AP Biology energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
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food webs and biogeochemical cycles
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AP Biology energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
- 1. Energy and Matter in Ecosystems
- 2. Main Ideas 1. What happens to matter in an ecosystem? 2. What happens to energy in an ecosystem? 3. Where do living things get their energy and matter?
- 3. Interdependence īAll living things are connected to other living things, both directly and indirectly. īLiving things eat and/or get eaten īLiving things obtain chemicals that came from other living things īThe actions of living things affect other organisms
- 4. SoâĻ īEcosystems require MATTER and ENERGY īMatter is stuff â atoms that are used to make molecules īEnergy isâĻ Not created or destroyed, only converted from 1 form to another
- 5. Essential for all life ī Energy ī Matter Can be symbolized by Sunlight Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer
- 6. An energy Pyramid Gets smaller as it goes up since there is less and less energy as you go up
- 7. Pyramid of numbers How many organisms are at each level Usually mostly producers, then primary consumers, then secondary and so on 100,000 plants 1000 voles 1 owl
- 8. Pyramid of numbers Could look like this: 1 oak tree supports lots of primary consumers, which support fewer secondary consumers, then even fewer tertiary, etc. 1 oak tree 1000 caterpillars 50 bluetits 1 sparrow hawk
- 9. Pyramid of biomass How much everything weighs at each level Always pyramid shaped
- 10. Light energy to chemical energy (photosynthesis) īGross Primary Productivity â all the light energy that is converted to chemical energy in an ecosystem īNot all of this is available to consumers though, because the plants need some for themselves īNet Primary Productivity â the chemical energy available to consumers
- 11. Ecosystems with high NPP īTropical rain forests īEstuaries īCoral reefs īOpen ocean (just because so much of the planet is covered in it)
- 12. What happens to energy in an ecosystem? First â write your response Use these terms ī% īTrophic levels īAutotrophs īHeterotrophs īPrimary productivity What to do ī Younger person goes first ī Must use at least 3 terms in their answer ī Older person must write their answer ī Switch â same rules
- 13. Giraffes eat the grass Lions eat the giraffes And when they die, they become part of the soil and feed the grass
- 14. Biogeochemical Cycles -or- What happens to matter in an ecosystem? īļ Water īļ Carbon īļ Nitrogen īļ Phosphorus īļ Sulfur
- 15. Some basics īļ In all cases (except water) â plants get the C, N, P, and S first, then animals get it from their food īļ Decomposers are vital to recycling these nutrients and returning them to the earth so plants can get them again. C,N,P,S
- 17. Human Impacts 1. We use fresh water faster than it is replenished naturally 2. Water pollution
- 18. Quick Think īļWhat do you know for sure about the water cycle? īļâI know for sure thatâĻâ
- 20. Where is the Carbon? â CO² gas in the atmosphere (air) â dissolved CO2 in the oceans (water) â Carbon in organic molecules in every living thing â Carbon is in fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
- 21. Review - Photosynthesis Plants take CO2 + water + energy from the sun And make Glucose (sugar) and oxygen CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
- 22. Carbon diffuses into water īļ Carbon in the atmosphere diffuses into the oceans īļ Forms carbonic acid â CO2 + H20 ī H2CO3 īļ Too much CO2 in oceans leads to ocean acidification
- 24. Human Impacts īļ Removal of trees īļ Excess CO2 in the atm from fossil fuel use Alaska Brazil
- 25. Quick Think īļWhat do you know for sure about the carbon cycle? īļâI know for sure thatâĻâ
- 26. Warm up 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- 29. Where is the nitrogen? īļ Most of the nitrogen (the main reservoir) is in the air. â 78% of our air is nitrogen gas â It is not usable in this form â It must be âfixedâ first
- 30. How does the nitrogen get fixed? âBy lightning ~10%
- 31. Fixing Nitrogen īļNitrogen fixing bacteria ~90% īļLive in symbiosis with legumes (in their roots)
- 32. Human Impacts Add excess N to water in animal waste, fertilizer īļ Add excess N to air by burning fossil fuels NOx + H2O ī HNO3 - ī acid rain
- 34. Algae bloom resulting from excess nitrates from farm runoff (manures).
- 37. Phosphorus cycle īļthere is no atmospheric component. īļslow and local in nature.
- 38. Where is the phosphorus? īļ stored in rocks and sediment. īļ released through weathering and erosion īļ Plants can then take it up through the soil
- 39. Human Impacts īļ phosphorus from fertilizers pollute waterways and lead to euthrophication (dead zones).
- 42. The Sulfur Cycle
- 43. īļ Most is stored underground in rocks and minerals (sulfate ions - SO4 2-)
- 44. Human Impacts īļBurning coal and oil puts sulfur into the atmosphere īļSO2 + H20 ī H2SO4 ī acid deposition
- 47. Human Impact on Ecosystems 1. Nutrient enrichment â adding excess nutrients to aquatic ecosystems 2. Acid precipitation â pH less than 5.6, harms trees, aquatic ecosystems, 3. Biological magnification â toxins accumulate in the tissues of organisms, PCBs and DDT 4. Rising atmospheric CO2 â global warming 5. Depletion of the ozone layer â CFCs, burns leaves and skin