database systems

1. Database Systems
Course:-BSC CS-II
Subject:-Database Management System
Unit:-1

2. Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS approach

3. Database Examples
 Database is involved like everywhere in our world
 For example:
 If we go to bank to deposit or withdraw
 Make hotel and airline reservation
 Purchase something on line
 Buy groceries in supermarkets

4. Database Applications
 These examples are what we called traditional
database applications
 (First part of book focuses on traditional applications)
 More Recent Applications:
 YouTube
 iTunes
 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
 Data Warehouses
 Many other applications

5. Database can be any size and
complexity
 For example:
 A list of names and address
 IRS
 (assume it has 100 million taxpayers and each
taxpayer file 5 forms with 400 characters of
information per form=800Gbyte)
 Amazon.com
 (15 million people visit per day; about 100 people are
responsible for database update)

6. Database System
 Database:
 A collection of related data.
 Data:
 Known facts that can be recorded and have an
 implicit meaning.
 Database Management System (DBMS):
 A software package/system to facilitate the
 Define, Construct, Manipulate and Share functions
of a computerized database.

7. Typical DBMS Functionality
 Define a particular database in terms of its data types,
structures, and constraints
 Construct or Load the initial database contents on a
secondary storage medium
 Manipulate the database:
 Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
 Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to
its content
 Accessing the database through Web applications
 Share a database allows multiple users and programs
to access the database simultaneously

8. Database System
 Database System:
DBMS + Database

9. Simplified database system
environment[1]

10. Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS approach

11. An UNIVERSITY example
 A UNIVERSITY database for maintaining information
concerning students, courses, and grades in a university
environment
 We have:
 STUDENT file stores data on each student
 COURSE file stores data on each course
 SECTION file stores data on each section of each course
 GRADE_REPORT file stores the grades that students
receive
 PREREQUISITE file stores the prerequisites

12. Example of a simple database[2]

13. Database manipulation
 Database manipulation involves querying and
updating
 Examples of querying are:
 Retrieve a transcript
 List the prerequisites of the “Database” course
 Examples of updating are:
 Enter a grade of “A” for “Smith” in “Database”
course

14. Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS approach

15. Database V.S. File
 In the database approach, a single repository of data
is maintained that is defined once then accessed by
various users
 The major differences between DB and File are:
 Self-describing of a DB
 Insulation between programs and data
 Support of multiple views of the data
 Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

16. Self-describing nature of a database system
 Database system contains not only the database itself
but also a complete definition of the database
structure and constrains
 The information stored in the catalog is called Meta-
data (data about data), and it describes the structure
of the primary database.

17. Example of a simplified Meta-
data[3]

18. Insulation between programs and data
 In file processing, if any changes to the structure of a
file may require changing all programs that access
the file
 In database system, the structure of data files is stored
in the DBMS catalog separately from the access
program
 This is called program-data independence

19. Support of multiple views of the data
 Each user may see a different view of the database,
which describes only the data of interest to that user
 It may also contain some virtual data that is derived
from the database files but its not explicitly stored

20. Sharing of data and multi-user
transaction processing
 Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from
and to update the database.
 Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees
that each transaction is correctly executed or aborted
 For example, when several reservation clerks try to
assign a seat on an airplane flight
 (these types of applications are generally called
online transaction processing (OLTP))

21. Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS approach

22. Database Users
 Database administrators:
 Responsible for authorizing access to the database,
for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring
software and hardware resources, controlling its
use and monitoring efficiency of operations.
 Database Designers:
 Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against
the database. They must communicate with the
end-users and understand their needs.
 End Users
 System Analysts

23. End Users
Casual: access database occasionally by sophisticated
query language when needed.
 (Manager)
Naïve: they make up a large section of the end-user
population. Learn only a few facilities that they may
use repeatedly
 (bank clerk)
Sophisticated: These include business analysts,
scientists, engineers, others thoroughly familiar with the
system capabilities.
Stand-alone: maintain personal database by using well
designed GUI (Turbotax users)

24. Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS approach

25. Controlling Redundancy
Controlling Redundancy is one of most important
feature to use DBMS
The traditional file approach, each group independently
keeps their own file.
For example: accounting office keeps data on
registration and billing info; whereas the registration
office keeps track of registration, student courses and
grades.

26. Controlling Redundancy
This redundancy in storing the same data multiple
times leads to several problems:
Logic update – we need to update several times
Storage space is wasted
The file that represent the same data may become
inconsistent

27. Other Advantages of using the
DBMS approach
 Restricting unauthorized access to data
 Providing Storage Structures (e.g. indexes) for
efficient Query Processing
 Providing backup and recovery services

28. Other Advantages of using the
DBMS approach
 Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of
users
 Representing complex relationships among data

29. When NOT to use DBMS?
 The overhead cost of using DBMS:
 High initial investment in hardware, software and
training
 The cost of defining and processing data
 Overhead for security, concurrency control,
recovery, and integrity functions

30. When NOT to use DBMS?
 Hence, it may be more desirable to use regular files
under the following situations:
 Simple, well-defined database applications that are
not expected to change
 Real-time requirements for some programs that
may not be met due to DBMS overheads
 No multiple-user access to data

31. Database Administration (DBA)
 DBA is a resource that supervises both the database
and the use of the DBMS.
 DBA is usually a group, but sometimes it refers to the
database administrator.

32. Responsibilities of DBA

33. Policy Formulation and Implementation
 Access Privileges
 Users should access the database only in ways in
which they are entitled.
 Security
 Access restrictions ensure that the database is
secure.
 Passwords, encryption, and views implement
security.
 Effective password protection is critical.

34. Planning for Disaster
 Databases can be harmed from hardware and software
malfunctions, and outsides forces like floods and
power outages.
 DBA’s must take active role in formulating disaster
recovery plans.

35. Disaster Recovery[4]

36. Archives
 An archive is a place where corporate data is kept.
 Information in an archive is removed from the
database and stored in the archive for future
reference.
 Archives are usually kept in a mass-storage device
like a disk, tape, CD, or a DVD.
 It is important such archives be kept off-site to allow
recovery should disaster strike

37. Data Dictionary Management
 Essentially the catalog, but it contains a wider range
of information, including information on tables,
fields, indexes, and programs.
 The DBA manages and updates the data dictionary,
which establishes naming conventions for tables,
fields, etc., and data integrity rules.

38. Additional responsibilities of DBA
 Training
 DBA gives training on the DBMS and how to
access the database
 DBMS Support
 The DBA is charged with all aspects of a DBMS,
including selection and management
 DBA must evaluate each prospective DBMS using
a checklist like that shown in

39. Additional Responsibilities of DBA
 Database design
 DBA is responsible for tuning the design, i.e.,
making changes that improve system performance.

40. References
1. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/database_management_syste
m_DBMS.html
2. http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/database-
management-system
3. http://cs.fit.edu/~pbernhar/dbms.html
4. http://www.quackit.com/database/tutorial/database_management_s
ystems.cfm
5. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-database-
management-system-purpose-and-function.html

41. Images References
1. http://itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com/itanswers/what-are-the-
advantages-of-database-system-over-file-processing-systems/
2. http://itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com/itanswers/what-are-the-
advantages-of-database-system-over-file-processing-systems
3. http://www.k9safesearch.com/search.jsp?q=simplified+Meta-
data+images+in+database+management+system&v=w
4. http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/products/collateral/video/disaste
r-recovery/product_data_sheet0900aecd806ced5c.pdf