1. Ma. Tosca Cybil A. Torres, RN, MAN

3. NURSING: DEFINITIONS
• NURSING (as an art)
• Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It
refers to the dynamic skills and methods in
assisting sick and well individual in their
recovery and in the promotion and maintenance
of health. It involves the creative application of
knowledge in the service of people
• NURSING (as a science)
• It is the “body of abstract knowledge” arrived
through scientific research and logical analysis
• Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting
individual to achieve optimal health. It is the
diagnosis and treatment of human responses to
actual or potential problem.

4. NURSING: DEFINITIONS
• Nursing (as a profession)
• Profession- a calling in which its
members profess to have acquired
special knowledge by training or
experience, or both so that they may
guide, advise or save others in that
special field.

5. NURSING: DEFINITIONS
• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• Nursing is the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him
in his recovery.
• VIRGINIA HENDERSON
• Nursing is the act of assisting the
individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or
to a peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will, or
knowledge, and to do this in such a way
as to help him gain independence as
rapidly as possible.

6. NURSING: DEFINITIONS
• CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
(CNA)
• Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping
relationship in which the nurse assist the client
to achieve and obtain optimal health. – 1987
• THEMES THAT ARE COMMON TO THESE
DEFINITION:
• Nursing is caring
• Nursing is an art
• Nursing is a science
• Nursing is client-centered
• Nursing is holistic
• Nursing is adaptive
• Nursing is concerned with health promotion,
health maintenance, and health restoration
• Nursing is a helping profession

7. NURSING: DEFINITIONS
• AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA)
• 1973
• Nursing is direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the
individual, the family, and community during health and illness.
• 1980
• Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to
actual or potential health problems.
• 1995
• ANA acknowledges FOUR ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF
CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE:
• Attention to the full range of human experiences and responses to
health and illness without restriction to a problem-focused orientation.
• Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from understanding
of the client or group’s subjective experience.
• Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and
treatment.
• Provision of caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.

8. NURSE: DEFINITION
• NURSE
• Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or
“to cherish
• One who cares for the sick, the
injured, and the
physically, mentally, and emotionally
disabled
• One who advise and instruct
individuals, families, groups and
communities in the
prevention, treatment of illness and
diseases and in the promotion of health.
• An essential member of a health team
who cares for individuals, families and
communities in disease and illness
prevention and in the promotion of

9. PATIENT: DEFINITION
• PATIENT
• Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to
Bear”
• An individual who is in the state of
physical, mental, and emotional imbalance
• An individual who seeks for nursing
assistance, medical assistance, or for
surgery due to illness or a disease.
• Is an individual who is waiting or
undergoing medical or surgical care. One
who is physically or mentally disabled.

11. PERIODS OF NURSING
HISTORY
• Intuitive Period
• Apprentice Period
• Educative Period
• Contemporary Period

13. INTUITIVE PERIOD
• Prehistoric  Early Christian Era
• More on intuition
• NOMADS – travel from one place to
another
• Survival of the fittest
• “Best for the most” – motto
• Sickness is due to “voodoo”
• Performed out of feeling of
compassion for others
• Performed out of desire to help
• Performed out of wish to do good
• Nursing is given by the WOMEN

14. INTUITIVE PERIOD
• SHAMAN – uses white magic to
counteract the black magic
• They are the doctors during those time.
• TREPHINING – drilling the skull
• Used to treat Psychotic patients
• Psychotic patients are believed to be
possessed by evil spirits.
• Growth of religion – most important thing
that happened
• Growth of civilization
• Law of self preservation – inspire man in
search of knowledge

16. RISE IN CIVILIZATION
• From the mode of Nomadic life  agrarian
society  gradual development of urban
community life
• Existence of means of communication
• Start of scientific knowledge  more
complex life  increase in health
problems  demand for more nurses
• Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES.
NURSING DID NOT CHANGE but there
was progress in the practice of Medicine.
• Care of the sick was still closely allied with
superstitions, religion and magic

17. RISE IN CIVILIZATION
• Near East – birth place of 3 religious
ideologist:
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Mohammedism or Islam
- Near East culture was adopted by the
Greeks and Romans combined with the
wonders of the Far East by returning
crusaders and explorers improved and
was carried to Europe during the
Renaissance Period that resulted to
greater knowledge then to the New
World by the Early settlers.

18. RISE IN CIVILIZATION
• New World – a tiny area known as birth of
monotheism that lies between Tigris and
Euphrates River in the Nile River arose the
cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew.
• MONOTHEISM – believer of one God

20. BABYLONIANS
• CODE OF HAMMURABI
• 1st recording on the medical practice
• Established the medical fees
• Discouraged experimentation
• Specific doctor for each disease
• Right of patient to choose treatment
between the use of
charms, medicine, or surgical
procedure

21. EGYPTIANS
• ART OF EMBALMING
• Mummification
• Removing the internal organs of the dead body
• Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead
• Used to enhance their knowledge of the human
anatomy. Since work was done and performed on the
dead, they learned nothing of Philosophy
• “THE 250 DISEASES”
• Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments

22. HEBREW • Teachings of MOSES
• Created Leviticus
• Father of sanitation
• Practice the values of “Hospitality to
strangers” and the “Act of Charity” –
contained in the book of Genesis
• LEVITICUS – 3rd book of the Old
Testament
• Laws controlling the spread of communicable
diseases
• Laws governing cleanliness
• Laws on preparation of food
• Purification of man and his food
• The ritual of CIRCUMCISION – on the 8th day
after birth
• MOSAIC LAW
• Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may
enter the sanctuary without affronting God
• Meant as a survival for health and hygienic
reason only

23. • Use of pharmacologic drugs
CHINA
• “MATERIA MEDICA”
• Book that indicates the pharmacologic
drug used for treatment
• No knowledge on anatomy
• Use of wax to preserve the body of
the dead
• Method of paper making
• FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE
ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE:
• Prohibits dissecting of human body thus
thwarting scientific study

24. • SUSHURUTO
INDIA • 1st recording on the nursing practice
• Hampered by Taboos due to social
structures and practices of animal
worship
• Medicine men built hospitals
• Intuitive form of asepsis
• There was proficient practice of
Medicine and Surgery
• NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay
Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination
of Pharmacist, Masseurs, PT, cooks
• There was also decline in Medical
practice due to fall of Buddhism –
state religion of India

25. GREECE • AESCULAPUS
• Father of medicine in Greek mythology
• HIPPOCRATES
• Father of modern medicine
• 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused
by evil spirits
• 1st to apply assessment
• Practice medical ethics
• CADUCEUS
• Insignia of medicine
• Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with
2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and his
healing power). At the apex of the staff are two
wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed.
• NURSES  function of untrained slaves

26. ROMANS
• Proper turnover for the sick people
• “If you’re strong, you’re healthy” – motto
• Transition from Pagan to Christianity
• FABIOLA
• Was converted to Christian and later
she converted her home to a hospital
and used her wealth for the sick.
• 1st hospital in the Christian world

28. APPRENTICE PERIOD
• 11th century  1836
• On-the-job training period
• Refers to a beginner (on-the-job
training). It means care performed
by people who are directed by more
experienced nurses
• Starts from the founding of Religious
Orders in the 6th century through the
Crusades in the 11th century (1836
– when the deaconesses School of
Nursing was established in
Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor
THEODORE FLEIDNER)

29. APPRENTICE PERIOD
• There was a struggle for
religious, political, and economic power
• Crusades took place in order to gain
religious, political, and economic power or
for adventure
• During the Crusade in this period, it
happened as an attempt to recapture the
Holy Land from the Turk who obtained and
gain control of the region as a result of
power struggle. Christians were divided
due to several religious war and Christians
were denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher.

31. MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS
AND THEIR WORKS
• KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF
JERUSALEM (ITALIAN)
• Also called as “Knights of the
Hospitalers”
• Established to give care
• TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (GERMAN)
• Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land
• Cared for the injured and established
hospitals in the military camps
• KNIGHTS OF ST.LAZARUS
• Care for those who suffered Leprosy,
syphilis, and chronic skin diseases

32. • ALEXIAN BROTHERS
• A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the
Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under
religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969
• ST. VINCENT DE PAUL
• He organized the charity group called the “La Charite” and the
“Community of Sisters of Charity” composed of women dedicated
in caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and the widowed. He
founded the “Sisters of Charity School of Nursing” in Paris,
France where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education
in Nursing.
• LOUISE de GRAS
• Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters
of Charity

34. NURSING SAINTS
• ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI
• Took vows of poverty, obedience to service and
chastity
• Founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi
• “the poor Claire”
• ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY
• The patroness of Nursing
• A princess
• Sees her calling to give care for the sick
• Fed thousands of hungry people
• St. CATHERINE OF SIENA
• “Little Saint” – took care of the sick as early as
7y/o
• “1st Lady with a Lamp”

36. RISE OF RELIGIOUS
NURSING ORDER
• Orders of St. Francis of Assisi
• 1st order – founded by St. Francis
• 2nd order “the poor Claire” – founded by
St. Claire
• 3rd “the tertiary order”
• Beguines
• Oblates
• Benedictines
• Ursulites
• Augustinians

38. DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
• From 17th century – 19th century
• Also called the Period of Reformation until the
American Civil War
• Hospitals were closed
• Nursing were the works of the least desirable
people (criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, slaves,
and opportunists)
• Nurses were uneducated, filthy, harsh, ill-fed,
overworked
• Mass exodus for nurses
• The American Civil War was led by Martin Luther,
the war was a religious upheaval that resulted to
the destruction in the unity of Christians.
• The conflict swept everything connected to Roman
Catholicism in schools, orphanages, and hospitals

39. DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
• THEODORE FLIEDNER
• (a pastor) reconstituted the Deaconesses and
later be established the School of Nursing at
Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence
Nightingale had her 1st formal training for 3
months as nurse
• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• Practiced her profession during the Crimean
War
• “Lady with a Lamp”
• From a well-known family
• Went to Germany to study

41. EDUCATIVE • Florence Nightingale era
• Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale
PERIOD School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in
st
London England, where 1 program for formal
education of Nurses began and contributed growth
of Nursing in the US
• FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF
NURSING EDUCATION:
• Social forces
• Trends resulting from war
• Emancipation of women
• Increased educational opportunities
• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• Mother of Modern Nursing
• Lady with the Lamp
• Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
• Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL – to change the profile
of Nursing
• She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her
observations of sanitation practices and entered
Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth,
Germany for 3 months.

42. EDUCATIVE PERIOD
• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• Became the Superintendent of the
Establishment for Gentle Women during the
Illness (refers to the ill governess or instructors
of Nursing
• She disapproved restriction on admission of
patient and considered this unchristian and
contrary to health care.
• Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made
Nursing a honorable profession
• Led other nurses in taking care of the wounded
and sick soldiers during the Crimean War
• She was designated as Superintendent of the
Female Establishment of English General
Hospital in Turkey during the Crimean War
• She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2%
thru her effort by improving the practice of
sanitation techniques and procedure in the
military barracks

43. EDUCATIVE PERIOD
• THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE
NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOL:
• School of Nursing should be self-supporting not
subject to the whimps of the Hospital.
• Have decent living quarters for students and
pay Nurse instructors
• Correlate theories to practice
• Support Nursing research and promote
continuing education for nurses
• Introduce teaching knowledge that disease
could be eliminated by cleanliness and
sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did
not believed in the Germ Theory of
Bacteriology.
• Opposed central registry of nurses
• Wrote Notes on Nursing, “What it is and what it
is not.”
• Wrote notes on hospitals

44. EDUCATIVE PERIOD
• OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING
• Bellevue Training School for Nurses – New
York City
• Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in
US exclusively for men. It opened in 1348 and it
closed down in 1969.
• LINDA RICHARDS – the first graduate
nurse in US. Graduated in September 1,
1873.
• 2 NURSING ASSOCIATION /
ORGANIZATIONS THAT UPGRADED
NURSING PRACTICE IN US:
• American Nurses Association
• National League for Nursing Education

46. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
• World War II – present
• This refers to the period after World
War I and the changes and
development in the trends and
practice of Nursing occurring since
1945 after World War II.
• Includes scientific and technological
development, social changes
occurring after the war.
• Nursing is offered in College and
Universities

47. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
• DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS:
• W.H.O established by U.N to fight diseases by
providing health information, proper nutrition, living
standard, environmental conditions.
• The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and
treatment.
• Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing
• Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and
treatment
• Health related laws
• Primary Health Care – Nurses involvement in CHN
• Utilization of computers
• Technology advances such as development of
disposable equipment and supplies that relieved the
tedious task of Nurses.
• Development of the expanded role of Nurses

48. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
• FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING
TODAY:
• Economics
• Consumer’s Demand
• Family Structure
• Information and Telecommunications
• Legislation

50. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
• Beliefs About Causation of Diseases:
• Caused or inflicted by other person (enemy or
witch)
• Evil spirits
• Beliefs That Evil Spirits Could Be Driven Off By
Person With Powers To Expel Bad Spirits:
• Believed in Gods of healing
• Word doctors – priest physicians
• Herbolarios – herb doctors

51. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• EARLY CARE OF THE SICK
• HERBICHEROS – herbmen who
practice witchcraft
• MANGKUKULAM / MANGANGAWAY –
a person suffering from disease without
any identified cause and were believed
bewitched by such
• Difficult child birth and some diseases
attributed to (NONO) midwives
• Difficult birth, witches were supposed to
be the cause, gunpowder exploded
from a bamboo pole close to the head
of the mother to drive evil spirits

52. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• EARLY HOSPITALS:
• Hospital Real de Manila – 1577
• 1st hospital established
• Gov. Francisco de Sande
• To give service to the king’s Spaniard
soldiers
• San Lazaro Hospital – 1578
• Fray Juan Clemente
• Named after the Knights of St. Lazarus
• Hospital for the lepers

53. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• EARLY HOSPITALS:
• Hospital de Indios – 1586
• Franciscan Orders
• Hospital for the poor Filipino people
• Hospital de Aguas Santas – 1590
• Fray Juan Bautista
• Named after its location (near spring)
because people believed that spring has a
healing power.
• San Juan de Dios Hospital – 1596
• For poor people
• Located at Roxas Boulevard

54. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• PERSONAGES:
• Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
• 1st wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
• Established Philippine Red Cross –
February 17, 1899
• Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
• 2nd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
• 1st president of Philippine Red Cross
(Batangas Chapter)
• Josephine Bracken
• Helped Rizal in treating sick people

55. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• PERSONAGES:
• Melchora Aquino
• Took care of the wounded Katipuneros
• Anastacia Giron Tupaz
• Founder of Filipino Nurses Association –
established on October 15, 1922
• 1st Filipino chief nurse of PGH
• 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses in the
Philippines
• Francisco Delgado
• 1st president of Filipino Nurses Association

56. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• PERSONAGES:
• Cesaria Tan
• 1st Filipino to receive Masteral Degree in Nursing
abroad
• Socorro Sirilan
• Pioneer in Social Service at San Lazaro Hospital
• Also the chief nurse
• Rosa Militar
• Pioneer in nursing education
• Socorro Diaz
• 1st editor of PNA magazine called, “The Message”
• Conchita Ruiz
• Full time editor of the PNA newly named
magazine, “The Filipino Nurse

57. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS
• Iloilo Mission Hospital and School of Nursing
• Established in 1906 under the supervision of Rose
Nicolet (American)
• Nursing course – 3yrs.
• Produced 1st batch of Nursing graduates in 1909 –
22 nurses
• 1st TRAINED NURSES:
• Nicasia Cada
• Felipa Dela Pena
• Dorotea Caldito
• April 1944 – 1st Nursing Board Exam at Iloilo
Mission Hospital

58. HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS
• PGH School of Nursing – 1907
• St. Paul School of Nursing – 1907
• St. Luke’s School of Nursing – 1907
• UST – 1946
• Fatima – 1947

59. Fields
of
Nursing

60. Nursing in Primary Care Setting
• Nursing in primary care setting
• Primary- initial health care for general complaints
• Usually the person’s 1st contact with the health care
delivery system
• Managing current health care needs, and preventing
further problems.
1. Public health nursing
2. Occupational nursing
3. Clinic nursing
4. School nursing
5. Private duty nursing
6. Military nursing
7. Ambulatory care nursing
8. Nursing in correctional facilities

61. Nursing in Secondary Care Setting
Institutional nursing: Hospital nursing
• Director of nursing
• Clinical coordinator
• Head nurse
• Staff nurse
• OB-Gyne nursing
• Pediatric nursing
• Orthopedic nursing
• OR nursing
• Med-surgical nursing
• Psychiatric nursing
• ER nursing
• Critical care nursing
• Flight nurse
• Infection-surveillance nurse

62. Nursing in Tertiary Care Setting
1. Skilled care setting
2. Rehabilitation setting
3. Advanced practice nursing
(APN)
• Clinical nurse specialist
• Nurse anesthetist
• Nurse educator
• Nurse administrator
• Nurse researcher

64. Role
• A goal directed act or behavior that is
considered acceptable to the culture
of given situation

65. ROLES OF A NURSE
• Caregiver
• Communicator
• Teacher
• Client Advocate
• Counselor
• Change Agent
• Leader
• Manager
• Case Manager
• Research Consumer
• Role Model
• Administrator
• Expanded Career Roles

66. ROLES OF A NURSE
• Caregiver
• Primary goal
• TYPES OF CARE:
• Full Care  for completely dependent patient
• Partial Care  for partially dependent patient
• Supportive-Educative care  to assist clients in
attaining their highest possible level of health and
wellness; for learnings
• Communicator
• Integral to all nursing roles
• Nurses communicate with the client, support
persons, other health professionals, and people
in the community
• Nurses identify client problems and then
communicate these verbally or in writing to
other members of the health team

67. ROLES OF A NURSE
• Teacher
• Nurses help clients learn about their health and
the health care procedure they need to perform
to restore or maintain their health.
• Nurses assesses the client’s learning needs
and readiness to learn, sets specific learning
goals in conjunction with the client, enacts
teaching strategies, and measures learning.
• Nurses also teaches unlicensed assistive
personnel to whom they delegate care, and
they share their expertise with other nurses and
health professionals.
• Client Advocate
• Acts to protect the client
• Nurse may represent the client’s needs and
wishes to other health professionals, such as
relaying the client’s wishes for information to
the physician.
• Nurses assist clients in exercising their rights
and help them speak up for themselves

68. ROLES OF A NURSE
• Counselor
• Helping a client recognize and cope with
stressful psychologic or social problems, to
develop improved interpersonal relationships,
and to promote personal growth.
• Involves providing emotional, intellectual and
psychologic support.
• Nurses counsel primarily healthy individuals
with normal adjustment difficulties and focuses
on helping the person develop new attitudes,
feelings, behaviors by encouraging the client to
look at alternative behaviors, recognizing the
choices, and develop sense of control.
• Change Agent
• Assisting others to make modifications in their
own behavior.
• Nurses also often act to make changes in a
system if it is not helping client return to health.

69. ROLES OF A NURSE
• Leader
• Influences others to work together to
accomplish a specific goal.
• Can be employed at different levels: individual
client, family, groups of clients, colleagues, or
the community
• Case Manager
• Work with the multidisciplinary health care team
to measure the effectiveness of the case
management plan and to monitor outcomes.
• Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee
the care of a specific caseload.
• Primary nurse or provides some level of direct
care to the client and family
• Helps ensure that care is oriented to the client,
while controlling costs.

70. ROLES OF A NURSE
• Research Consumer
• Often use research to improve client care
• Have some awareness of the process and
language of research
• Be sensitive to issues related to protecting the
rights of human subjects
• Participate in the identification of significant
researchable problems
• Be a discriminating consumer of research
findings
• Role Model
• Has good physical appearance
• Practices proper hygiene
• Practices healthy lifestyle

71. ROLES OF A NURSE
• Administrator
• Assumes middle management position
• Connects the patient to other services
of the hospital
• Expanded Career Roles
• Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse
specialist, nurse midwife, nurse
educator, nurse researcher, and nurse
anesthetist
• All of which allow greater independence
and autonomy.

72. CONCEPT OF PROFESSION (Marie
Jahoda)
• An organization of an occupational group based on the
application of special knowledge which establishes its
own rules and standards for the protection of the public
and the professionals.
• A profession implies that the quality of work done by its
members is of greater importance in its own eyes and
the society than the economic rewards they earn.
• Serves all of society and not the specific interests of a
group

73. CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES OF A
PROFESSIONAL PERSON
• Is concerned with quality.-ksa
• Is self-directed, responsible and accountable for his
actions.
• Is able to make independent and sound judgment
including high moral judgment.
• Is dedicated to the improvement of human life
• Is committed to the spirit of inquiry.

74. NURSING AS A
PROFESSION
Primary Characteristics:
• Education
• Theory
• Service
• Autonomy
• Code of Ethics
• Caring

75. • Professional Nursing
- art and science, dominated by an ideal of
service in which certain principles are
applied in skillful care of the well and ill, and
through relationship with the client,
significant others and other members of the
health team.
• Professional Nurse
- A person who has completed a basic
nursing education program and is licensed
in his country or state to practice
professional nursing.

76. QUALITIES AND ABILITIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
• Has faith in the fundamental values that
underlie the democratic way of life:
• Respect for human dignity
• Self sacrifice for the common good.
• Strong sense of responsibility for
sharing in the solution of the problems
of the society.
• Has a sense of responsibility for
understanding those with whom he works
or associates with through the use of skills:

77. • Has the basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary
to address present day social problems, realistic and
well organized thoughts through the use of critical
thinking
• Has skills in using written and spoken language, both to
develop own thoughts and to communicate them to
others.
• Appreciates and understands importance of good health
• Has emotional balance.
• Accepts and tries to understand people of all sorts,
regardless of race, religion and color.

79. Five fold nursing functions
• Promoting Health and Wellness
• Preventing Illness
• Pain/suffering alleviation
• Restoring Health
• Creation of a spiritual environment

80. Five fold nursing functions
• PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS
• Wellness – state of well-being. Engaging in
attitudes and behavior that enhance the quality
of life and maximize personal potential
• For both healthy and ill.
• Involve individual and community activities to
enhance healthy lifestyle, such as improving
nutrition and physical fitness, preventing drug
and alcohol misuse, restricting smoking, and
preventing accidents and injury in the home and
workplace.

81. Five fold nursing functions
• PREVENTING ILLNESS
• The goal is to maintain optimal health
by preventing diseases
• Nursing activities includes
immunizations, prenatal and infant
care, and prevention of sexually
transmitted disease.

82. Five fold nursing functions
Pain/suffering Alleviation
• The goal is to provide relief from pain to
promote comfortable healing process

83. Five fold nursing functions
• RESTORING HEALTH
• Focuses on the ill client
• Extends from early detection of disease to
helping the client during the recovery period
NURSING ACTIVITIES:
• Providing direct care to the ill person:
administering medications, baths, and specific
procedures and treatments
• Providing diagnostic and assessment
procedures: measuring BP and examining feces
for occult blood
• Consulting with other health care professionals
about client’s problems
• Teaching clients about recovery activities:
exercise that will accelerate recovery after a
stroke
• Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional
level following physical or mental
illness, injury, or chemical addiction

84. Five fold nursing functions
• Creation of a spiritual environment
• Provision of spiritual care
• Involves comforting and caring for people of
all ages who are dying
• Includes helping clients live as comfortable
as possible until death and helping support
persons cope with death.
• Work in homes, hospitals, and extended
care facilities
• Hospices are specifically designed for this
purpose.