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1. Protein
Group 3
Leader
John Nelson Mendoza
Members
Alyssa Arco
Jasmine Abas
Alea Galabit
Edrian Roxas
Krisha Badilla
John Carl Siena
Abegail Abao
Mark Anthony Cadubla
2. Protein
A large biomolecules and macromolecules that
comprise one or more long chains of amino acid
residues.It is important to our body as Proteins are
made up of chemical 'building blocks' called amino
acids.Your body uses amino acids to build and repair
muscles and bones and to make hormones and
enzymes.They can also be used as an energy source
for our body to move.
3. Protein
How significant is it to our body?
61.6%
17%
13.8%
6.1%
1.5%
Water
Protein
Fat
Mineral
Carbohydrates
9. Proteins in chemical formulas
can be called
Protein
RCH(NH_2)COOH
• C is Carbon
• H is Hydrogen • N is Nitrogen
• O is Oxygen
• R is a group varying in composition and structure
called a side chain
Where:
10. Amino acid
Amino acids are organic
compounds that contain both amino
and carboxylic acid functional
group. Although there are over 500
amino acids that exist in nature, by
far the most important are the 22 a-
amino acid incorporated into
proteins. 20 of which are found
within our body to support our life
11. Out of the 20
different amino acids
found within our
body,only 11 can be
synthesized and 9
have to be supplied
by foods we eat.
These 9 amino acids
are called essential
amino acids.
Amino acid
Out of 20 different amino
acid within out body
Synthesized Essential amino acids
12. Amino acid
For adults they only need 8 essential
amino acid and they are:
Valine
Tryptophan.
Isoleucine Leucine
Lysine Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
13. Amino acid
Valine
Enhance energy, increase
endurance, and aid in
muscle tissue recovery
and repair. This group also
lowers elevated blood
sugar levels and increases
growth hormone
production.
14. Amino acid
Isoleucine
Critical in physiological functions
of the whole body, such as growth,
immunity, protein metabolism, fatty
acid metabolism and glucose
transportation. Isoleucine can
improve the immune system,
including immune organs, cells
and reactive substances.
16. Amino acid
Lysine
Helps the body absorb calcium,
and it plays an important role in
the formation of collagen, a
substance important for bones
and connective tissues including
skin, tendons, and cartilage.
Most people get enough lysine
in their diet.
17. Amino acid
Methionine
Improves the amino acid
balance and consequently
promotes growth performance
by enhancing feed efficiency,
increases protein synthesis and
decreases fat synthesis.
18. Amino acid
Threonine
Helps to maintain the proper
protein balance in the body. It is
important for the formation of
collagen, elastin, and tooth
enamel, and aids liver and
lipotropic function when
combined with aspartic acid and
methionine
20. Amino acid
For the 9th amino acid - histidine - is only
essential for infants
Its omission from the diets of young infants
gives rise to a depression of weight gain
and of nitrogen retention
21. Amino acid
Out of the 11 amino acid that are synthesize to
your body or what you called non-essential, 8 are
called conditional amino acid while the
remaining three are nonessential
24. Amino acid
Cysteine
Makes protein, and for other metabolic
functions. It's found in beta-keratin. This is
the main protein in nails, skin, and hair.
Cysteine is important for making collagen
25. Amino acid
Glutamine
It substrate for protein synthesis, anabolic
precursor for muscle growth, acid-base balance in
the kidney, substrate for ureagenesis in the liver,
substrate for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis,
an oxidative fuel for intestine and cells of the
immune system, inter-organ nitrogen transport,
precursor for neurotransmitter synthesis,
precursor for nucleotide and nucleic acid
synthesis and precursor for glutathione
production.
26. Amino acid
Tyrosine
helps produce melanin, the pigment responsible
for hair and skin color. It helps in the function of
organs responsible for making and regulating
hormones, including the adrenal, thyroid, and
pituitary glands. It is involved in the structure of
almost every protein in the body.
27. Amino acid
Glycine
Acts as neurotransmitter in central nervous system
and it has many roles such as antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, cryoprotective, and
immunomodulatory in peripheral and nervous
tissues
28. Amino acid
Ornithine
plays an important role in the regulation of several
metabolic processes leading to diseases like
hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, gyrate atrophy
and cancer in humans
29. Amino acid
Proline
It maintains youthful skin as well as repair of
muscle, connective tissue and skin damage. It is
also essential for the immune system, and for
necessary balance of this formula.
30. Amino acid
Serine
protein synthesis, neurotransmission, and folate
and methionine cycles and synthesis of
sphingolipids, phospholipids, and Sulphur
containing amino acids
32. Amino acid
Alanine
an amino acid that is used to make proteins. It is
used to break down tryptophan and vitamin B-6. It
is a source of energy for muscles and the central
nervous system.
33. Amino acid
Asparagine
helps to break down toxic ammonia within cells, is
important for protein modification, and is needed
for making a certain molecule that transmits
signals in the brain (a neurotransmitter)
34. Amino acid
Aspartate
mainly serves as a neurotransmitter and has been
demonstrated to exhibit various physiological
functions, including nutritional potential,
regulation on reproduction and hormone biology,
and neuron protection.
35. Amino acid
When two amino acid react with each other in acid-
base reaction a peptide is formed.The basic amino
acid reacts with the acidic carboxylic group of another
amino acid,forming the peptide and a molecule of
water is lost.The bond formed is called a peptide bond,
and the product is a dipeptide because it is made up of
two amino acid units. Longer chains are called
polypeptides and chains of 50 or more amino acids are
called proteins.
37. It is a sequence of a chain of a amino acid
linked together to form a polypeptide chain.
Each amino acid is linked to the next amino
acid through peptide bonds created during
the protein biosynthesis process. The main
purpose of this is to dictates the 3-D
conformation the folded protein will have.
This conformation, in turn, will determine the
function of the protein
38. Refer to the coiling of the protein chain into a
a-helix structure, formation of b sheets, or
twisting into random structures. These
structures are the results of interactions
between R groups, H-bonding or formation
of –S-S- bonds between chains. It occurs
when the sequence of amino acid are linked
by hydrogen bonds.
39. Describes the shape of the coiled chain
when it is folded or hydrated in its natural
state. It occurs when certain attractions are
present between alpha helixes and pleated
sheets.
40. Involves a cluster of several individual peptides
into a final specific shape. A variety of bonding
interactions including hydrogen bonding, salt
bridges, and disulfide bonds hold the various
chains into a particular geometry. It is consisted
more than one amino acid chain. The purpose of
a quaternary protein structure are gene
expression, macromolecular transport, chemical
reaction regulation, and many more
41. Protein
Another type of protein is the enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that help speed
up metabolism, or the chemical
reactions in our bodies for some
certain molecules called substrate.
They are known as biological catalyst.
42. Protein
An example of enzyme that affect a
Substrate is the enzyme lactase
Its role is to breakdown the sugar
lactose into glucose and galactose
44. Protein
What would happen if you
Have either too much or too little protein?
If too much:
It can cause symptoms such as intestinal discomfort,
dehydration, nausea, fatigue, headaches, and more.
Chronic protein overconsumption can also increase the
risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, blood
vessel disorders, liver and kidney issues, and seizures
45. Protein
What would happen if you
Have either too much or too little protein?
If too little:
It can cause lose muscle mass, which in turn cuts your
strength, makes it harder to keep your balance, and slows
your metabolism. It can also lead to anemia, when your
cells don't get enough oxygen, which makes you tired
46. Melatonin - A hormone made by the pineal
gland (tiny organ near the center of the brain).
Melatoninhelpscontrolthe body's sleep cycle,
and is an antioxidant.It is also made in the
laboratoryand sold as a supplement.
Glossary
Serotonin - a chemical that carries
messages between nerve cells in the
brain and throughout your body.
Serotonin plays a key role in such body
functions as mood, sleep, digestion,
nausea,wound healing, bone health,
blood clotting and sexual desire
Hormones - a chemical substances that
act like messenger molecules in the body.
After being made in one part of the body,
they travel to other parts of the body
where they help control how cells and
organs do their work.
Enzymes - proteins that help speed up
metabolism,or the chemical reactions in our
bodies.They build some substances and break
others down.
Biomolecule - a chemical compound found in
living organisms.These include chemicals that
are composed of mainly carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen,nitrogen,sulfur and phosphorus.
Biomolecules are the building blocks of life
and perform important functions in living
organisms.
Macromolecule - any large molecule created
from repeating subunits.Biological
macromolecules are referred to as biological
molecules and include Carbohydrates,lipids,
nucleic acids,and proteins.Industrial
macromolecules include elastomers and
plastics.
47. Carcinogenesis –also called oncogenesis or
tumorigenesis,is the formation of a cancer,
whereby normal cells are transformed into
cancer cells.The process is characterized by
changes at the cellular,genetic,and
epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division
Glossary
Hyperornithinemia - an autosomal
recessive disorder that is caused by a
deficiency of mitochondrial ornithine
transporter 1, resulting in dysfunction of
the urea cycle
Epinephrine - also known as adrenaline,
is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone.
It plays an important role in your body's
“fight-or-flight”response.It's also used as
a medication to treat many life-
threatening conditions
Norepinephrine - A chemical made by some
nerve cells and in the adrenal gland.It can act
as both a neurotransmitter (a chemical
messenger used by nerve cells) and a hormone
(a chemical that travels in the blood and controls
the actions of other cells or organs).
Dopamine - acts on areas of the brain to give
you feelings of pleasure,satisfaction and
motivation.Dopamine also has a role to play in
controlling memory,mood,sleep, learning,
concentration,movement and other body
functions.
Synthesis - a productionof a substance by the union
of chemical elements, groups, or simpler compounds
or by the degradationof a complexcompound.
protein synthesis
48. Ureagenesis - a way of eliminating the
nitrogenous waste of protein metabolism in
mammals and,especially,in ruminants
Glossary
Lipotropic - substances that hasten the
removal or decrease the deposition of fat
in the liver through their interaction with
fat metabolism.
Aspartic Acid - an acidic amino acid which
is a constituent of most proteins, and also
occurs in sugar cane. It is important in the
metabolism of nitrogen in animals, and also
acts as a neurotransmitter.
Retention - the act of retaining something
Beta-keratin (β-keratin) - a member of a
structural protein family found in the
epidermis of reptiles and birds
Gluconeogenesis - a pathway consisting of a
series of eleven enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Methionine - a sulfur-containing amino
acid that is a constituent of most proteins.
It is an essential nutrient in the diet
of vertebrates.
Anabolic Precursor - substances that can
be converted by the body into anabolic
steroids
Glutathione - a compound involved as
a coenzyme in oxidation–reduction reactions
in cells.It is a tripeptide derived from
glutamic acid,cysteine,and glycine.
49. Precursor - a compound that participates in a
chemical reaction that produces another
compound
Glossary
Lipotropic - substances that hasten the
removal or decrease the deposition of fat
in the liver through their interaction with
fat metabolism.
Hyperammonemia - a metabolic condition
characterized by the raised levels of
ammonia,a nitrogen-containing
compound.
Folate - A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that
the body needs in small amounts to function and
stay healthy
Sphingolipids - a class of lipids containing a
backbone of sphingoid bases,which are a set
of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes
sphingosine
Tryptophan -an amino acid which is
a constituent of most proteins. It is an
essential nutrient in the diet of vertebrates.
Gyrate Atrophy - an inherited disorder of
protein metabolism characterized by
progressive vision loss
Phospholipid - a lipid containing
a phosphate group in its molecule,
e.g., lecithin.
Galactose - a sugar of the hexose class which
is a constituent of lactose and
many polysaccharides.
