2. Phoenicians:
Traders of Antiquity
Eastern Mediterranean coasts,
in present-day Lebanon
Lived by means of trading
From cities of Tyre and Sidon,
Phoenicians crossed
Mediterranean founded colonies
from Cyprus to Gibraltar.
3.
4.
5.
6. About 814 BCE, they settled in
Carthage in North Africa.
Shipbuilders and seafarers.
First people to venture beyond
the Strait of Gibraltar.
Excellent craftsmen who worked
with wood, metal, glass, and
ivory.
7.
8. "Carriers of civilization"
for their role in spreading the
culture of the ancient world.
Through trade and colonization,
they introduced the achievements
of Mesopotamia.
9. The Hebrews
Migrated into the valley of
Jordan River.
Judaism one of the world's
major religions as well as its
influence on two later
religions, christianity and
Islam.
Both faiths were Monotheistic.
Jews, Christians, and Muslims
honor Abraham, Moses, and
10.
11. Early History
Believed that God was moving
force behind everthing that
happened to them.
Sacred text called Tanakh or
the Old Testament.
Based on the Old testament,
God gave Canaan or Palestine to
the Hebrews.
12.
13. 1800 BCE, drought and famine
forced them to migrate to Egypt,
they were enslaved by the
pharaoh.
Exodus, Moses forced the
pharaoh to free the Hebrews.
Hebrews considered Moses as one
of their most important leaders.
Moses gave Ten Commandments.
A set of religious and moral
laws.
14.
15.
16. They believed God revealed the
laws to Moses and thereby made a
covenant with them.
According to the covenant, God
would protect the Hebrews as the
"chosen people" if they obey the
commandments.
Hebrews bounded together as
they wandered from Egypt, across
Sinai, into Palestine by their
obedience to God's laws.
17. 1025 BCE, Hebrews organized the
kingdom of Israel in Palestine.
Israel flourished during the
reign of David and Solomon from
1000 to 930 BCE.
David was skillful diplomat
and decisively defeated the
Philistine.
His son Solomon transformed
the city of Jerusalem into a
magnificent capital
21. Hebrews gave birth to the
ideals of two other
religions: Christianity and
Islam.
22. Ancient Egypt
Geographic Stting
The Nile River
Longest river in the world.
Flows from its highlands of
central Africa to the
Mediterranean Sea 4, 160 miles.
Source of life in Egypt.
23. Nile has helped to unite
villages along its banks.
Served as a major highway,
connecting the Upper Egypt in
the south to Lower Egypt in the
north.
Trade along the river is
active.
24.
25.
26. Natural Barrier
Libyan and Nubian Deserts, the
Mediterranean Sea, and the Red
Sea formed as natural barriers
of Egypt.
Egyptians were not completely
protected by natura barriers.
Over the centuries, Egyptian
rulers faced many invaders.
31. Religion
Believed that different gods
controlled the forces of nature,
giving good harvests or causing
crops to die.
Practiced polytheism, belief
in many gods.
Most important Egyptian god
was the sun god, Amon-Re.
33. To the Egyptians, the east,
where the sun rose, symbolized
birth, while the west, where the
sun sets, represented death.
Thus, they always built tombs
and funeral temples on the west
bank of the Nile.
34. Hieroglyphics
Egyptians priests developed a
system of writing.
They first wrote by carving
hieroglyphics on stone or wood.
Later they flattened papyrus
reeds into strips and wrote on
the strips with brushes and ink.
The English word "paper" comes
from the word papyrus.
35.
36. Goverment of
Ancient Egypt
First there were many
independent villages known as
nomes ruled by local monarch. In
time, some villages united until
two kingdoms were formed along
the Nile valley.
37. 1.Upper Egypt in the south
between Memphis
2.Lower Egypt in the north, which
consisted of the Delta.
Bitter war between two kingdoms
was brought to an end when
Menes, king of Upper Egypt,
invaded and conquered Lower
Egypt.
3100 BCE, Menes became the
first pharaoh and founder of the
first dynasties.
40. In a dynasty, the right to rule
passed from the ruler to one of
his children.
History has it that there were
at least 30 dynasties in Egypt
between 2700 BCE and 1090 BCE.
41. Ancient Egyptian history 3
major periods
1. Old Kingdom or Age of Pyramids
(2700-2200 BCE)
2. Middle Kingdo or Age of Nobles
(2050-1800 BCE)
3. New Kingdom or the Egyptian
Empire (1570-1090 BCE)
42. The Old Kingdom
Egyptian rulers, they were
called pharaohs, means "great
house"
They believed the pharaoh was
a god, the son of sun god, Amon-
Re
Absolute power
He was the source of law
He owned all land, quarries,
43.
44. Pharaohs could organized a
strong centralized government
Kingdom divide into provinces
and officials were appointed to
supervise tax collection and
building projects and irrigation
systems
Significant achievements were
made during the old kingdom.
45. Hieroglyphics were improved by
the Egyptians
Developed engineering
knowledge, which was necessary
in building tombs for the
pharaohs
Imhotep, chief minister of
Pharaoh Zoser, designed the Step
Pyramid at Sakkara for the
pharaoh.
This pyramid constructed about
2650 BCE. one of world's oldest
structural stone
46.
47. Old Kingdom was sometimes called
the Pyramid Age because Zoser's
successors, as well as rich
nobles, constructed pyramid
tombs. Today, three pyramids
still stand at Giza
48.
49.
50. There came about the peasant
revolts and civil wars that
disrupted trade and farming.
There came about a period of
disorder, which lasted up to
150 years, marking the end of
the Old Kingdom
51. The Middle Kingdom
New dynasty from south
restored order in Egypt during
2050 BCE
Prince from Thebes, Ahmose I,
became the new pharaoh
Art and literature were
encouraged
Started new irrigation project
that incresed rop production
52.
53. During Middle Kingdom that
egypt expanded its borders and
had greater contacts with other
civilizations
A long civil war again destroy
Egypt
Egypt conquered by nomadic
invaders from western Asia known
as the Hyksos during 1750 BCE
Hyksos ruled Egypt for 200
years
54. The New Kingdom
The Hyksos were driven out of
Egypt by the leaders of Thebes
Who restored Egyptian rule to
Egypt
Marked the beginning of the
New Kingdom or Empire which
lasted from 1600 to 1100 BCE
An empire is a government that
rules over a group of contries
55. Between 1490 and 1469 BCE,
Egypt was ruled by the only
female pharaoh, Queen
Hatshepsut, who gained the
throne in a coup.
Her term was arked by building
programs and the expansion of
trade to present-day somalia
Hatshepsut was succeeded by
her stepson, Thutmose III. A
brilliant military leader
56.
57. He expanded the Egyptian Empire
to its greatest size
He conquered Palestine and
Syria
One controversial pharaoh of
the New Kingdom was Amenhotep IV
He was not interested in
foreign conquest than in
changing some traditional
religious practices
59. He wanted the Egyptians to
worship the god Aton
He also changed his name from
Amenhotep to Akhenaton, which
means, "pleasing to Aton"
When Akhenaton failed to defend
the empire because of his
worship to Aton, he lost the
support of the military
60.
61. His son-in-law inherited the
throne when he was eight years
old
The young pharaoh soon changed
his name from Tutankhaton to
Tutankhamun
His dropping of Aton to Amon
signifiess the return to
traditional religious practices
63. Decline of Egyptian
Power Last ruler of the New Kingdom
was Ramses II
His 67-year reign was spent in
reviving the empire
Egyptian empire steadily
declined following the reign of
Ramses II
By 1090 BCE, civil wars had
left Egypt too weak to defeat a
stream of invaders
65. First came the raiders known as
the Sea Peoples
Assyrians and Persians also
conquered Egypt
331 BCE, Greeks led by
Alexander the Great occupied the
lands in the Nile valley
Queen Cleopatra, descendant of
one of Alexander's generals,
tried to restore Egyptian
greatness
She is the last pharaoh
67. 31 BCE Roman fleet defeated
Egyptian naval forces and in the
following year, Egypt became a
province of the Roman Empire
Egyptian history the pharaoh's
had absolute power
Starting from the Old Kingdom,
Egyptians created a complex but
efficient government that
supported the absolute power of
the pharaoh
68. Social Classes
Egyptian society divided into
three (3) classes
1. Upper class
a. Priests
b. Court nobility
c. Landed nobility
69. A. Priests
Conducted daily sacrifices to
the gods
Cast spells to make the land
fertile
Recited prayers to help souls
of the dead reach the afterlife
Priests enjoyed great power
and prestige
70. B. Court nobles
Advised the pharaoh and carried
out his orders
Held positions as governors,
court officials, or tax
collectors
71. C. Landed nobility
Chief minister who administered
the business of the country
Many these nobles owned large
estates
Managed their great estates
73. Middle Class
a. Men and Women who became rich
through trade
b. Skilled artisans who made
furniture and jewelry and worked
with leathers and clothes
c. Professionals such as
teachers, artists, doctors, and
74. Lower Class
Lower class made up of two (2)
groups:
1. Peasants
Worked in farms, irrigation
systems, roads, and in building
projects
Few political rights
Lived poorly in small mud
75. 2. Slaves
Prisoners of war
Like the peasants they worked
on temples and irrigation
projects
Most slaves were descendant of
people brought back to Egypt as
prisoners of war
Loyal and able slaves
sometimes were given freedom
76. Status of Women
Women enjoyed a high status
Had the right to buy and sell
property and to testify in court
Had the right to seek divorce
Property was inherite in the
female family line in the
Egyptian society
Women gained more status when
they bear child
78. In royal family, queen occupied
a privileged position as a wife
of a god
Pharaoh have more than one
wife, his first wife was tha
most important because her son
would become the next pharaoh
79. Education
Schools provided a more general
education
Reading, writing, arithmetic,
and also religious ceremonies
and rituals were offered
Sons of wealthy class attended
temple schools
Their daughters learned the
skills they need at home
80. Priests took charge of the
elementary education of the
children at schools attached to
the temples
After elementary boys were
sent to higher school or learned
trade from his parents
Girls received little or no
schooling at all
81. Primary aim of education was to
produce scribes
As scribes they were expected
to have through knowledge of the
language, literature, and
history of their country
They should good in
mathematics, bookkeeping, law
management, know mechanics,
surveying, and architectural
design
82. Religion
Egyptians beleived in
afterlife and that the soul
could not enter into the future
life without the body
This belief in the afterlife
led the Egyptians to build large
tombs called pyramids, where
they keep the mummified bodies
of their dead rulers