An OWL Copyright Ontology for Semantic Digital Rights Management International Workshop on Web Semantics SWWS’06 Roberto García Rosa Gil November 2, 2006 Montpellier, France

Table of Contents Introduction Objectives Conclusions Future Work Specification Conceptualisation Implementation Evaluation

Introduction

Objectives

Conclusions

Future Work

Specification

Conceptualisation

Implementation

Evaluation

Introduction Digital media: easy production and copy Digital Rights Management (DRM) Windows Media DRM, iTunes FairPlay, RealNetworks Helix, Sony MagicGate… DRM copy play …

Digital media: easy production and copy

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Windows Media DRM, iTunes FairPlay, RealNetworks Helix, Sony MagicGate…

Introduction Internet: easy distribution DRM interoperability REL DRM DRM DRM

Internet: easy distribution

DRM interoperability

Introduction Need for a standard REL (Rights Expression Language) Some efforts: XML-based RELs Creative Commons simple predefined licenses

Need for a standard REL (Rights Expression Language)

Some efforts:

XML-based RELs

Creative Commons simple predefined licenses

Introduction DRM Watch 1 : “2005 Review DRM Standards” “… consumer complaints have moved beyond overly restrictive DRMs to lack of interoperability among them…” “… we see no production implementations …” “… ContentGuards asserts its patents apply to any REL implementation in DRM…” Electronic Frontier Foundation 2 “… fail to accommodate… copyright regimes.” “… based on an analogy with contract law . ” 1 http://www.drmwatch.com 2 http://www.eff.org

DRM Watch 1 : “2005 Review DRM Standards”

“… consumer complaints have moved beyond overly restrictive DRMs to lack of interoperability among them…”

“… we see no production implementations …”

“… ContentGuards asserts its patents apply to any REL implementation in DRM…”

Electronic Frontier Foundation 2

“… fail to accommodate… copyright regimes.”

“… based on an analogy with contract law . ”

Objectives Standardisation difficulties Internet/Web open and heterogeneous Copyright complex domain High level of abstraction (not bits or pixels) Concentrate on the roots, formalise SEMANTICS ODRL “ Duplicate ” Reproduction Right Copy MPEG-21 “ Adapt ” CC “ Reproduction ” Copyright

Standardisation difficulties

Internet/Web open and heterogeneous

Copyright complex domain

High level of abstraction (not bits or pixels)

Concentrate on the roots, formalise SEMANTICS

Objectives Knowledge Representation: Ontology Web Ontology: Semantic Web Increased expressivity: Formalise semantics Facilitate interoperability and implementation Overcome REL patent Include copyright Support full value chain , not just user’s licenses

Knowledge Representation: Ontology

Web Ontology: Semantic Web

Increased expressivity:

Formalise semantics

Facilitate interoperability and implementation

Overcome REL patent

Include copyright

Support full value chain , not just user’s licenses

Table of Contents Introduction Objectives Conclusions Future Work Specification Conceptualisation Implementation Evaluation

Introduction

Objectives

Conclusions

Future Work

Specification

Conceptualisation

Implementation

Evaluation

Specification Copyright domain analysis Generic Ontology WIPO worldwide harmonisation 1 Literary, artistic and scientific works ( not ideas ) Maybe derived, but always original 1 World Intellectual Property Organisation Copyright Treaty, 1996

Copyright domain analysis

Generic Ontology

WIPO worldwide harmonisation 1

Literary, artistic and scientific works ( not ideas )

Maybe derived, but always original

Specification Applicable to the “ Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario” Peer A Peer B <rdf:RDF> <rdf:RDF> <rdf:RDF> <rdf:RDF> Make Available Right <rdf:RDF> Reproduction Right Scenario

Applicable to the

“ Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario”

Conceptualisation Complex domain, build model in three steps: Creation Model Rights Model Action Model

Complex domain, build model in three steps:

Creation Model

Rights Model

Action Model

Conceptualisation Les Misérables Creation Model

Conceptualisation Rights Model

Conceptualisation End-users do no t hold rights Usage licenses Special permissions: Quotation Education Information Official Act Private Copy Parody Temporary Reproduction Rights Model

End-users do no t hold rights

Usage licenses

Special permissions:

Quotation

Education

Information

Official Act

Private Copy

Parody

Temporary Reproduction

Conceptualisation Actions, the building blocks Action Model

Actions, the building blocks

Conceptualisation Actions governed by Economic Rights: Reproduction Right : reproduce , copy Distribution Right : distribute; sell , rent , lend Public Performance Right : perform Fixation Right : fix , record Communication Right : communicate ; retransmit, broadcast , make available Transformation Right : transform ; adapt , translate Action Model

Actions governed by Economic Rights:

Reproduction Right : reproduce , copy

Distribution Right : distribute; sell , rent , lend

Public Performance Right : perform

Fixation Right : fix , record

Communication Right : communicate ; retransmit, broadcast , make available

Transformation Right : transform ; adapt , translate

Conceptualisation End-user actions, consumption , to use a… manifestation: buy instance: buy performance: assist communication: access broadcast: tune something made available: access picture, sculpture book, CD, DVD projection, recital, exhibition TV channel, radio station web page, stream Action Model

End-user actions, consumption , to use a…

manifestation: buy

instance: buy

performance: assist

communication: access

broadcast: tune

something made available: access

picture, sculpture

book, CD, DVD

projection, recital, exhibition

TV channel, radio station

web page, stream

Conceptualisation Licensing actions: agree , disagree Altogether: copyright value chains E.g. “serials adapted from literary works” Action Model

Licensing actions: agree , disagree

Altogether: copyright value chains

E.g. “serials adapted from literary works”

Conceptualisation Case roles : relate actions and its participants Action Model

Case roles : relate actions and its participants

Conceptualisation “ Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario”… Scenario Action Model

“ Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario”…

Implementation One conceptual model, many implementations Semantic Web Implementation with OWL OWL-DL variant enables tractable and decidable reasoning for use-license checking Semantic Web Rule Language OWL Full OWL DL OWL Lite + expressivity - complexity

One conceptual model, many implementations

Semantic Web Implementation with OWL

OWL-DL variant

enables tractable and decidable reasoning for use-license checking

Semantic Web Rule Language

Implementation Licences and Rights implemented as Classes Uses implemented as Instances if u ∈ Copy Pattern then license pattern authorises u Reproduction Right Copy Copyright Copy Pattern u ?

Licences and Rights implemented as Classes

Uses implemented as Instances

if u ∈ Copy Pattern then license pattern authorises u

Implementation Pattern ⊑ Copy Pattern ≡ ∀pointInTime.≥ 2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓ ∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment01} ⊓ (≤ 2 recipient) ⊓ ∀recipient.{peerB, peerC, peerD} Scenario Agree Problem

Pattern ⊑ Copy

Pattern ≡ ∀pointInTime.≥ 2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓ ∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment01} ⊓ (≤ 2 recipient) ⊓ ∀recipient.{peerB, peerC, peerD}

Implementation Problem : Open World Assumption (OWA) OWA sensible constructs: max Cardinality (≤ n): new facts can make cardinality ≥ n allValuesFrom (∀R.C) … OWA insensible constructs: minCardinality (≥ n): new facts, no change … 0 1 3 2 maxCardinality 2 (n ≤ 2) minCardinality 3 (n ≥ 3) New facts “ OPEN WORLD”

Problem : Open World Assumption (OWA)

OWA sensible constructs:

max Cardinality (≤ n): new facts can make cardinality ≥ n

allValuesFrom (∀R.C) …

OWA insensible constructs:

minCardinality (≥ n): new facts, no change

…

Implementation Metalevel negation to overcome OWA Agree OWA insensible constructs ∃ , ≥,… Disagree “negated” OWL sensible constructs ∀ R.C  ∃R.¬C ≤ n  ≥ n+1 Allowed(u)  Agree.theme(u) ⊓ ¬Disagree.theme(u)

Metalevel negation to overcome OWA

Agree OWA insensible constructs

∃ , ≥,…

Disagree “negated” OWL sensible constructs

∀ R.C  ∃R.¬C

≤ n  ≥ n+1

Allowed(u)  Agree.theme(u) ⊓ ¬Disagree.theme(u)

Implementation Pattern’ ⊑ Copy Pattern’ ≡ ∀pointInTime.≥ 2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓ ∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment0001} Pattern’’ ≡ Pattern’ ⊓ ( ( ≥ 3 recipient) ⊔ ∃recipient.( ¬ {peerB, peerC, peerD}) ) Scenario Agree Disagree

Pattern’ ⊑ Copy

Pattern’ ≡ ∀pointInTime.≥ 2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓ ∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment0001}

Pattern’’ ≡ Pattern’ ⊓ ( ( ≥ 3 recipient) ⊔ ∃recipient.( ¬ {peerB, peerC, peerD}) )

Implementation Scenario [ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment02 ; recipient :peerB ] Copy Pattern ’ [ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment01; recipient :peerC, :peerD ] Pattern’’ [ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment01; recipient :peerB , :peerC, :peer E ] Allowed

Evaluation Put into practice: SemDRMS Semantic Digital Rights Management Systems Controlled P2P metadata diffusion Peer A SemDRM S copy make available Licenses Store DL Reasoner

Put into practice: SemDRMS Semantic Digital Rights Management Systems

Controlled P2P metadata diffusion

Table of Contents Introduction Objectives Conclusions Future Work Specification Conceptualisation Implementation Evaluation N K S N N N N S TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Objectives

Conclusions

Future Work

Specification

Conceptualisation

Implementation

Evaluation

Conclusions Concentrate on semantics Ontology , more expressivity Include copyright Facilitate implementation and interoperability DL reasoners for license checking

Concentrate on semantics

Ontology , more expressivity

Include copyright

Facilitate implementation and interoperability

DL reasoners for license checking

Future Work Full SemDRMS based on OWL-DL Copyright Ontology Mappings to Copyright Ontology MPEG-21 REL Ontologies OMA/ODRL Ontologies Creative Commons Security and trust through RDF signatures Human-readable by Controlled Natural Languages XML Semantics Reuse (XSD2OWL + XML2RDF)

Full SemDRMS based on OWL-DL Copyright Ontology

Mappings to Copyright Ontology

MPEG-21 REL Ontologies

OMA/ODRL Ontologies

Creative Commons

Security and trust through RDF signatures

Human-readable by Controlled Natural Languages

XML Semantics Reuse

(XSD2OWL + XML2RDF)

Thank you for your attention http://rhizomik.net/ontologies/copyrightonto http://rhizomik.net/semdrms Roberto García [email_address]