Nationalism in indo china

NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
IN
INDO - CHINA
By: V Vivek (www.vvivek.com)
Follow Me on Twitter @
www.twitter.com/vivekvatsavayi/

Indo - China is a small peninsula in South-
East Asia. It consists of Laos, Cambodia
and Vietnam.

VIETNAM AND CHINA
• Vietnam was under the shadow of Chinese empire.
• (i) Vietnam followed the Chinese system of
government and Chinese culture.
• (ii) Chinese language was the language of the
educated Vietnamese people. They followed
Chinese system of education.
• (iii) Confucianism, a Chinese religion, had many
followers in Vietnam.
• (iv) Vietnam was connected to Maritime silk route.

The French troops reached Vietnam in 1858. They
defeated china in a war and got control over Tonkin
and Annam. In 1887, the French Indo-China was
formed.

FRANCE AND OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS
LOOKED FOR COLONIES
• Colonies were necessary due to the
following reasons:
• (i) They were rich in natural resources. So,
they provided raw materials to European
industries.
• (ii) Europeans could use colonies as markets
to sell their finished goods.
• (iii) Europeans wanted to spread western
culture in the colonies.

DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY FRANCE
IN VIETNAM
• The French built irrigation canals. They drained
Mekong delta and encouraged rice cultivation.
• They built roads and railway lines. For example:-
Trans Indo-China railway route.
• Rubber plantation was introduced in
Vietnam.
• Land reform measures were undertaken.
• Modern education was introduced.

RICE AND RUBBER CULTIVATION IN
VIETNAM

TRANS INDO – CHINA RAILWAY
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yi/

PAUL BERNARD ASKED THE FRENCH
TO TAKE STEPS TO DEVELOP VIETNAM
• According to Paul Bernard, colonies
were acquired with the aim of making
profits.
• If colonies were developed, the standard
of living of the people would improve.
• The people would demand more and
more foreign goods. So, the French can
sell more goods and get more profits

BARRIERS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IN
VIETNAM
• Huge population size.
• Low agricultural productivity.
• Indebtedness among the
peasants.

INTRODUCTION OF MODERN
EDUCATION IN VIETNAM
• The French introduced modern education:-
• to spread western culture and civilization.
• to get educated workers for low-paid jobs.
• to make the Vietnamese , their loyal
supporters.

DILEMMA OF MODERN EDUCATION
• The French wanted to civilise the people of
Vietnam. They were also in the need of an educated
labour force. So, they decided to introduce modern
education.
• At the same time, the French had a fear that the
education would create the following problems:-
• Educated people may oppose colonial domination.
• The colons feared that, they would lose their jobs to
the educated Vietnamese.

MEDIUM OF EDUCATION
• Some people argued that the French should be
used as the medium of education. It would help in
spreading western culture and civilisation.
• Some others argued that Vietnamese
should be the medium in the lower classes and
French in the higher classes.
• Those who learn French and adopt French culture
could be given French citizenship.
• Finally, the rich were allowed to study in French
schools and poor in the Vietnamese schools.

DRAWBACKS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
INTRODUCED BY THE FRENCH IN VIETNAM
The government followed the policy of
deliberately failing the students.
• Education was limited to the rich people.
• The textbooks glorified the French rule and culture
and degraded Vietnamese culture.

TONKIN FREE SCHOOL
• It was started in 1907 to provide western
education. Science, hygiene and French were taught
along with the other subjects.The school
encouraged students to adopt western style of
living. Students had to cut their hair short.

TONKIN FREE SCHOOL

SCHOOL TEXT BOOKS
• The school textbooks glorified French culture and
supported French rule.
• The Vietnamese were shown as primitive and
backward people.
• The Vietnamese could do only manual labour not
intellectual labour.
• The children were made to believe that only French
rule could provide peace to Vietnam.
• The schools forced the students to give up
Vietnamese lifestyle and follow French lifestyle.

PROTEST BY TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
• Teachers and students did not follow the
curriculum blindly. They opposed it openly.
• Students organised a movement against the Saigon
Native Girls schools which expelled a student.
• They formed political parties like Party of Young
Annan and published a journal called Annanese
Student.

SAIGON NATIVE GIRLS SCHOOL INCIDENT
• In Saigon Native Girls School, a Vietnamese girl
sitting in the first bench was asked to go to the back
bench in order to allow a colon girl to occupy the
firs bench.
• She was expelled from the school when she refused
to obey.
• The students who opposed this action were also
expelled.
• This led to large scale protests. So, the government
asked the school to take back the students.

GO EAST MOVEMENT
• Nearly 300 students of Vietnam went to Japan to
get modern education.
• Their real aim was to overthrow the French rule
with the help of Japan.
• They set up Restoration Society in Tokyo.

PLAGUE IN HANOI
• The French part of the city of Hanoi was beautiful
with all modern facilities.
• The native part was unclean without sanitation
facilities.
• The dirty water from the old city joined the river.
The sewers of modern city became a breeding
ground of rats.
• The rats entered the French houses through sewage
pipes and spread plague.

RAT HUNT
• The modern city of Hanoi was affected by plague.
• It was spread by the rats which lived in sewers.
So, rats had to be killed.
• Vietnamese were employed to kill the rats. The
workers started collective bargaining.
• Some of them cut the tail to show as proof and
released the rats.
• Some of them reared rats to earn money.

RELIGION AND ANTI COLONIALISM
• The French effort to destroy the religious believes
and traditions of Vietnam created anti-French
feelings.
• Scholars’ revolt was organised by the French.
• Hoa Hao movement encouraged anti-French
feelings among the people.
• Political parties got the support of the religious
groups in the struggle for freedom.

SCHOLAR’S REVOLT
• It was an armed revolt led by the officers of the
Kings Court.
• It was against the spread of Christianity and the
French rule.

HOA HAO MOVEMENT
• It was a religious movement started by Huynh Phu
So in 1939.
• He performed miracles and helped the poor. He
opposed child marriages, useless
expenditure, gambling and the use of liquor.
• The French called him mad [MAD BONZE] and sent
him to a mental hospital. Later he was sent out of
Vietnam.

PHAN BOI CHAU
He was a Vietnamese nationalist. He formed the
revolutionary society in 1903. He wrote a book titled
‘The History Of The Loss Of Vietnam’. He wanted to
overthrow the French rule with the help of the
Monarchy.

PHAN BOI CHAU
• He accepted monarchy.
• He did not want to revolt against monarchy.
• He wanted to get the help of monarchy to oppose
French rule.
• He supported Vietnamese culture and opposed
western ideas.
• He wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy

PHAN CHU TRINH
• He was a Vietnamese nationalist. He was against
Monarchy. He wanted to establish a Modern
Democratic Republic. He supported the French ideas
of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

PHAN CHU TRINH
• He wished to overthrow monarchy.
• He planned an uprising against monarchy.
• He did not want to get the help of monarchy.
• He supported modern ideas like liberty, fraternity
and equality.

INFLUENCE OF JAPAN AND CHINA ON
VIETNAMES NATIONALISTS
• Japan became a modern nation. So, Vietnamese
considered it as a model. The people who escaped
from French police took refuge in Japan.
• Many students went to Japan in the name of
education, but their real aim was to get Japan’s
support for freedom struggle.
• They set up restoration society in Japan.
• Sun Yat Sen’s movement ,which overthrew
monarchy in China, inspired Vietnamese
nationalists.

EFFCTS OF GREAT DEPRESSION ON
VIETNAM
• Great depression led to a fall in the prices of rice
and rubber. This affected the farmers badly.
• Export earnings of Vietnam decreased sharply.
• Unemployment and poverty became severe.
• It led to many revolts in villages.

HO CHI MINH
• Ho Chi Minh was the greatest leader of the
Vietnamese freedom struggle. He:
• united the nationalist groups and formed the Indo-
Chinese communist party.
• became the president of North Vietnam and
introduced many socialist policies.
• formed a people’s army called Vietminh to fight against
foreign powers.
• led the communists and the struggle for freedom for 40
years.
• organised his people for their heroic struggle against
American troops.

CHALLENGES FACED BY THE NEW
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
• The french troops tried to re-establish their control
over Vietnam. So, the new republic had to fight a war.
• Vietnam was divided into two parts in the Geneva
Conference.
• The U.S.A entered into the Vietnamese war. So, the
new republic had to fight against the most powerful
country of the world.
• Use of chemical weapons and destruction of towns and
villages by the American forces made the people’s life
miserable.

BATTLE OF DIEN BIEN PHU: It was a battle
fought between the French and the
Vietminh in 1954. The French were
defeated in this battle.

GENEVA CONFERENCE OF 1954
• It was organised by the U.N.
• It was decided to divide Vietnam into two parts.
• The North under Communist rule and South under
Bao Dai[Puppet of the U.S.A]

NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT
• Bao Dai’s government in South Vietnam was
overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem.
• He set up an oppressive and dictatorial
government. Anyone who opposed him was called a
communist and jailed.
• He allowed Christianity and banned Buddhism.
So, the people turned against him.
• They formed the NLF and started a war against his
government with the support of North Vietnam.

USA INTERFERES IN VIETNAMESE WAR
• The U.S.A decided to interfere in Vietnamese war
because:
• America was strongly against communist
movement. They had a fear that the victory of
communists of Vietnam would lead to the spread of
communism in Asia.
• The U.S.A policy makers underestimated the
strength of the Vietnamese nationalists. They
expected a quick victory.

EFFECTS OF VIETNAMESE WAR ON USA
• American people opposed their county’s
involvement in the war.
• Only non-graduates had to join the army. So, many
poor men had to go to Vietnam.
• Many Americans were killed and many were
wounded. So, their relatives turned against the
government.
• Many books were written and films were made to
show the sufferings of the American troops.

US MEDIA AND FILMS
• U.S media and films were divided over the issue of
U.S involvement in Vietnamese war.
• Some movies like Green Berets directed by John
Wayne supported the war.
• Some other movies like ‘Apocalypse Now’, directed
by John Ford Coppola opposed the war and showed
its bad effects.

HO CHI MINH’S TRAIL
• Ho Chi Minh’s Trail was a network of roads and
footpaths. Most of the trail was in Laos and Cambodia.
It was used by the Vietnamese in their war against the
U.S forces.
• It was used to transport goods and people from North
Vietnam to South Vietnam.
• It was used for the quick movement of forces from one
war front to the other.
• It was used to supply food, arms and ammunition to
the soldiers.
• It had support bases and hospitals along the way.

ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANTI-IMPERIALIST
STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM
• Plays, novels and paintings were made about the heroic
women of the past such as Trung sisters and Trieu Au in order
to create patriotism among the people.
• Women joined the army and fought bravely against the
American troops. They succeeded in shooting down war
planes.
• They were dedicated workers. They carried rifle on their back
and worked in the field.
• They were involved in nursing the injured, constructing
underground rooms and tunnels.
• They worked as helpers in Ho Chi Minh’s Trail. They carried
goods.

TRUNG SISTERS
• They were two Vietnamese women who fought
against the Chinese domination.
• Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on their lives.
• When they lost the war, they killed themselves. The
Vietnamese people considered the Trung sisters
as great patriots.

TRIEU AU
• She organized an army to fight against the Chinese.
• She lived in the forest and led the war. She killed
herself when she lost the war.

TRIEU AU

END OF THE WAR
• Common people of the U.S.A opposed their
country’s involvement in the war. Movies and media
showed the miseries of the American soldiers.
• (ii) American forces suffered heavy
damages. Many were killed in the war.
• (iii) World opinion turned against the
U.S. many writers and thinkers supported Vietnam.
• (iv) A peace agreement was signed in
January 1974 and the war ended when Saigon was
freed.

NEW REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

THE END
THANK YOU
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