1. Current Status and Research Trend
of Glutinous Rice in Lower GMS
Somporn Isvilanonda and
Piyatat Pananurak
Knowledge Network Institute of Thailand
The Second Consultative Meeting on Cooperative Research and Networking on
Food Security and Nutritional Security in GMS
during 12-14 February 2015
Savannakhet University, Lao PDR
สถาบันคลังสมองของชาติ
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2. Outline
1. Current Status
2. Glutinous Rice Export of Some Lower GMS
Countries
3. Problem Facing by Glutinous Rice Farmers in
Lower GMS
4. External Threats and Opportunities Affecting
Livelihood of GR Farmers
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice
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1.Current
Status
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The Second Consultative Meeting on Cooperative Research and Networking on Food
Security and Nutritional Security in GMS,, during 12-14 February 2015,Savannakhet Univer
sity, Lao PDR

4. 4
1.1 Introduction
 Glutinous rice (GR) has long been a major rice
grain cultivation in Greater Mekong Sub-region co
vering Southern China, Northern Myanmar, North
western Vietnam, Northern Cambodia, Laos PDR,
and Northern and Northeastern Thailand.
image: from google.com
It is both a staple food diet of people in those subregions and
a source of family income.
1.Current Status
GR and GR flour have long been used for cooking deserts
and making alcohol of the people in Asia.

5. 5
1.1 Introduction(con)
GR is distinguished from non-glutinous rice by having
negligible amounts of amylose, and high amounts of amylopecti
n. Amylopectin is responsible for the sticky quality of glutinous ri
ce.
1.Current Status
 In recent year, it has been found that many native varieties of
GR have rich of nutritive value for human health such as
vitamin E, antioxidants, lutein, beta- calotene and folate (Ratcha
nee Kongkachiuchai, 2013) .
High Antioxidants
Selenium/ Folate/
Phytonutrients
Low – medium
glycemic index
Iron and high Fe
bioavailability
Let Your Rice
be Your
Medicine

6. Rice production in lower GMS countries was about 48.11
mil.ton of milled rice and its total consumption around 49.08 mil. t
on. The GMS produced surplus of rice 18.53 mil. ton in 2014.
countries
population
(million)
Milled white rice quantity 2014(million ton)
Domestic
production
Domestic
consumption
Export Import
Vietnam 88.0 28.16 22.0 6.50 -
Thailand 70.0 20.46 10.88 10.30 -
Laos PDR 6.3 2.30 2.10 1/ 0.20 na
Cambodia 14.3 4.73 3.65 1.00 -
Myanmar 48.3 11.96 10.45 1.55 -
Total GMS 226.9 67.61 49.08 20.7
Note: 1/ OAE 2014.
Source : Population from World Bank, Rice Production and Consumption data from Grain : World Market and Trade, USDA ; January 2015
1.2 Lower GMS Rice Production , Consumption
and Trade
The rice surplus is mostly non-glutinous rice.
1.Current Status

7. 7
1.3 Glutinous Rice Area and Production in
Lower GMS region
 Thailand is the largest GR area and production in GMS
region.
Countries Area(mil.
ha)
Production (mil. Ton of
paddy)
Yield (ton/ha)
Thailand1/ 3.17 7.37 2.32
Laos PDR2/ 0.86 3.02 3.51
Myanmar3/ 0.036 0.11 3.06
Vietnam4/ 0.77 3.67 4.78
Cambodia na na na
Total 4.836 14.17 2.93
Source: 1/ Obtained from OAE data available in 2013; 2/ Office of Foreign Trade Promotion, Viientian
refered in Orawan Srisomphun, 2012. 3/ Myanmar Department of Agriculture 4/ Dao The Anh and Pham Co
ng Nghiep (2012) Report on rapid Assessment of Glutinous Rice Trade and Consumption in Vietnam
 But,Laos PDR has been recognized as a center for glutinous
rice biodiversity. About 2,470 germplasm or about one-fifth of
the world germplasm was found in Loas PDR (Patcha, 2015).
1.Current Status

8. 8
1.4 Percent of GR to Total Rice Production in
Lower GMS
Countries Total Planted
area(mil.ha)
% of GR
Vietnam 28.16 7.8
Thailand 20.46 15.70
Laos PDR 2.30 78.70
Cambodia 4.73 na
Myanmar 11.96 0.59
Total GMS 67.61 12.58
1.Current Status
 Appoximatly 12.58% of total rice production in GMS region
is glutinous rice.
 Laos PDR is the largest percent of GR production.

9. 9
1.5 Utilization of Glutinous Rice for Domestic
Use in Thailand
Items Per Capita rice consumption in 2011(kg/head/year)
Non-glutinous Glutinous Total
Total 75 15 90
 In Thailand, average per capita consumption of non-
glutinous and Glutinous rice in 2011 was at 90 kg/head/year.
Source: Nipon Puapongsakorn et al, 2013
1.Current Status
And a share of glutinous rice in HH consumption was 15 kg
or 16.7%.
 About 80% was used in domestic consumption and
domestic industry.
 For seed use, it was around 0.9 mil. ton of paddy.

10. Asia is the main Glutinous and non-glutinous rice
production. In lower GMS the production about 8.5 mil
. ton of milled rice.
World rice production (WRP) is mainly non-glutinous
rice. The total WRP was around 476 mil. ton of milled rice.
Out of this amount, about 5% is GR.
 Data for World GR rice
production is scare. However, it is
approximately that its share aroun
d 3% of the World milled rice produ
ction.
1.6 Glutinous Rice in the World Rice
Production
 China is the largest both
production and consumption of
GR.
1.Current Status

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2. Glutinous Rice Export of Some Lower GMS
Countries
The Second Consultative Meeting on Cooperative Research and Networking on Food Security
and Nutritional Security in GMS,, during 12-14 February 2015,Savannakhet University, Lao PD
R

12.  In 2013, Thailand produced 4.05 of milled GR and exported
about 0.287 million ton (7%). While, Vietnam produced 2.02 mil.
ton and exported 0.418 million ton(20.7%).
2.1 Thailand and Vietnam Glutinous Rice
Export
2. Glutinous Rice Export of Some GMS countries
Source: Thailand data was from Board of Trade; Vietnam data was from “Vietnam Grain and Feed
Annual, USDA, 2014
Thailand and Vietnam Export of GR
by milled quantity in 2013

13. 2.2 Export Destination of Thailand and Vietnam
Glutinous Rice.
2. Glutinous Rice Export of Some GMS countries
 Destination of Thailand GR export market was in mainly in Asia,
particularly ASEAN countries.

14. 2.3 Export Destination of Thailand GR Starch
and Flour from 2012-2014
2. Glutinous Rice Export of Some GMS countries
 The export value of GR starch and flour was million US$
87.23 (or 2,835.01 million baht) in 20914. Export to Japan was t
he largest.

15. 15
2.4 Thailand Paddy and Milled Glutinous Rice
Price Movements
 Domestic and F.O.B Glutinous Rice Price Movements
Source: Farm price from OAE; Wholesale
price from Department of Internal Trade; and F
OB price from Thailand Board of Trade
2. Glutinous Rice Export of Some GMS countries

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3. Problem Facing by Glutinous Rice Farmers
in Lower GMS
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The Second Consultative Meeting on Cooperative Research and Networking on Food Security
and Nutritional Security in GMS,, during 12-14 February 2015,Savannakhet University, Lao PD
R

17. 17
3.1 Low Yield and High Production Cost
3. Problem facing by GR frmers in GMS region
 Glutinous rice is mostly grown in rain-fed production
environment. Poor soil fertility and subsistent farming in most o
f the GMS countries has contributed to low yield and high prod
uction cost.
Items 2012 2012
(Thai Baht) US$
Variable cost 20,615 634.31
Fixed cost 4,307 132.52
Total cost/ha 24,922 766.83
Average cost/ton 10,789 331.97
Yield/ha 2.31 2.31
Note: 1US$=32.5 Thai Bah;
tSource: OAE
 In Thailand, average costs of glutinous rice production in
2012 was 10,789 Baht or 331.97. Share of variable cost 82.7%
.

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3.2 Lack of Farm Credit System and Limited
Access to Credit Market
 Most GR farmers in GMS countries farming in rain-fed
environment. Many of them live in remote area of upland prod
uction ecology which are unable to access to formal credit sou
rce for production inputs.
 A less ensuring for land ownership since they settle in
valley and hilly forest areas which prevent them to obtain priva
te property rights.
 Without land document or title deed, poor farmers are
mostly unable to access to formal credit source.
3. Problem facing by GR frmers in GMS region

19. 19
3.3 Short of Infrastructure Development
 Water resource is very scare and the
production essentially relies on rain water w
hich has highly fluctuation.
Poor transportation and related
infrastructure such as road networks and
milling facility for the rice sector causing the
m have limited access to the market.
 Less efficient of marketing facilities
and marketing institution such as agricultu
ral cooperative prevent farmers to get a
fare price.
3. Problem facing by GR frmers in GMS region

20. 20
3.4 Threats to Rice Field Ecosystem and
Biodiversity
The excessive use of agrochemicals in recent years under
rice intensification is widely recognized as a major source of a
ir, water and soil pollution which consequently affect on natur
al food chains and farmers’ health.
 Traditional rice systems have long been environmentally
sustainable and has long associated with ecosystems. The ric
e-field ecosystem is a living place for aquatic habitats, insects
as well as various aquatic and free standing plants.
 Recent wide spread of rice intensification practices posted
threats to a loss of rice-associated biodiversity as well as a
damage on livelihood, nutrition and food security of rural co
mmunities.
3. Problem facing by GR frmers

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4. External Threats and Opportunity
Affecting GR Farmers Livelihood
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The Second Consultative Meeting on Cooperative Research and Networking on Food Security
and Nutritional Security in GMS,, during 12-14 February 2015,Savannakhet University, Lao PD
R

22. Source: modified from Ladawan Khumpa, 2013
 A volatility of climate change has significantly led to
change in and uncertain of rainfall patterns and climatic cond
ition which finally increases the risk to farmers to coping with
the farm production.
Changes in
natural
environment
and climatic
condition
Increasing risk
in production
due to drought
and flooding
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
Climate ChangeClimate Change
&&
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Affecting on agriculture and
food production
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4.1 Climate Change and Global warming
4. External Threats and opportunity affecting GR Farmers Livelihood

23. 4.2 Moving Toward Free Trade Policy and
Expansion of Trading Economy
Source: Department of Trade Negotiations
4. External Threats and opportunity affecting GR Farmers Livelihood

24. 24
A cooperation among country partners increasing
non-tariff barrier (NTB) for non- country partners.
TradeTrade
protectionprotection
Tough ruleTough rule
andand
regulationregulation
RegionalisRegionalis
mm
IncreasingIncreasing
cooperationcooperation
amongamong
ASEANASEAN
Trading cooperation
Trading cooperation and trading dynamic
and trading dynamic
4.3 Trade Dynamic and Cooperation Leading to
Technical Barrier to Trade(TBT)
Source: modified from Ladawan Khumpa, 2013
4. External Threats and opportunity affecting GR Farmers Livelihood

25. กฎบัตร
อาเซียน(ASEAN
Charter)
4.4 ASEAN Economic Community Creating
Opportunity for GR Trade
 AEC Blueprint
Single market
ที่มา:ASEAN Economic Community FactBook
One Vision; One Identity; One Community
Strenthening economic, social, and
politic cooperations for better living of
the ASEAN people.
ASEAN Vision
Regional competitiveness
Equality in economic development
Integration to world economy
4. External Threats and opportunity affecting GR Farmers Livelihood

26. 4.5 New Economic Corridor : A Threat to GR
Biodiversity Loss
1.North-South Corridor
2.Northern Corridor
3.North-Eastern Corridor
4.Eastern Corridor
5.Central Corridor
6.East-West Corridor
7.New Southern Corridor
8.Southern Corridor
9.Southern Coastal
Corridor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ที่มา: กรมเจรจาการค้าระหว่าง
ประเทศ
4. External Threats and opportunity affecting GR Farmers Livelihood

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5. Research Trend of Glutinous
Rice in Lower GMS
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The Second Consultative Meeting on Cooperative Research and Networking on Food Security
and Nutritional Security in GMS,, during 12-14 February 2015,Savannakhet University, Lao PD
R

28. 5.1 Moving Toward Sustainable Production
System and Maintaining HH Food Security
 Environmental friendly production techniques such as
organic rice production .
Sufficiency economy practice and integrated farming
practices in which glutinous rice is integrated in the system fo
r improving farmer income.
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice in lower
GMS
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Agro-diversity for in-situ conservation of local glutinous
rice germplasm.
Utilization of glutinous rice germplasm for drought and
nutritive improvement.

29. Causing farmer poverty
5.2 Reducing Poverty Gap by Bridging the
Deep Holes
Source: Modified from A. Vanvichit 2014
Lack of farm
management
skill and cost
effectiveness
in production.
Unaware of
food safety
standard in
production
Unable to
access the
market
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice in lower
GMS

30. University and Public Sector
Modern trade
 Specific varieties
 Processing house
 Nutritive attribites
 Social enterprise
Business engagement
Community engagement
Empowerment
and enhancemen
t of farm
management
skill
Bridging
production
to match wit
h market
driven
Source: Modified from A. Vanvichit 2014
5.2 Reducing Poverty Gap by Bridging the
Deep Holes (cont.)
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice in lower
GMS

31. 5.3 Creating Niche Product Through Value
Chain Development
31
Better use and
conserving soils,
water, climate
Sustainable
agriculture
Better living
condition
Efficiency Equity
Cropping,
fish and ani
mal
integration
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice in lower
GMS

32. ระบบการผลิต
(Production System)
ระบบการตลาด
(
ระบบการแปรรูป
(Processing System) Marketing System)
ระบบการบริโภค
(Consumption System)
Improving unit value and quality in the supply chain.
5.3 Creating Niche Product Through Value
Chain Development(cont.)
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice in lower
GMS

33. +
New
Technology
Knowledge
Management
New
Demand
Existing
Resource E
ndowment
People
Natural resources
Cultural values
Indigenous
Knowledge
“Thainess”
Repackaging/Branding
Real Products & Services
Value Creation
Balancing Economic &
Social investment
5.4 Mapping New Consumers’ Demand with
Innovative Product
5.4 Mapping New Consumers’ Demand with
Innovative Product
Source: Modified from NESDB, 2014
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice in lower
GMS

34. 5.4 Mapping New Consumers’ Demand with
Innovative Product (Cont.)
Normal GR
20 บาท/กก.
GR with
aroma
50 baht/kg
Black GR with aroma and
high nutrint (vitamin E)
>100 บาท/กก.
Moving toward healthy food &cosmetic
Source: Modified from Apichart Vannvichit
Paddy price
25 bath/kg
Milled rice
50 Baht/kgOrganic GR
Cosmetic/spa
6,500 Baht/kg
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice in lower
GMS

35. Thailand
standar
International standard
การเกษตร
อาเซียน
5.5 Raising Standard and Quality: A necessity in a
World of Free Trade
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Free Trade Movement
Technology and Innovation
Agr. And food
standard
System standard
(eg. GAP, Organic
Thailand, GMP etc)
OTOP
SPS/QIE/COD
EX/ IPPC
 IFOAM, USDA
ORGANIC
General standard
SPS/QIE/CODEX/
IPPC/OIE
Moving
toward Word
Free Trade
Economy
(WTO)
Time dimension
5. Research Trend of Glutinous Rice in lower
GMS

36. Thank you
36
Q&A