Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Research deign final by rohit thakur
1. Research
Design
Presented by Guided by
Mr.Thakur Rohit.G Dr.Aswar Urmila.M
Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy,
Narhe, Pune-41
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2. Introduction
Research inclusions
Objectives of research
Research design
Goals of research design
Steps in designing research study
Important terms related to research design
Types of research
Types of Experimental design
Advantages and disadvantages
References
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3. Research in common parlance refers to a search for
knowledge.
One can also define research as a scientific and
systematic search for pertinent information on a
specific topic.
In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation.
It is “systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”
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4. Formulating Research problem.
Extensive Literature Survey.
Development of working hypothesis.
Preparing research design.
Determining sample design.
Collection of data.
Execution of project(performing).
Analysis of data.
Hypothesis testing.
Preparation of report/thesis.
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5. 1. To gain familiarity or to achieve new insights into.
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group.
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs.
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.
(Kothari C.R,1985)
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6. “ Research design is the arrangement of
conditions for collection and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose with economy in procedure.”
Research design involves specifying your
philosophical assumptions, research method,
which data collection techniques you will use.
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7. Facilitates the smooth sailing.
Yields maximal information with minimal
expenditure.
Serves as a blueprint.
Research design stands for advance planning.
Helps the researcher to organize his ideas.
Avoids confusion and errors.
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10. Define the Information Needed
Design the Exploratory, Descriptive, and/or
Causal Phases of the Research
Specify the Measurement and Scaling
Procedures
Construct a Questionnaire
Specify the Sampling Process and the Sample
Size
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Develop a Plan of Data Analysis 10
11. Variable:
A concept which can take on different quantitative values is
called a variable.
Dependent variable:
If one variable depends upon or is a consequence of the other
variable, is termed as dependent variable.
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12. Extraneous variable:
Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the
study, but may affect the dependent variable .
Confounded Relationship:
When dependent variable is influenced by the extraneous
variables.
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13. Research Hypothesis:
When a prediction is to be tested by scientific methods it is
termed as research hypothesis.
Experimental Hypothesis testing research:
Research in which independent variable is manipulated.
Non-Experimental Hypothesis testing research:
Research in which independent variable is not manipulated
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14. Control Group:
When a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is termed as
control group.
Experimental Group:
When a group is exposed to some novel/special
conditions, it is termed as experimental group.
Treatments:
The different conditions under which experimental and
control groups are put are usually referred as treatments.
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15. 1. Basic
Goal of research: To produce new knowledge including
discovery of relationships; create capacity to predict, control,
manipulate.
2. Applied (policy-useful)
Goal of the research: Produce the information necessary to
help a policy-maker eliminate or alleviate a social problem
3. Evaluation (assessment-appraisal)
Goal of the Research: To provide an accurate account of the
impact of a treatment program applied to a social problem.
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16. 4. Action oriented (critical)
Goal of the Research: To dig beneath the surface of historically
specific social structures that reproduce oppression and other
problems in society.
5. Exploratory Research
Designed to generate basic knowledge, clarify relevant issues
uncover variables associated with a problem, and/or define
alternatives for addressing research objectives.
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17. 6. Descriptive Research (who, what, where,
how)
Designed to provide further insight into the research
problem by describing the variables of interest.
7. Causal Research (If-then)
Designed to provide information on potential cause-and-
effect relationships.
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18. 8. Literature Search
Conceptual literature
Trade literature
Published statistics
Library homepage
9. Analysis of Selected Cases
Intensive study of related cases or past activities
May be internal or external
Can help provide clues as to how other units or companies
have dealt with similar issues
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19. 10. Experience Surveys (depth interviews)
Knowledgeable people with varying points of view
Unstructured and informal interviews
Respondent free to choose issues to be discussed
11. Focus Groups
8 to 10 people at one time
Relatively homogeneous groups
Multiple, heterogeneous groups
Group dynamics
Moderator is key
Relies on general topical guide with plenty of time for
interaction
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20. 12. Hypothesis-testing research studies
Researcher tests the hypotheses of causal relationships between
variables
Requires bias reducing, reliable procedures
Procedure permitting drawing of inferences about causality
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21. Informal experimental designs:
(i) Before-and-after without control design.
(ii) After-only with control design.
(iii) Before-and-after with control design
Formal experimental designs:
(i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design).
(ii) Randomized block design (R.B. Design).
(iii) Latin square design (L.S. Design).
(iv) Factorial designs.
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22. In such a design a single test group or area is selected and the
dependent variable is measured before the introduction of the
treatment. The treatment is then introduced and the dependent
variable is measured again after the treatment has been introduced.
The design can be represented thus:
Test area:
Level of phenomenon Treatment introduced Level of phenomenon
before treatment (X) after treatment(Y)
Treatment Effect = (Y)-(X)
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23. In this design two groups or areas (test area and control area)
are selected and the treatment is introduced into the test area only.
The dependent variable is then measured in both the areas at the
same time. This can be exhibited in the following form:
Test area:
Treatment introduced Level of phenomenon after
Control area treatment (Y)
Level of phenomenon
Without treatment (Z)
Treatment Effect = (Y) – (Z)
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24. In this design two areas are selected and the
dependent variable is measured in both the areas for
an identical time-period before the treatment. The
treatment is then introduced into the test area only,
and the dependent variable is measured in both for an
identical time-period after the introduction of the
treatment.
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25. This design can be shown in this way:
Time Period I Time Period II
Treatment
Test Area: Level of phenomenon Level of phenomenon after
before Treatment (X) introduced Treatment (Y)
Control Area: Level of phenomenon Level of phenomenon without
without Treatment (A) Treatment (Z)
Treatment Effect = (Y – X) – (Z – A)
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26. Randomly Randomly
Population Sample
selected assigned
Experimental Control
group group
Treatment A Treatment B
Fig.1
Two-group simple randomized experimental
design Independent variable
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30. Quantitative research design is an Can be difficult and expensive
excellent way of finalizing results and require a lot of time to
and proving or disproving a perform.
hypothesis.
Carefully planned to ensure that
Leads to final answer by narrowing there is complete randomization
down all possible directions and correct designation of control
groups.
Require extensive statistical
analysis, which can be difficult,
due to most scientists not being
statisticians.
Tends to generate only proved or
unproven
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http://www.experiment-resources.com/quantitative-research-design.html 30
{accessed 30/11/2011}
31. Extremely useful when a subject is Require a lot of careful thought
too complex be answered by a simple and planning,
yes or no hypothesis. Qualitative data cannot be
Useful when budgetary decisions mathematically analyzed in the
have to be taken into account. same comprehensive way as
Not as dependent upon sample sizes quantitative results, so can only
as quantitative methods; a case study, give a guide to general trends..
for example, can generate meaningful Lot more open to personal opinion
results with a small sample group. and judgment, and so can only
ever give observations rather than
results and cannot be replicated.
http://www.experiment-resources.com/qualitative-research-design.html
4/16/2013 {accessed 30/11/2011} 31
32. 1. Best J.W, Kahn J.V, 1998. Research In Education, Ninth ed. Pearson
Education, Inc, Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc,pp.33-39.
2. Cook TD et al., 1979. Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues
for field settings. Houghton Mifflin Boston.
3. Kothari C.R,1985.Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques,
Second ed. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi-110002.pp.31-
39.
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33. 4. http://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/005847.ch1.pdf
{accessed 22/11/11}
5. www.lib.uconn.edu/~punj/m3505.pdf {accessed 27/11/11}
6. Prof. Hemant Kombrabail, Research Designs
www.scribd.com/doc/18132239/Research-Design{accessed
4/16/2013 31/11/11} 33
The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of research as “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”
(studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies).(studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies).(studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies).(such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).
A research design provides a road map for the entire project.A blueprint for the collection, measurement, analysis and interpretation of data.The first step is deciding upon a topic.How do you decide upon a research topic
, thereby making research as efficient as possible 5. , keeping in view the objective of the research and the availability of staff, time and money and Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis6. Such a design can even be given to others for their comments and critical evaluation.
Important Concepts Related To Research Design
4. And to link knowledge and action in social transformation. 5. , uncover information needs and is A very flexible, open-ended process.
6. Can be used for profiling, defining, segmentation, estimating, predicting, and examining associative relationships.7. . Most practical in marketing to talk about associations or impact of one variable on another.
10. a.k.a.,
The effect of the treatment would be equal to the level of the phenomenon after the treatment minus the level of the phenomenon before the treatment.
Treatment impact is assessed by subtracting the value of the dependent variable in the control area from its value in the test area
The treatment effect is determined by subtracting the change in the dependent variable in the control area from the change in the dependent variable in test area.
http://www.experiment-resources.com/quantitative-research-design.htmlQuantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and a narrowing down of possible directions for follow up research to take.Quantitative research design also tends to generate only proved or unproven results, with there being very little room for grey areas and uncertainty. For the social sciences, education, anthropology and psychology, human nature is a lot more complex than just a simple yes or no response.