Qualitative research design

1. Practical
Research 1
Parada National High School

2. The learner provide examples
of research in areas of
interest (CS_RS11-IIIa-5).
Learning
Competency
Practical Research 1

3. TYPES OF RESEARCH
• it deals with concepts,
principles, or abstract things.
This type of research aims to
increase your knowledge
about something.
PURE
RESEARCH
According to the Application of Research Method
• if your intention is to apply
your chosen research to
societal problems or issues,
finding ways to make
positive changes in society.
APPLIED
RESEARCH

4. Based on the Purpose of the Research
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Descriptive Research
• Correlational Research
• Explanatory Research
• Exploratory Research
• Action Research

5. Based on the Purpose of the Research
TYPES OF RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal
of a class or a particular individual situation or group.
• Also known as statistical research. These studies area
a means of discussing new things, describing what
exists, determining the frequency with which
something occurs and categorizing information. It
collects a large amount of notes for a detailed study.

7. Figure 2. Age-Sex Pyramid in Japan in 2020

8. Based on the Purpose of the Research
TYPES OF RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• refers to the systematic investigation or statistical
study of relationships among two or more variables,
without necessarily determining cause and effect.
• It seeks to establish a relation or association between
two or more variables that do not readily lend
themselves to experimental manipulation.

9. Figure 3.
Correlation
between average
daily hours slept
(sleep duration) vs.
overall score for the
semester.
Okano, K., Kaczmarzyk, J.R., Dave, N. et
al. Sleep quality, duration, and
consistency are associated with better
academic performance in college
students. npj Sci. Learn. 4, 16 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-019-0055-
z

10. Night before assessments
We conducted a correlation between sleep quality the night before a midterm and respective
midterm scores as well as sleep duration the night before a midterm and respective scores. There
were no significant correlations with sleep duration or sleep quality for all three midterms
(all rs<0.20, all ps>0.05). Similar analyses for sleep duration and sleep quality the night before
respective quizzes revealed no correlations (rs from 0.01 to 0.26, all ps>0.05).
Week and month leading up to assessments
To understand the effect of sleep across the time period while course content was learned for an
assessment, we examined average sleep measures during the 1 month leading up to the
midterms. We found a significant positive correlation between average sleep duration over the
month leading up to scores on each midterm (rs from 0.25 to 0.34, all ps<0.02). Similar analyses for
average sleep duration over one week leading up to respective quizzes were largely consistent
with those of midterms, with significant correlations on 3 of 8 quizzes (rs from 0.3 to 0.4,
all ps<0.05) and marginal correlations on an additional 3 quizzes (rs from 0.25 to 0.27, all ps<0.08).
There was a significant and positive correlation between sleep quality scores averaged over the
month leading up to each midterm for all three midterms (rs from 0.21 to 0.38, all ps<0.05). Similar
analyses for average Sleep Quality over one week leading up to respective quizzes revealed a
significant correlation on 1 of 8 quizzes (r (86)=0.42, p<0.005) and marginal correlations on 3
quizzes (rs from 0.25 to 0.27, all ps<0.08).

11. Based on the Purpose of the Research
TYPES OF RESEARCH
EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
• This type of research elaborates or explains not
just the reasons behind the relationships of two
factors, but also the ways by which such
relationship exists.
• Example: Why are pre-kindergarten programs
significant to child learning?'

12. Based on the Purpose of the Research
TYPES OF RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
• is a type conducted for a problem that has NOT been
clearly defined. It helps determine the best research
design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
• It can be informal, relying to secondary research such as
review, available literature and/or data. It is not typically
generalizable to the population at large.

13. An exploratory study investigating the
impact of a university module that aims to
challenge students' perspectives on ageing
and older adults
“Interviews were undertaken with 3 students to explore if attitude change had
occurred within a framework of social psychological definitions of attitudes and
transformative learning. 3 main themes emerged from the interviews, these were:
1. The relationship between beliefs and the development of attitudes, 2. Attitude
change challenging morality and 3. Transformation and motivation to act.” (p. 1)
Alison Brown
University of Cumbria

14. Based on the Purpose of the Research
TYPES OF RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
• involves the application of the steps of the scientific
method in the classroom problems.
• This type of research is done on a very limited scope.
• The population to be studied is not so big.
• This type of research is helpful to beginning
researchers.

15. Effect of Technology on Enthusiasm for
Learning Science
In this study, I investigated how the integration of technology into my middle school
science curriculum would impact my students’ enthusiasm for learning science.
Enthusiasm for learning science can be defined as the students’ eagerness to
participate in science activities in the classroom, as well as away from school. My
motivation for focusing on technology was twofold. First, I have had an interest in
integrating technology into my students’ studies of science for some time.
Secondly, the funding for technological equipment and software recently became
available.
Jane L. Hollis
Lake City Middle School
Lake City, Florida

16. TYPES OF
RESEARCH QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Based on Types of Data Needed
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

17. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Case Study
2. Ethnography
3. Phenomenology
4. Content and
Discourse
5. Historical Analysis
6. Grounded Theory

18. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Case Study
• This type of qualitative research usually takes place in the field
of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers,
education etc.
• This involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization,
or situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to
the subject.
• Finding the reason/s behind such occurrence drives you to also
delve into relationships of people related to the case under
study.

19. Counseling and psychotherapy in the
Philippines: Jojo's story.
In this chapter, we discuss the therapy of Jojo, who presented with general life dissatisfaction
and depression and felt stigmatized. The chapter describes the role of solution focused story
sharing in enabling him to take small steps in doing something about the predicament he is in
and in adopting a more positive attitude about his future. Jojo is a 54-year-old male who lives
with a younger male partner, Ronnie, who is 8 years his junior. Jojo sees himself as bisexual.
He is the second youngest child of a family of eight children. This chapter discusses the
therapy of Jojo, who has HIV. It charts the tumultuous journey of an overseas contract worker
who was betrayed by his wife, has a son who battles drug addiction, and eventually fell for a
male lover. Through his narratives, we had a better grasp of his coping mechanisms and
discovered his patterns of avoidance and his inability to accept the realities of his current
circumstances. The rapport built by the counselors and the open attitude of the client to listen
and learn from the interactions helped him see the light and get on with being alive.
Melgar, Maria Isabel E.
Javier Jr., Roberto E.

20. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Ethnography
• This refers to the investigation of a culture through an in-
depth study of the members of the culture; it involves the
systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for
development of theories of cultural behavior.
• It studies people-ethnic groups in their settings. This kind of
research attempts to understand what is happening naturally
in the setting and to interpret the data gathered so
implications could be formed from those data.

23. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Phenomenology
• Coming from the word “phenomeno” which means
something known through sensory experience,
phenomenology refers to the study of how people find
their experiences meaningful.
• Its primary goal is to make people understand their
experiences about death of loved ones, care for
handicapped persons, friendliness of people etc.

24. Hiding behind the “perfect” mask: a phenomenological
study of Filipino university students’ lived experiences of
perfectionism
Results:
Perfectionist students exhibited high standards and behaviours and cognitions
associated with rigidity and obsessiveness in many contexts in their lives. The
family, pre-college (elementary and high school), and college contexts are
significant in their development as perfectionists. Students also struggled with its
constant negotiations and trade-offs because of its double-edged nature and the
push and pull of their personal and others’ standards. Narratives also indicate a
relationship between their motivations as perfectionists, their strategies to manage
it, and their expected mental health outcomes.
Jeryl Shawn T. Tan

25. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Content and Discourse
• A study of language structures used in the medium
of communication to discover the effects of
sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological
factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis.

26. A Foucauldian discourse analysis of president Duterte’s
constructions of community quarantine during COVID-19
pandemic in the Philippines
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) first hit the Philippines in January 2020 and by March, more
suspected cases were reported, compelling the national government to create measures to secure
public health and fight the pandemic. In order to mitigate the spread of the virus, a community
quarantine in the Philippine’s National Capital Region began on March 15, 2020. This study utilized
Foucauldian Discourse Analysis in understanding President Rodrigo Roa–Duterte’s discourses about
community quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Two of his press conferences
served as texts for discourse analysis: (1) on March 12, 2020 when he announced measures against
COVID-19 threat, and (2) on March 16, 2020 when enhanced community quarantine was imposed.
Results showed four wider discourses: (1) Community Quarantine as a Political Device, (2) Community
Quarantine as a Protection of Public Health, (3) Community Quarantine as an Act against Resistance,
and (4) Community Quarantine as an Opportunity for Bayanihan (spirit of Communal Unity) and an
Expression of Damayan (Giving Compassion and Support). Results showed how the discourses
transitioned from community quarantine to enhanced community quarantine. The results are discussed
in relation to power and social change.
Merimee T. Siena

27. Online Democracy: A Content Analysis of Facebook Pages
of 2016 Philippine Presidential Candidates
This study was conducted to determine the extent of utilization by which Filipino politicians use social media to
further a political agenda. A combination of quantitative (conceptual) and qualitative (relational) content analysis
were used to examine the Facebook posts of five presidential candidates retrieved in a month period prior to May
2016 elections. Results showed that, ‘text and photo’ is the most dominant medium used by politicians. This study
suggests that the manner by which content is presented bears significance in the likelihood of audience to interact
in the post. The same inference is consistent with the average word count. Results showed that, as politicians use
more words in their posts, it is likely that they will have lesser interactions. In the frequency of updates, it was
observed that most of the politicians increased posting updates as the election was nearing. This led to the
assumption that the virtual presence of politicians is both beneficial to them and the supporters. The former
contributes to the popularity of the politician while the latter contributes in the dissemination of political information.
In the degree of interaction, results showed that as politicians load more content, the lesser interactions they will
get. For the most dominant theme used, it turned out those political advertisements ranked highest, comprising a
third of all posts, accompanied by posts on self-descriptions. Consistent with other studies, results showed that
even in social media, Filipino politicians are more inclined to promote themselves as ‘persons’ and ‘candidates’
rather than as leaders with platforms and convictions. Lastly, it was observed that politicians generally project
information beneficial to them and hence tend to avoid those that may be considered their weak points. This
finding illustrates that the social media empowers politicians to set the public agenda. Fundamentally, the findings
showed that, the extent of utilization does not necessarily guarantee the politician’s political success.
Jayson Troy Bajar

28. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Historical Analysis
• This one involving analysis of events that occurred in the
remote or recent past.
• It can show patterns and occurred in the past and over
time which can help to see where we came from and
what kind of solutions we have used in the past.
• Understanding this can add perspective on how we
examine current events and educational practices.

29. Tracing the history of Philippine basic education:
Implications to Republic Act No. 10533 or the Enhanced
Education Act of 2013
This qualitative study is aimed to trace the History of Philippine Basic Education with
implications to the Enhanced Education Act of 2013. It is also aimed to determine the
possible effect of the MTB-MLE implementation in schools. Qualitative Historical research
and Content analysis were used in this study to determine the changes that happened
overtime to the Philippine Basic Education. The researcher followed five steps in applying
Historical Research as method for this study. Result showed that there are a lot of changes in
structure and education itself in the past century in the history of Philippine Education. As for
reference, the researcher used the country of Vietnam as a model for this research as the
history of their education is closely related to that of the Philippines, they just reformed earlier,
as the Philippines reform came about 20 years after. During the 19th century, Spain was the
first to decree education reform in the Philippines, it was followed by the Americans and
Japanese, thus, our basic education system is influence by three cultures, the Spanish,
American and Japanese...
Casama, Marvin Andrew C.

30. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Grounded Theory
• It is takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie
your study at the time of data collection and analysis.
• Through your observation on your subjects, you will happen
to find a theory that applies to your current study.
• Interview, observation, and documentary analysis are the
data gathering techniques for this type of research.

31. A Grounded Theory of Filipino Wellness (Kaginhawaan)
The purpose of this study was to develop a theory to explain Filipino wellness (kaginhawaan).
Open-ended and semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted among 18 Filipinos.
Nine resided in the city and the rest lived in the rural areas. The participants were also
representative of the low, middle, and high levels of family income prescribed by the Philippine’s
National Statistics Office. Glasser and Strauss’ (The discovery of grounded theory: strategies
for qualitative research. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, 1967) grounded theory approach
was used to guide the process of investigation. The findings suggest that Filipino wellness is a
condition where an individual enjoys economic freedom and security and psycho-emotional
wellness within the context of the family. In the absence of family, an individual may turn to
occupation to provide a semblance of Filipino wellness. On the other hand, when the individual
faces economic difficulties, one turns to spirituality as a source of wellness.
Maria Cristina F. Samaco-Zamora &
Karina Therese Galang Fernandez