An OWL Copyright Ontology for Semantic Digital Rights Management

An OWL Copyright Ontology for Semantic Digital Rights Management International Workshop on Web Semantics SWWS’06 Roberto García Rosa Gil November 2, 2006 Montpellier, France

Table of Contents
Introduction
Objectives
Conclusions
Future Work
Specification
Conceptualisation
Implementation
Evaluation

Introduction
Digital media: easy production and copy
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
Windows Media DRM, iTunes FairPlay, RealNetworks Helix, Sony MagicGate…
DRM copy play …

Introduction
Internet: easy distribution
DRM interoperability
REL DRM DRM DRM

Introduction
Need for a standard REL (Rights Expression Language)
Some efforts:
XML-based RELs
Creative Commons simple predefined licenses

Introduction
DRM Watch 1 : “2005 Review DRM Standards”
“… consumer complaints have moved beyond overly restrictive DRMs to lack of interoperability among them…”
“… we see no production implementations …”
“… ContentGuards asserts its patents apply to any REL implementation in DRM…”
Electronic Frontier Foundation 2
“… fail to accommodate… copyright regimes.”
“… based on an analogy with contract law . ”
1 http://www.drmwatch.com 2 http://www.eff.org

Objectives
Standardisation difficulties
Internet/Web open and heterogeneous
Copyright complex domain
High level of abstraction (not bits or pixels)
Concentrate on the roots, formalise SEMANTICS
ODRL “ Duplicate ” Reproduction Right Copy MPEG-21 “ Adapt ” CC “ Reproduction ” Copyright

Objectives
Knowledge Representation: Ontology
Web Ontology: Semantic Web
Increased expressivity:
Formalise semantics
Facilitate interoperability and implementation
Overcome REL patent
Include copyright
Support full value chain , not just user’s licenses

Table of Contents
Introduction
Objectives
Conclusions
Future Work
Specification
Conceptualisation
Implementation
Evaluation

Specification
Copyright domain analysis
Generic Ontology
WIPO worldwide harmonisation 1
Literary, artistic and scientific works ( not ideas )
Maybe derived, but always original
1 World Intellectual Property Organisation Copyright Treaty, 1996

Specification
Applicable to the
“ Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario”
Peer A Peer B <rdf:RDF> <rdf:RDF> <rdf:RDF> <rdf:RDF> Make Available Right <rdf:RDF> Reproduction Right Scenario

Conceptualisation
Complex domain, build model in three steps:
Creation Model
Rights Model
Action Model

Conceptualisation Les Misérables Creation Model

Conceptualisation Rights Model

Conceptualisation
End-users do no t hold rights
Usage licenses
Special permissions:
Quotation
Education
Information
Official Act
Private Copy
Parody
Temporary Reproduction
Rights Model

Conceptualisation
Actions, the building blocks
Action Model

Conceptualisation
Actions governed by Economic Rights:
Reproduction Right : reproduce , copy
Distribution Right : distribute; sell , rent , lend
Public Performance Right : perform
Fixation Right : fix , record
Communication Right : communicate ; retransmit, broadcast , make available
Transformation Right : transform ; adapt , translate
Action Model

Conceptualisation
End-user actions, consumption , to use a…
manifestation: buy
instance: buy
performance: assist
communication: access
broadcast: tune
something made available: access
picture, sculpture
book, CD, DVD
projection, recital, exhibition
TV channel, radio station
web page, stream
Action Model

Conceptualisation
Licensing actions: agree , disagree
Altogether: copyright value chains
E.g. “serials adapted from literary works”
Action Model

Conceptualisation
Case roles : relate actions and its participants
Action Model

Conceptualisation
“ Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario”…
Scenario Action Model

Implementation
One conceptual model, many implementations
Semantic Web Implementation with OWL
OWL-DL variant
enables tractable and decidable reasoning for use-license checking
Semantic Web Rule Language
OWL Full OWL DL OWL Lite + expressivity - complexity

Implementation
Licences and Rights implemented as Classes
Uses implemented as Instances
if u ∈ Copy Pattern then license pattern authorises u
Reproduction Right Copy Copyright Copy Pattern u ?

Implementation
Pattern ⊑ Copy
Pattern ≡ ∀pointInTime.≥ 2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓ ∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment01} ⊓ (≤ 2 recipient) ⊓ ∀recipient.{peerB, peerC, peerD}
Scenario Agree Problem

Implementation
Problem : Open World Assumption (OWA)
OWA sensible constructs:
max Cardinality (≤ n): new facts can make cardinality ≥ n
allValuesFrom (∀R.C) …
OWA insensible constructs:
minCardinality (≥ n): new facts, no change
…
0 1 3 2 maxCardinality 2 (n ≤ 2) minCardinality 3 (n ≥ 3) New facts “ OPEN WORLD”

Implementation
Metalevel negation to overcome OWA
Agree OWA insensible constructs
∃ , ≥,…
Disagree “negated” OWL sensible constructs
∀ R.C  ∃R.¬C
≤ n  ≥ n+1
Allowed(u)  Agree.theme(u) ⊓ ¬Disagree.theme(u)

Implementation
Pattern’ ⊑ Copy
Pattern’ ≡ ∀pointInTime.≥ 2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓ ∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment0001}
Pattern’’ ≡ Pattern’ ⊓ ( ( ≥ 3 recipient) ⊔ ∃recipient.( ¬ {peerB, peerC, peerD}) )
Scenario Agree Disagree

Implementation Scenario [ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment02 ; recipient :peerB ] Copy Pattern ’ [ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment01; recipient :peerC, :peerD ] Pattern’’ [ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment01; recipient :peerB , :peerC, :peer E ] Allowed

Evaluation
Put into practice: SemDRMS Semantic Digital Rights Management Systems
Controlled P2P metadata diffusion
Peer A SemDRM S copy make available Licenses Store DL Reasoner

Table of Contents
Introduction
Objectives
Conclusions
Future Work
Specification
Conceptualisation
Implementation
Evaluation
N K S N N N N S TABLE OF CONTENTS

Conclusions
Concentrate on semantics
Ontology , more expressivity
Include copyright
Facilitate implementation and interoperability
DL reasoners for license checking

Future Work
Full SemDRMS based on OWL-DL Copyright Ontology
Mappings to Copyright Ontology
MPEG-21 REL Ontologies
OMA/ODRL Ontologies
Creative Commons
Security and trust through RDF signatures
Human-readable by Controlled Natural Languages
XML Semantics Reuse
(XSD2OWL + XML2RDF)

Thank you for your attention http://rhizomik.net/ontologies/copyrightonto http://rhizomik.net/semdrms Roberto García [email_address]

An OWL Copyright Ontology for Semantic Digital Rights Management

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