This document discusses the different states of matter and the changes between states. It explains that solids have a definite shape and volume due to the tight packing and vibration of particles. Liquids can change shape but not volume as their particles can slide past one another. Gases expand to fill their containers as their particles are far apart and move independently. Changes between solid, liquid and gas require the addition or removal of energy. The document provides examples of different states and phase changes.

1. States of Matter
• States of Matter – physical forms that
substances can exist in
• Matter is composed of atoms and
molecules that are always in motion
bumping into each other, this activity
determines the state of the matter

2. Solids
• Particles of solids do not move fast
enough to over come the strong attraction
between them, therefore, they are close
together and vibrate in place
• Solids have a definite shape and
volume
• Crystalline – orderly 3 dimensional
arranged particles in repeating patterns of
rows
• Ex; ice, diamonds, iron

3. • Amorphous – no special arrangement or
pattern
• Ex; rubber, wax

4. Liquids
• Particles of a liquid move fast enough to
over come some of the attraction between
the particles, therefore, the particles are
close together but can slide past each
other
• Can change shape but not volume,
liquids take the shape of the container
they are in

5. Properties specific to liquids
• Surface tension – force that acts on the surface
of liquids and that tends to minimize the area of
the surface
• Different liquids have different surface tensions
• Ex: water has high surface tension and forms
spheres, gasoline has low surface tension and
forms flat drops
• Viscosity – resistance of liquids to flow because
of the attraction of the molecules in the liquid,
stronger the attraction, the greater the viscosity

6. Gases
• Particles of a gas move fast enough to over
come almost all of the attraction between them,
therefore, the particles are far apart and move
independently of each other (empty space
between them)
• Gases change shape and volume
• Gases can expand and shrink depending on the
space they are put in
• Volume of a gas depends on the container the
gas is in

7. • Pressure - is the force exerted on a given
area of surface (the number of times the
particles of gas hit the inside of the
container)-units psi
• **Compression – a property unique to a
gas, the ability to squeeze or compress a
gas into a smaller space

8. Plasma
• Hot ionized (charged electrons) gas that
can conduct electricity
• Lightening is plasma, stars are plasma

9. Need Energy to State
• All changes of state are physical changes
• All states of matter have energy (solids
less energy, gases more energy)
• To change the state of matter, you must
add (endothermic) or remove
(exothermic) ENERGY

10. 1. melting - (solid to liquid) molecules speed
up(endothermic – add energy)
2. freezing (liquid to a solid) the particles of matter
begin to lock in place (exothermic - Removing
energy )
3. evaporation – (liquid to gas) at the surface
below the matters boiling point energy must be
added - endothermic

11. 4. condensation – (gas to liquid) particles
must clump together energy must be
removed - exothermic
5. sublimation – (solid directly to gas)
attraction must be completely overcome,
energy is added
•Boiling (not a change of state)– (liquid to
vapor or gas) pressure inside the bubble is
equal to the pressure on the outside of the
bubble – boiling point is same position as
evaporation and condensation points on graph

12. • When substances lose or gain energy either the
temperature changes or the state changes
• temperature is the speed the particles are
moving: average kinetic energy
• When temperature changes, the speed of the
particles changes, causing a change in state
• Temperature change doesn’t happen until the
change of state is complete

13. Temperature Change of H2O
• Boiling/evaporation/condensation point
• 100 °C , 212 °F or 373 K
• Freezing/melting point
• 0 °C , 32 °F or 273 K
• Absolute Zero – point at which all matter stops
moving and time no longer affects the matter
(0 Kelvin, -273.15 °C, -459.67 °F)