INTRODUTION A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
Biofertilizers have enough strength to improve the productivity of crop plants as well as soil health. In this slide various biofertilizers, their role, use, application methods are briefly described.
INTRODUTION A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
Biofertilizers have enough strength to improve the productivity of crop plants as well as soil health. In this slide various biofertilizers, their role, use, application methods are briefly described.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
Biofertilizers- Classes, TypesRhizobium ,Azobacter (Mechanism of action of biofertilizer, Methods of biofertilizer inoculation, advantages and disadvantages of biofertilizer)Classification of Nutraceuticals.
Table of content
Biofertilizer
Classes of Biofertilizers
Types of Biofertilizers
Mechanism of Action of Rhizobium and Azotobacter
Methods of inoculation
Advantages of Biofertilizers
Disadvantages of Biofertilizers
Classification of Nutraceuticals
Traditional nutraceuticals
Non-traditional nutraceuticals
This presentation will cover mainly Bio-Fertilizers, This presentation is given by Miss Khunsha Fatima, Bio-Fertilizers, thier classification and importance discussed in detail.
Use of biofertilizers is one of the important components of integrated nutrient management, as they are cost effective and renewable source of plant nutrients to supplement the chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture This ppt is very essential & useful for vegetable crop production, because present time the farmers was used fertilizers is more compared to the recommended dose of fertilizer. so i can suggested the farmers use of bio fertilizer because they have farmers ecofriendly.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
Biofertilizers- Classes, TypesRhizobium ,Azobacter (Mechanism of action of biofertilizer, Methods of biofertilizer inoculation, advantages and disadvantages of biofertilizer)Classification of Nutraceuticals.
Table of content
Biofertilizer
Classes of Biofertilizers
Types of Biofertilizers
Mechanism of Action of Rhizobium and Azotobacter
Methods of inoculation
Advantages of Biofertilizers
Disadvantages of Biofertilizers
Classification of Nutraceuticals
Traditional nutraceuticals
Non-traditional nutraceuticals
This presentation will cover mainly Bio-Fertilizers, This presentation is given by Miss Khunsha Fatima, Bio-Fertilizers, thier classification and importance discussed in detail.
Use of biofertilizers is one of the important components of integrated nutrient management, as they are cost effective and renewable source of plant nutrients to supplement the chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture This ppt is very essential & useful for vegetable crop production, because present time the farmers was used fertilizers is more compared to the recommended dose of fertilizer. so i can suggested the farmers use of bio fertilizer because they have farmers ecofriendly.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
biofertilize effect on crops and food quality.pptx
1.
2. INTRODUTION
A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living
microorganisms, when applied to seed, plant
surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the
interior of the plant and promotes growth by
increasing the supply or availability of primary
nutrients to the host plant.
Bio-fertilizers add
nutrients
processes of nitrogen
through the
natural fixation,
solubilizing
phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through
the synthesis of growth-promoting substances.
3. What is Bio fertilizer?
Biofertilizers are natural fertilizers that are
microbial inoculants of bacteria, algae and fungi
(separately or in combination).
which may help biological nitrogen fixation for
the benefit of plants.
They help build up the soil micro-flora and there by
the soil health.
Biofertilizer also include organic
fertilizers(manure, etc.)
Use of bio-fertilizer is recommended for improving
the soil fertility in organic farming
5. Bacteria:
Symbiotic nitrogen fixers.
Rhizobium, Azospirillum spp
Free living nitrogen fixers.
Azotobacter, Klebsiella etc.,
Algal biofertilizers:
BGA in association with Azolla
Anabena, Nostoc, Ocillatoria
Phosphate solubilising bacteria:
Pseudomonas, Bacillus megaterium
Fungal biofertilizer
VAM
Earthworms
6. Bacterial biofertilizers
The live cells of bacteria used as a biofertilizers
These microbes contains unique gene called as
Nif-Gene which make them capable of fixing
nitrogen.
The nitrogen fixing bacteria work under two conditions,
Symbiotically
Free living bacteria (non-symbiotic).
The symbiotic bacteria make an association with crop plants
through forming nodules in their roots.
The free living bacteria do not form any association but live
7. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers.
Most important symbiotic Nitrogen fixing bacteria is
Rhizobium and Azospirillum.
Rhizobium:
✔ Rhizobium lives in the root hairs of the legumes by
forming nodules
✔ Plant root supply essential minerals and newly
synthesized substance to the bacteria
✔ The name Rhizobium was established
by Frank in 1889.
✔ This genus has seven distinct species
based on "Cross Inoculation Group
Concept".
8. ✔ More than twenty cross-inoculations groups have been
established.
✔ A new classification has been established for Rhizobium.
✔ That is 'slow growing rhizobia' known as Bradyrhizobium
and the other group is 'fast growing rhizobia' called
Rhizobium.
✔ Rhizobium can fix 50-300 kg/ha
Rhizobium
9. Azospirillum:
✔It mainly present in cereal plants.
✔inhabits both root cells as well as
surrounding of roots
✔forming symbiotic relation and increasing
nitrogen fixing potential of the cereal plant.
✔Azospirillum is recognized as a dominant soil microbe
✔nitrogen in the range of 20- 40 kg/ha in the rhizosphere in
non-leguminous plants such as cereals, millets, Oilseeds,
cotton etc.
✔Considerable quantity of nitrogen fertilizer up to 25-30 %
can be saved by the use of Azospirillum inoculant.
✔These species have been commercially exploited for the use
as nitrogen supplying Bio-Fertilizers.
10. Free living bacteria
Large number of free living or non -symbiotic bacteria (does
not form nodules but makes association by living in the
rhizosphere) present in soil.
Commonly used free living bacteria are
Azotobacter
Klebsiella
it will not associated with plant.
Azotobacter is a biofertilizer which provides the
required amount of nitrogen to the plant from the soil.
11. Azotobactor
Azotobactor is a heterotrophic free living nitrogen fixing
bacteria present in alkaline and neutral soils.
Azotobactor is the most commonly occurring species in
arable soils of India.
Apart from its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in soils, it
can also synthesize growth promoting substances such as
auxins and gibberellins and also to some extent the
vitamins.
12. Many strains of Azotobactor also exhibit fungicidal
properties against certain species of fungus.
Response of Azotobactor has been seen in rice,
maize, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, vegetable and
some plantation crops.
It improves seed germination and plant growth.
Azotobacter is heaviest breathing organism
and requires a large amount of organic
carbon for its growth.
13. Mass production
❖isolated bacterial cultures were subculture in to nutrient
broth
❖The cultures were grown under shaking condition at 30±2°C
❖The culture incubated until it reaches maximum cell
population of 10¹º to 10¹¹
❖Under optimum condition this population level could be
attained within 4-5 days for Rhizobium 5-7 days for
Azospirillum and 6-7 days for Azotobacter.
❖The culture obtained in the flask is called Starter culture
❖For large scale production , inoculum from starter culture is
transferred in to large flasks / fermentor and grown until
required level of cell count is reached
14. prepare appropriate media for specific to
bacterial inoculant in required quantity
Inoculated with specific bacterial strain for aseptic condition
Incubated at 30±2ºC for 5-7 days in rotary shaker
Observe growth of the culture and estimate the population
( starter culture)
The above the media is prepared in large quantities in
fermentor
15. Sterilized and cooled well
Media in a fermentor is inoculated with the log phase of culture
grown in large flask (usually 1-2 % of inoculum is sufficient)
cells are grown in fermentor by providing aeration & continuous
stirring
Broth is checked for the population of inoculated
organisms Cells are harvested with the population load of
109 cells/ml
16. Carrier material
the use of ideal
carrier
material is necessary
for the
production of god quality of biofertilizer
Peat soil, lignite, vermiculture, charcoal, press mud,
farmyard manure and soil mixture are used as a carrier
materials
Neutralized peat soil/lignite are found to be better carrier
materials
Ideal carrier material should be
▪ Cheaper in cost
▪ Locally available
▪ High organic matter content
▪ No toxic chemical
▪ Water holding capacity of more than 50%
▪ Easy to process
17. Preparation of inoculants
packet
✔Neutralized and sterilized carrier material is spread in a
clean, dry, sterile metallic or plastic
✔Bacterial culture drawn from the fermentor is added to the
sterilized carrier and mixed well by manual or mechanical
mixer
✔Inoculants are packed in a polythene bags sealed with
electric sealer
18. Specification of the polythene bags
▪ Polythene bags should be of low density grade
▪ Thickness of bag should be around 50-75 micron
▪ Packet should be marked with the
▪ Name of the manufacture
▪ Name of the product
▪ Strain number
▪ The crops to which recommended
▪ Method of inoculation
▪ Date of manufacture
▪ Batch number
▪ Date of expiry
▪ Price
▪ Full address
▪ storage instruction
19. Vesicular Arbuscular
Mycorrhiza (VAM)
The term mycorrhiza was taken from
Greek language meaning
'fungus root'.
term was coined
by Frank in 1885
The mycorrhiza is a mutualistic association between fungal
mycelia and plant roots.
VAM is an endotrophic (live inside) mycorrhiza formed by
aseptated phycomycetous fungi.
VAM help in nutrient transfer mainly of phosphorus, zinc
20. Mycorrhizae is the symbiotic association between plant
roots and soil fungus of the 7 types of mycorrhizae,
VAM plays a great role in inducing plant growth.
VAM are symbiotic entophytic soil fungi, which
colonize the roots of approximately 80% plants.
The VAM hyphae also help is retaining moisture around
the root zone of plants
It increases the resistance to root borne or soil borne
pathogens and Nematodes.
21. They also mobilize different nutrients like Cu(copper),
K(potassium), Al(aluminum), Mn(manganese), Fe
(iron)and Mg (magnesium) from the soil to the plant roots.
They posses vesicles (sac like structure) for storage of
nutrients and arbuscular for funneling them into root
system.
Morphology
✔External hyphae
✔Arbuscles
✔Vesicles
External hyphae vesicles
Arbuscles
22. Mechanism of
Action
The VAM forms an association with plant roots.
It penetrates in the root cortex and
spreads aroundthe roots of the plant.
As the name indicates, they posses sac like structure called
vesicules which stores phosphorus as phospholipids.
The other structure called arbuscule helps
bringing the distant nutrients to the vesicules
and root.
24. Soil in the pot along with roots of host
plant is macerated
Dried till it attains 5% moisture
Dried soil inoculants used for field application
25. Uses of
VAM
Enhances the feeding areas of the
plant root is as the hyphae spreads
around the roots.
Mobilizes the nutrients from distantance to root.
Stores the nutrients (sp. phosphorus).
Removes the toxic chemicals (example : phenolics) which
otherwise hinder nutrient availability.
Provide protection against other fungi and nematodes
It increase growth rate in plants (citrus, maize, wheat, etc.)
It reduces sensitivity of crop towards
high level of salts and heavy metals
26. Algae as a biofertilizer
Another group of free living nitrogen fixers are cyanobacteria.
Commonly called as Blue green algae.
More than 100 species of BGA can fix nitrogen.
Nitrogen fixation takes place in specialized cells called
‘Heterocyst’
BGA very common in rice field.
Unlike Azotobacter BGA are not inhibited by the presence
of chemical fertilizers.
No chemical fertilizers added, inoculation of the algae can
result in 10-14% increase in crop yields.
27. They are easy to produce
Usually they are mass produced in cement tanks filled with
fresh water.
Not require any processing
Quite and cheap
Cost of 10kg may be Rs.30-40 only
Beneficial in certain crops like vegetables, cotton,
sugarcane.
Eg. of some algal biofertilizers are
⮚Anabena
⮚Nostoc
⮚Oscillatoria
28. Azolla is a tiny fresh water fern common in ponds, ditches and
rice fields.
It has been used as a biofertilizer for a rice in all major rice
growing countries including India, Thailand, Korea, Philippines,
Brazil and West Africa.
The nitrogen fixing work is
accomplished by the symbiotic
relationship between the fern and BGA,
Anabena azollae.
In addition to nitrogen the decomposed
Azolla also provides K, P, Zn and Fe to
the crop
Azolla as a bio fertilizer
29. Azolla biomass gets doubled within 5-7 days by vegetative
methods.
fix 40-80 kg nitrogen / ha /
year. good manure for flooded
rice.
Increase of crop yield up to 15-20% has been observed while
fertilizing the rice with Azolla
Hybrids are growing faster
Tolerant to heat and cold
Fix 4-5% more nitrogen
30. Bio - fertilizers application methods
There are three ways of using these N-fixing/P.S.M.
bacteria.
Seed treatment
Root dipping
Soil applications
31. Seed
Treatment
Seed treatment is a most common method adopted for all
types of inoculant. The seed treatment is effective and
economic.
Seed treatment with Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum
along with P.S.M.
seed treatment can be done with any of two or
more bacteria.
no side effect.
important things has the seeds must be coated first with
Rhizobium or Azotobacter or Azospirillum when each seeds
get a layer of above bacteria then the P.S.M. inoculant has
to be treated on outer layer of the seeds.
32. This method will provide maximum number of population
of each bacteria required for better results.
Mixing the any of two bacteria and the treatment of seed
will not provide maximum number of bacteria of
individuals.
33. Root dipping
Application of Azospirillum with the paddy/vegetable plants
this method is needed.
The required quantity of Azospirillum has to be mixed with
5-10 ltr of water at one corner of the field and all the plants
have to kept for minimum ½ an hour before sowing .
34. Soil application
P.S.M. has to be used as a soil application use 2 kgs of
P.S.M. per acre. Mix P.S.M. with 400 to 600 kgs of
Cowdung along with ½ bag of rock phosphate if available.
The mixture of P.S.M., Cowdung and rock phosphate have
to be kept under any tree shade or celling for over night and
maintain 50% moisture.
Use the mixture as a soil application in rows or during
leveling of soil.
35. Precautions
Store biofertilizer packets in cool and dry place away from
direct sunlight and heat.
Use right combination of biofertilizers
Rhizobium is crop specific, so use in specified crop
Do not mix with chemicals
Use the packet before expiry, only on the specified crop,
by the recommended method.
36. Advantage of biofertilizers
Renewable source of nutrients
Sustain soil health
Supplement chemical fertilizers.
Replace 25-30% chemical fertilizers
Increase the grain yields by 10-40%.
Decompose plant residues, and stabilize C:N ratio of soil
Improve texture, structure and water holding capacity of soil
No adverse effect on plant growth and soil fertility.
37. Stimulates plant growth by secreting growth
hormones. Secrete fungistatic and antibiotic like
substances Solubilize and mobilize nutrients
Eco-friendly, non-pollutants and cost effective
method
38. Disadvantages
Biofertilizers require special care for long-term storage
because they are alive.
must be used before their expiry date.
If other microorganisms contaminate the carrier medium
or if growers use the wrong strain, they are not as
effective.
Biofertilizers lose their effectiveness if the soil is too hot
or dry.