice in a
Philippine context (industriya vs. kabuhayan;
klinika vs. kalusugan)

concerned with folk practices, indigenous
techniques of healing, popular religio-political
movements


 On Science – Humanism issue

utilizes scientific methodology in the study of
psychological phenomena

concerned not only with the universal validity of
psychological science but also in utilizing such
for the purpose of serving the interest of all
mankind, affording protection to the
disadvantaged


 On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue

uses both phenomenological & behavioristic
concepts, but lesser emphasis on individual
experience and greater emphasis on the
collective experience

attaches greater importance to kamalayan,
subsidiary importance to ulirat


 On Analysis – Wholeness Issue

methodologically leans on the side of analysis
but interprets the result of analysis with a bias
for wholeness
(social context, political implications, cultural
meaning of the study)

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘taong-bahay’

 Metaphor

Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained through a
metaphor: (a characteristic way of clarifying
concepts) – difference between tao sa bahay
(person in the house) and taong-bahay (house
person).

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a call

 for the exercise of care in the adoption of foreign
theories… “uncritical rejection is just as
dangerous as uncritical acceptance of Western
theories”

 for example: psychological problems are the
same anywhere however, the sources of such
problems differ greatly

Lines of filiations in
Philippine psychological thought

 Academic-scientific psychology: Western
 Academic-philosophical psychology: Clergy
 Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychology
 Psycho-medical system: Religion - cohesive
element and explanation.

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.

Psychology: the Western tradition

 Academic-scientific psychology:
Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition
University of the Philippines (1908)
and other American traditional schools

 Academic-philosophical psychology:
Thomistic philosophy and psychology
University of Santo Tomas (1611)

Ethnic psychology
Native psychological thought
 Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and
katutubong sikolohiya.

 Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic traits,
as observed by foreigners or as felt and
expressed by Filipinos.

 The practice of psychology by Filipinos –
techniques of enculturation, socialization.

Psychology: the Filipino tradition

Ethnic psychology

 Kinagisnang sikolohiya
the subconscious psychology imbedded in the
native language, art, music, culture and religion
(one has been born into; unaware).
e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa

Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit.
Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the Philippines Press: Quezon
City.


Ethnic psychology

 Katutubong sikolohiya
psychology worked out by Filipinos with
indigenous elements as basis (innate to the
Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose
Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes.

Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang
sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya


Ethnic psychology

 Psychology of Filipinos- based on mainly
Western system of thought e.g. Spanish:
Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of the
Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by them);
American: Worcester’s view of the Filipinos as
distinct ethnic groups different from one another
as Christian and non-Christian (pagans and
Moros).


Ethnic psychology

 Practice of psychology by Filipinos:
a. indigenous techniques of enculturation/
socialization, e.g. myths for social control, or as
affected by Christianity or Islam.
b. proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo,
manghuhula, ancient techniques of group
therapy that are still present (alternating chants
during wakes, poetry, consensus).


 Ethnic psychology

Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive
element and explanation.
(1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of
healing; disease theory, causation, therapy.
(1650) Messianic movements
(1730) Herbolaryo
(1900) Espiritista

Filipino psychological knowledge

 Filipino Language

use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering
indigenous concepts

e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the wealth
of ideas implied by the philosophical concept of
“essence”

Filipino Language

“Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and
does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a heuristic
device, a discovery procedure… returning to the
‘deep structure’ of the language… Enriquez
worked in an area where Filipinos are most
adept, where the language has a rich vocabulary
of feeling and sentiment.”

Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of readings.
V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.

Language, a Heuristic Tool

 Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis,
Semantics, Introspection

Language provided the instrument to refine the
tools of research so as to discover categories
and subcategories which would be lost to a
Western English-speaking researcher…

Filipino, the Philippine lingua franca

The issue of national language has long been
resolved by the Filipino masses through their
use and propagation of a language based on the
Manila lingua franca, Manila being the seat of
government, the business hub, melting pot,
center of history.

Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial politics
and language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Quezon City.

Language & Knowledge

 System of communication
summing-up our lived experiences

 Social interaction
expressing our thoughts and feelings

 Spoken language
from bodily gestures to linguistic acts
specialized speech apparatus
primary medium of communication

Thinking & Language

 Interdependence of knowledge & language, i.e.
the thinking process cannot work independently
of language

 Language is not a neutral system of signs nor is
it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the values,
perspectives, and rules of cognition of a
particular class or society

Language, history, and
socio-economic-cultural life
 Specific historical features and socio-economic-
cultural conditions shape the thinking and
language of a people, giving distinctive
meanings and value judgments to their words.

 Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the
innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of a
people bound by a common historical heritage
and a specific socio-economic-cultural
environment.

Psychological concepts and
human behavior
 The formation of psychological concepts is the
more important stage in the entire process of
understanding human behavior.

 These concepts lay the foundation for the
formation of indigenous psychological theories
and models of analysis that correspond more
fully to the realities of the life and culture of a
society.

Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
 System of affixation in the Filipino language a
resource for terminology development

 The meaning changes because of the use of
affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes)
paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

Filipino Psychology
 Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)
perception (L) persepsyon
psicologia (S) sikolohiya
 Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)
reinforcement - reimporsment
 Grammatical translation
(saling-panggramatika)
social interaction – interaksyong sosyal

Filipino Psychology
 Loan translation (saling-hiram)
defense mechanism
mekanismong pananggalang
 Word invention (salitang likha)
masturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaos
 Abbreviated words (salitang daglat)
STM short term memory
PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao

Filipino Psychology
 Parallel translation (salitang-tapat)
relationship = pakikisalamuha
 Indigenous-concept oriented translation
(salitang taal)
kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao
 Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib)
mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay

Filipino Psychology
Categorization of words and concepts
 Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)
home for the aged
 Superficial assimilation
(paimbabaw na asimilasyon)
reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’
 Labeling (pagbibinyag)
utang-na-loob - reciprocity
hiya - shame
pakikisama - comradeship

Filipino Psychology
Categorization of words and concepts
 Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)
paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by)
 Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda)
gunita – recall, alaala – memory
personality is personalidad not pagkatao
 Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto)
saling-pusa (informal member)
pagka-pikon (to be peeved)

Kapwa, a core concept in
Filipino Psychology
 The Filipino language provides a conceptual
distinction in several levels and modes of social
interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan).

 Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under two
general categories in Filipino were identified
(ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).

Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the
Philippines Press: Quezon City.

Filipino Psychology
 Ibang-tao (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)
pakikilahok (joining, participating)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting)
 Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
pakikisangkot (getting involved)
pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)

Kapwa, the shared inner self

 Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others)
others is used in opposition to the ‘self’
implies the recognition of the ‘self’
‘self’ as a separate identity
 Kapwa in Filipino
a recognition of shared identity
an inner self shared with others
the ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ (others) are
one and the same in kapwa psychology

Filipino Psychology
 Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually
replaceable in taxonomic analysis, either
covers the entire lexical domain.

 Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile
concept when analyzed semantically; much
deeper and profound in its implications as it
means accepting and dealing with the other
person as an equal.

Pakikiramdam:
the pivotal aspect of kapwa
 refers to heightened awareness, sensitivity
 ‘feeling for another’
 a kind of emotional a priori
 an active process involving great care and
deliberation manifested in ‘hesitation to react,
inattention to subtle cues, and non-verbal
behavior in mental role-playing

Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation psychology: The
Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) (1992) UP Press.

Pakikiramdam:
the pivotal aspect of kapwa
 Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the operation
of all Filipino surface values:
pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob
 The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is
operative in bahala na
lakas ng loob, pakikibaka
 The centrality of pakiramdam in behavioral and
interpersonal domains:
biro-lambing-tampo.

The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
Major goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 pagsasakatutubo (indigenization)
 pagka-agham (science)
 pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)

Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 development of indigenous psychological
concepts
 utilization of indigenous research methods
 creation of authentic and appropriate social
scientific psychology
Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman.
Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.:
Manila

Research Approaches

 Experimental - adherence to predetermined set
of procedures
 Survey – conform to an informal agreement with
respondents
 Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as they
arise
 Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as
one-with-the-other

Indigenous Research

 Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the modern
and the traditional i.e. using scientific methods
and ensuring that they are culturally appropriate.

 Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows
concepts from both the modern and traditional
cultural systems.

Approaches in the development & utilization
of indigenous viewpoints
 Indigenization from within
basis: the indigenous
direction: outwards
culture-as-source

 Indigenization from without
basis: the exogenous
direction: inwards
culture-as-target

Indigenization from without

 Content indigenization
translation of imported materials

 Theoretic indigenization

 Indigenization as strategy

 Culture assimilation
indigenous versions of imported systems

Indigenization from within

 Identification of indigenous concepts, methods,
theories
 Semantic elaboration
 Indigenous codification re-codification
 Systematization/explication of implied theoretical
frameworks
 Application/use

Using the culture as source

 Indigenization from within

necessarily implies the need for cultural
revalidation

a demand for concepts and methods which are
culturally appropriate, scientifically valid

Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology
and culture
 Language
ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual people
 Leisure
laro, laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa, piko)
 Cuisine
adobo, bistik, dinuguan at puto, halo-halo
 Law

and culture
 Religion

belief in a supreme being (Batlaya)

respect for nature (spirits dwell in nature)

reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito, ninuno)

and culture
 Religion

underscores the importance of establishing
close interpersonal relations with one’s family,
relatives and fellowmen (kapwa)

highly-developed sense of values: courage,
cleanliness, courtesy, control and the family

and culture
 Religion

indigenous morality: profound concept of
pagkamakatao

babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine)

rituals and symbols for good (benevolent diwata)
and evil (malevolent aswang)

and culture
 Manuscripts, memories, mummies lost

bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata),
burial grounds in Sagada

 Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kita

Foreign words subsumed in the structure
of the Filipino language

and culture
 Names: Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani Paros (B),
Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo (C), Sudi
Amor (I)

 Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado

 Theater and Film: Fernando Poe Jr.
Tagalog movies shown in theaters from Batanes
to Jolo

and culture
 Medicine
lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have gone
semantic transformation- result of massive
promotion during the Marcos’ Green Revolution
project

herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot,
concepts attributing illness to displaced organs
that have to be massaged back into its correct
position

and culture
 Music and Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu Pung
Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I), Pobreng
Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Salidumay (S);
Kulilal Ensemble of Palawan, Kutyapi Artists of
Maguindanao

 Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat (talisman),
mutya (charm), gayuma (spell), anting-anting
(amulet); bulong (whisper); sapi (spirit
possession)

and culture
 Methods: doing diagnosis

psychodiagnostician determine culturally-defined
cause of affliction through patawas,
pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot, pamulso.

beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.

and culture
 Meanings:

Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in indigenous
medical practice, it means compatibility of the
treatment and medicine with the individual.

Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw is
perceived as ‘food for the sick’

and culture
 Genetic diversity of indigenous plants
e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured through
centuries by indigenous people

 Herbal knowledge
e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven leaves:
bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, mango,
pandan – use to detoxify the body.

Philippine cultural studies

 Perspectival and Interpretive Models

absolutist position - assumes the basic
congruence of psychological phenomena across
humankind

relativist position – assumes differences across
cultures, if not the uniqueness of each one


pangkami (reactive relativist), assumes the utility
of an alien frame of reference

pantayong pananaw (ethnocentric), assumes the
absolutist indigenous perspective

universalist position implied by the kapwa and
cross indigenous orientation of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino


 Universalist position

assumes that basic psychological processes are
likely to be common features of human life
everywhere, yet their manifestations are likely to
be influenced by culture


 Emic approach (phonemic)
the need to understand a culture from its own
perspective (using natural taxonomies)

 Etic approach (phonetic)
the discovery of psychological universal

Filipino intellectual tradition

 Philosophical traditions and paradigms of
science as neither Eastern nor Western

 The West does not have a monopoly of scientific
standards, in fact science evolved from Eastern
intellectual traditions

 Filipino intellectual traditions: the Ma’aram, si
Pilosopong Tasyo

Filipino intellectual tradition

 Filipino philosophy of science incorporates the
demands of empirical validation from reliability
and validity to affirmability and authenticity.
 Levels of validity & scientific standards
katatagan (replicability, reliability)
katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)
patibay (certification)
patotoo (affirmability, attestability)
patunay (authenticity)

Filipino indigenous theories

 Filipino concepts and models of personality

The five elements of the Ma’aram concept of
pagkatawo (personhood):
ginhawa (vital principle)
buot (perception)
isip (mind)
dungan (sleep spirit)
kalag (life spirit)



Three elements in Baltazar’s model:
bait (sanity)
muni (reflection)
hatol (judgment)



The four elements in Covar’s concept of Filipino
personhood:

kaluluwa (spirit)
budhi (conscience)
katauhang panlabas, external appearance
katauhang panloob (innermost being)


 Filipino social interaction theory
Levels and modes of social interaction rooted in
Filipino collectivist culture which have been
identified using ethnoscientific field methods.

 Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social
psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting,
dealing with the other person as an equal.

Filipino indigenous concepts

 Filipino concept of justice
Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos use a
common word for justice, katarungan, derived
from the Visayan root tarong means straight,
upright, appropriate, correct, and for right, we
use karapatan, whose root is dapat signifying
fitting, appropriate, correct i.e. justice is related
to right
Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

Research Models

 Models of data collection
Self-orientation
Experimenter-orientation
Reactive-orientation
Mutual-orientation
Linda L. Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology and
cultural empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez (Ed.) 1994. Akademya ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Quezon City.

Research Models


Self-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributors relate to the
other only to the extent of waiting until the other
stops responding, e.g. laboratory-based studies
of memory. Communication is not taking place
between them through socially shared
interpretations or common constructs.

Research Models


Experimenter-orientation Model:
the data collectors appear to influence while only
the data contributors appear to be influenced,
e.g. Asch’s person perception study; an
imbalance of power in favor of data collectors
who appear to define the experimental situation.

Research Models


Reactive-orientation Model:
the participants in the data collection are
reacting to what is currently taking place
between them, e.g. verbal conditioning research;
yet the capacities of both data contributors and
collectors to construe are assumed to be
unimportant and are ignored.

Research Models


Mutual-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributor give something
to, and gain something from the data collection,
e.g. Piaget’s early research on conservation.
Indigenous psychology research uses this model
as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer
himself.

Research Models

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model
 Scale of the Researcher

Iskala ng Mananaliksik
 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between
the Researcher and the Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at
Kalahok
Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press.

Santiago-Enriquez Research Model

 Scale of the Researcher

Iskala ng Mananaliksik

These are methods used by the researcher in
generating data that are tried and tested and are
culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing
research with Filipinos.


 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between
the Researcher and the Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at
Kalahok

The level of interaction between the researcher
and the researchee significantly determines the
quality of data obtained.


 Levels of Relationship

There are eight levels of interaction which range
from the relatively uninvolved civility of
pakikitungo to the total sense of identification in
pakikiisa. These eight levels of interaction can
be divided into two categories: the ibang-tao
(outsider) and the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).



Ibang-tao category (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (interaction)
pakikilahok (participation, joining)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting, being along with)



Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
pakikisangkot (active involvement)
pakikiisa (full trust)

Filipino indigenous research methods

Collective indigenous method
 partakes of the characteristics of:
a community dialogue
focused group discussion
natural cluster interview
group attestation
 puts premium on:
cultural appropriateness
an ordinary get-together

Filipino indigenous research methods

Approaches & Techniques

 Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)
 Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
 Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)
 Pakikialam (concerned interference)
 Pakikilahok (participation)
 Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
 Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)

Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches
and techniques
 Pakapa-kapa
an approach characterized by groping,
searching, probing into an unsystematized mass
of social and cultural data to be able to obtain
order, meaning, and directions for research.
Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at
gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press

Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit.
Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press

and techniques
Pakapa-kapa
 implies an exploration into cultural, social or
psychological data without the chains of
overriding theoretical framework borrowed from
observations outside the focus of investigation.
 can be related to unobtrusive techniques
because the actual procedures for collecting
information may range from observation,
documentation, intervention, participation.

and techniques
Panunuluyan approach

 interaction techniques, levels of relationship
mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang
pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at
gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC.

Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon & Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.)
(1985) National Bookstore Inc.: Manila.

and techniques


 Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at
teknolohikal.

 Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng
pakikipanuluyan.

and techniques

 Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw,
paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno.

 Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.

 Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at
batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.

and techniques


 Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata at
pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang ibig
ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa
pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang
salita (talas ng pakiramdam).

and techniques

 Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality
disposition, as a situational behavior, as a
coping mechanism; closely related to many
general psychological concepts such as
empathy and sensitivity.
Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985). National
Bookstore Inc.: Manila

and techniques


 Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido
komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang
namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay
aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang
kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng
katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).

and techniques

 Pamamaraan
panimulang pagsasanay
paglalakbay at pakikisuno
paghimpil sa pook
pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan
paghanap ng tulay
pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan

and techniques
 Pagsasakatuparan
pagbati at pagpapakilala
pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
pakikipagpalagayan
pagtulong-tulong
pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo
paggawa ng pananaliksik
pamamaalam at pasasalamat

and techniques
 Suliraning etikal

pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik
pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
paghingi ng pahintulot
pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian

and techniques
Pagtatanong-tanong Method

 Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking
questions,” the repetition of ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-
tanong’ indicates seriousness of purpose, one is
truly determined to get answers to ones
questions.
 Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural Relations,
Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USA

and techniques

Major Characteristics

– Participatory in nature
– Equality of status
– Appropriate and adaptive
– Integrated with other indigenous methods

and techniques

 Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of
everyday casual interaction, researcher must
plan very well for certain conditions, consider
convenience and comfort of informants, their
language, norms, values, and background
(history, within/between group differences,
activities, policies).

and techniques
Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong

Get to know the people, place, lifestyle
Greet informants, give credentials (name the go-
between)
Go tell them the purpose of the study
Give an estimate of the expected length of the
session
Guide questions are used when necessary
Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt

and techniques
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The level of the relationship that exists between
the researcher and the informant significantly
influences the quality of data obtained
(Santiago-Enriquez Model).

The language of the respondent is used in the
conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.

and techniques

The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for another’
(cultural sensitivity), through this the researcher
knows when to ask or avoid questions, interprets
a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.

The equality of status is maintained, as it is a
dialogue (informant is a kausap or person
spoken with) not an interview.

and techniques

The issue of reliability: consistency of response
can be checked by repeating the question in a
different way.

The problem of investigator bias and data
contamination can be solved by having more
than one person do the pagtatanong-tanong.

and techniques

Repeated sampling from as many informants as
possible can produce commonalities of lexical
domain which can then constitute a ‘construct.’

Familiarity with the language, values, cultural
norms, will optimize accuracy and relevance of
interpretations.

and techniques
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of
information, ideas, insights, and opinions also it
is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and
experiences.

Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004). Methodological Properties of
Pakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO Research Project Report.

and techniques

Oral (pasalita)
Written (pasulat)

Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time

Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)

and techniques


Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as well
as a social process of exchanging information,
thoughts, and knowledge that is part of human
daily activities.

Grace O. Oteza (1997). Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng sama-
samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
PPRTH Occasional Papers Series 1997, No. 1.

and techniques
Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan

 initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before
living-in the community (panunuluyan)
 introduce yourself to the community
 invite yourself to community gatherings
 initiate a conversation when in a natural
cluster
 invest time in story sharing sessions

and techniques
 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan
may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento
may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
libangan
linangan ng kaalaman
lunas sa karamdaman

and techniques

collective orientation
(pananaliksik na sama-sama)
contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo)
construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
cluster as unit of analysis
(pagsali sa likas na umpukan)

and techniques


with a topic to talk about but without a theme
(may pakay pero walang paksa)

worth or value of story produced from the
kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)

and techniques

Validity: trustworthiness not truth
(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)

Reliability: certification not consistency
(process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)

and techniques
 Ginabayang Talakayan Method

collective discussion technique
‘sama-sama’ orientation

Roberto Galvez

Filipino Psychology Concepts and Methods

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