1. Soft Systems Modelling
1. Introduction
The Soft Systems Modelling approach1 encourages constant reflection on how things happen in real
world situations. It doesn’t so much describe how the information management system actually
works, but how the stakeholders think it works, how they think it should work and how they would
personally like it to work. This exactly describes the nature of the qualitative messages that came
from the stakeholder interviews carried out in the first phase of the Smudie project.
A further consideration when dealing with a student information system is what value each
stakeholder sees in a specific piece of information and how the information is used in their particular
organisational role. This is important because the same information is often used for different
purposes by the different stakeholders.
Student assessment outcomes, for example, are used by:
The student to judge attainment against learning objectives and to adjust their effort if not
meeting their personal objectives and aspirations;
The teacher to judge both the effectiveness of their teaching approach and the levels of
support needed by individual students;
The programme director to monitor the performance of the course against agreed
attainment and quality targets set by the faculty;
The institutional management to maintain the best possible institutional quality profile
when reporting to HESA and other external agencies.
This demonstrates that the management and use of such basic pieces of student information in the
system are not the sole responsibility of particular stakeholders, but have a ripple-through effect
where the student performance is responded to by the teacher, the teacher by the programme
director, the programme by the faculty and so on.
The common goal of maximising performance is evident for each role, but the example emphasises
how success for the entire system relies on a contribution to optimising student support and
attainment at each level of management.
2. How it works in practice
The EA ‘as is’ models and the VSM analysis2 have shown how the University institutional information
management system is made up of recursive self-managing sub-systems. Each sub-system has a
contribution to make to the whole, but in general, operates as an independent entity. The key to
institutional success with such an arrangement is the effectiveness with which the sub-systems
communicate with each other and are supported by their operational environment.
A common complaint in organisations is that different parts of the organisation manage their
information needs in isolation and create information ‘silos’ that do not inter-communicate
effectively or efficiently. There is a general view that a centrally managed enterprise-wide
information system is the solution to this problem. However, this view does not necessarily
recognise the realities of how large organisations operate in practice.
The fact is that individual stakeholders and stakeholder groups do operate in isolation from other
parts of the organisation because they have different job functions and information management
responsibilities. A lot of the locally managed information is used for that management function only
1
Checkland, Peter B. & Poulter, J. (2006) Learning for Action: A short definitive account of Soft Systems Methodology and its use for
Practitioners, teachers and Students, Wiley, Chichester.
2
http://smudieprojectblog.blogspot.co.uk/
1

2. and is not relevant or used elsewhere. Managing locally where appropriate reduces the complexity
of the central system and can add benefit.
There are two areas, however, where centralised student information management is needed. The
first relates to core data that is used by multiple sub-systems. Typically this would include the
student name, student ID, Course code etc., which are shared in the records of registry, the faculties
and by student support services. For core student data to be managed efficiently it needs well
defined management on a central database where the core data fields are available to all sub-
systems that use them. This is both efficient and ensures consistency of both content and format
across the institution.
The second area is where central management requires access to specific data from multiple sub-
systems. This would mainly be for formal periodic central management processes and for external
reporting. A typical student information system would have customised reporting options that are
set up to draw from the core data and from the various sub-systems concerned. The Smudie project
evaluation exercise has shown that there are varying degrees of effectiveness and efficiency in
achieving this.
A further central management requirement of the system, that is more difficult to satisfy, is when
non-standard reporting is requested to satisfy the needs of a specific current management issue. A
database set up to satisfy the needs of the standard information management requirements may
not be so effective in synthesising data for one-off reports.
The student information management system has to support the needs of multiple institutional
management sub-systems of varying degrees of complexity with both core and functionally specific
data. It has to interface with other information management systems both internally and externally.
The degree to which it is designed to meet all possible requirements is a management decision that
balances functionality with cost.
It was recently commented, rather prosaically, that the most cost-effective interface between two
information systems might actually be a junior clerk with a calculator.
3. The Soft Systems approach
Management modelling techniques have developed in an academic environment and tend to have a
formulaic approach that can mask the value of the thinking behind it. Checkland’s SSM3 has been
adopted by the systems design and operational research communities and has led to many,
sometimes rather opaque, academic publications.
However, Checkland himself makes the point4 that SSM is primarily an approach for tackling
problematical, messy situations of all kinds. It is an action-oriented process of inquiry into
problematic situations in which users learn their way from finding out about the situation, to taking
action to improve it.
The key is to define what the problem is from the point of view of the stakeholder who perceives the
problem. Only then can a pragmatic solution be found that addresses that problem. The solution
finder, however, must learn about the problem from the viewpoint of all system stakeholders for
collective improvements to be actioned. It is not so much formulaic as adaptive.
This is exactly the approach the first phase of the Smudie project adopted. Each of the stakeholder
interview records described their viewpoint of the student information management system. As well
as providing a rich picture of the systems in place, which were represented visually with EA models,
the process identified some of the problems with those systems that needed addressing to improve
performance.
3
Checkland, Peter B. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1981
4
http://www.crawfordev.anu.edu.au/public_policy_community/content/doc/2010_Checkland_Soft_systems_methodology.pdf
2

3. The soft systems approach to be used in the Smudie project will not formally apply the modelling
techniques that have developed from the methodology. More it will be used as a reality check when
considering the potential improvements suggested by the EA and VSM analyses.
4. Defining the problem
The Enterprise Architecture representations of the student information management systems show
the processes and procedures that make up current practice and identify where uncoordinated
variations occur that reduce consistency and reliability. They point towards potential improvements
in systems design, management and technical infrastructure.
The soft systems approach brings this picture much closer to how the users view the system, how
well (or otherwise) it works for them and what improvements would make their job easier. In other
words, it involves defining the problem from their point of view that needs addressing.
An example would be the academic member of staff who is reporting student assessment outcomes.
With the current system this involves accessing the reporting software online and entering the
information in the prescribed way. In principle it couldn’t be simpler. In practice there are a number
of barriers to be overcome and different coping strategies have been adopted by staff.
The issues, from the viewpoint of the academic member of staff, include:
The fact that they access the system infrequently, typically twice per year when assignments
are submitted and exams undertaken at the end of semesters. As a result, they forget how
the system works and the workflows involved in accessing student records and correctly
entering data;
The reality that many staff are non-experienced computer users, are often anxious about
their ability to cope with the system, and find the process stressful;
Reports that the system is non-intuitive, even for the relatively computer literate, and has
several frustrating characteristics such as momentary delays after entering each item of data
and the need to navigate through several screens to complete procedures.
The coping strategies include:
Requesting help from colleagues. Typically these will include their immediate academic
colleagues, their Faculty MIO, and IS staff with a part remit for academic support/history of
helping staff out;
Relying on others to enter the data, either in the Faculty office or others in the Programme
team.
The problem in this example, then, is that a significant number of academic staff, through lack of
familiarity and confident developed IT skills, find the online assessment reporting system difficult to
use. The perception is that this is exacerbated by the system software being non user friendly.
The problem definition once discussed and agreed makes it possible to identify potential changes
that are desirable and feasible.
5. Defining the solution
The way the problem above is described is as a conceptual model of how the system works as
perceived by the stakeholder(s). Aspects of that perception may not accurately represent the way
the system is intended to work and rectifying that conceptual miss-match may be part of the
solution.
SSM functions as a learning system because it facilitates a greater understanding of the problem
situation on the part of all the stakeholders involved. The solutions that result can range from the
complete disappearance of the problem by reconciling a soft conceptual and actual miss-match by
3

4. discussion, through to the re-structuring of the system to solve the problem through a defined hard
redesign process.
In all cases the solutions are people solutions for people problems. The technical infrastructure for a
student information management system is only successful if it meets the needs of the users and in
doing so recognises their technical, occupational and cultural diversity.
6. Summary and conclusions
Referring back to the introduction; the soft systems methodology doesn’t so much describe how an
information management system actually works, but how the stakeholders think it works, how they
think it should work and how they would personally like it to work.
Clearly, the closer these four views of the system are together, the closer the system will be to an
optimal configuration. The objective with SSM is to gain, through consultation with the stakeholders,
a picture of these different viewpoints so that conversations about reconciling the differences are
fully informed.
In the development of an EA ‘to be’ model for the student information system and constituent sub-
systems, SSM will be included as part of the methodology, as will VSM. Each will bring added value
to the eventual outcomes, including a healthy dose of realism in what will always be a difficult
consensus to reach between stakeholders with different and often conflicting viewpoints and
interests.
Tony Toole
January 2013
4