Grapevine varieties, trellises, and mechanization of the California raisin industry
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An overview of traditional and mechanized raisin production in California, including typical varieties and trellis systems.
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Grapevine varieties, trellises, and mechanization of the California raisin industry
- 1. Grapevine varie*es, trellis systems, and mechaniza*on of the California raisin industry Ma:hew Fidelibus Vi*culture and Enology UC Davis
- 2. Outline • Overview of CA raisin industry • Tradi*onal produc*on methods • Mechaniza*on op*ons for tradi*onal vineyards • Newer dry-‐on-‐vine (DOV) systems • Future goals
- 3. California Raisin Industry • 140 year history • Located ~ 60 mile radius around Fresno in SJV • 90% natural sun-‐dried • ~170,000 acres • ~340,000 tons dried raisins/yr
- 4. California Raisin Industry • Small family farms; ~40 ac mean size • Historical 10-‐15% ROI + land apprecia*on
- 5. Varie*es
- 19. Problems with Tradi*onal Raisin Produc*on • Labor intensive • Fruit laid on ground • Produc*vity limits
- 22. Op*ons for growers with tradi*onal Thompson vineyards • Dry-‐on-‐vine (DOV) • Con*nuous tray
- 23. Con*nuous-‐Tray • Harvest pruning (HP) facilitates abscission; minimizes ‘juicing’ • Harvester removes green fruit • A layer of green berries are spread on paper ‘tray’ that runs the length of the row middle • Berries dry as in tradi*onal trays • Raisins collected with a pick-‐up machine
- 27. Fresno Numberofoccurrences August September October ½ Aug. = 2 ½ Aug. = 2 ½ Aug. = 0 ½ Aug. = 0 Sept. total = 12 Sept. total = 12 Sept. total = 0 Sept. total = 0 0.24” .01” 0.74” .25” .75” ½ Oct. = 5 ½ Oct. = 3 ½ Oct. = 0 ½ Oct. = 8 Sum, all
- 30. Dry on the Vine (DOV)
- 31. Dried on the Vine (DOV) Raisin Produc*on • Eliminates the need to hand harvest and lay fruit on paper trays • Requires that fruit bearing canes be severed at harvest
- 32. Thompson Seedless DOV Systems • Tradi*onal trellis • South-‐side
- 36. South Side Systems + Exis*ng Thompson Seedless acreage Equipment availability – Yield limita*ons Trellis modifica7on
- 42. Can Thompson Seedless be dried on the vine in CA? • Yes, and harvest costs can be reduced, but late maturity makes adequate drying difficult and yield poten*al is limited • Varie*es that ripen earlier than Thompson, on more expansive training and trellising systems, are required for op*mal DOV produc*on efficiency
- 43. Fiesta DOVineThompson Seedless Selma Pete All canes severed 8/14/01, pictured 9/10/01
- 45. BLACK CORINTH (ZANTE CURRANT)
- 46. FIESTA
- 47. DOVine
- 48. SELMA PETE
- 50. Open Gable • Large Y-‐shaped trellis supports larger canopy • Increased yield poten*al– about twice as produc*ve as standard trellising on a per acre basis • Decrease harvest cost, but increased pruning costs and significant investment for trellis installa*on required
- 58. OVERHEAD ARBOR • 2.5 to 3 *mes as produc*ve as conven*onal trellis systems • Not well suited for Thompson Seedless or other mid-‐season cul*vars • Significant investment required
- 67. Changes in raisin produc*on methods
- 68. Area planted to raisin grapes declining, and becoming increasingly mechanized
- 69. California Raisin Industry • DOV produc*on • New cul*vars & trellis systems • Corporate farms • Fewer acres Future?
- 70. Acknowledgements • L. Peter Christensen, Stephen Vasquez (UC) • David Ramming (USDA-‐ARS) • Earl and Randy Rocca (Rocca Ranches) • California Raisin Marke*ng Board