1. 38,96u
K: 39,10u → 39,96u (despreciable)
40,96u
ó 1: %
→ 39,10 = → 3910
, , .( )
ó 2: (100 − )%
= 38,96 + 4096 − 40,96 → 2 = 186 → = 93%
p+ 8 8 8 7 9 7
n0 8 8 9 9 7 9
e- 8 6 8 8 11 7
ISÓTOPOS
;
IONES
← ←

2. ?
= 1,2, … ,5
= 5,29. 10
= .
=1→ = 5,29. 10
=2→ = 2,12. 10
=3→ = 4,76. 10
=4→ = 8,469. 10
=5→ = 1,32. 10
5 ( = 5)
6 ( = 6)
3,0,0, + →
4,2,2, + →
2,1,1, − →
7,2,3, − → ; −2 ≤ ≤2
0,1,2, → ; −1 ≤ ≤1
(3,0,0, − ) →

3. 1
3,0,0, + → 3
2
1
4,2,2, + → 4
2
1
2,1,1, − → 2
2
1
3,0,0, − → 3
2
=
=0→ =0→
=−
=
= −1 →
=−
=
=1→ =0→
=−
=
=1 →
=−
=
=3→ = −2 →
=−
=
= −1 →
=−
=
=2→ =0→
=−
=
=1 →
=−
=
=2→
=−

4. ( = 20): 1 2 2 3 3 4
( = 50): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5
( = 55): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6
( = 7): 1 2 2
( = 53): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5
( = 56): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6
( = 13): 1 2 2 3 3
( = 54): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5
1 2 2 4 : , 3 3 .
í :1 2 2 3
1 2 2 : .
1 2 2 3 : . á 6
í :1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 : , 2
í :1 2 2
1 2 : , 2 .
í :1 2 2
3 : , 1 ,2 2 .
í :1
1 2 2 3 3 : , 3 4 .
í :1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 : , 2
í :1 2 2
( = 32): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4
1 1
4 : 4,0,0, + ; 4,0,0, −
2 2
4 : 4,1, −1, + ; 4,1,0, +

5. ( = 20): 1 2 2 3 3 4
( = 20): 1 2 2 3 3 4
( = 17): 1 2 2 3 3
( = 17): 1 2 2 3 3

6. :3 3 → 18; Í 3
:4 3 4 → 13; Í 4
:5 4 5 → 14; Í 5
:6 → 2; Í 6
:4 3 → 8; Í 4
:4 3 4 → 17; Í 4
5 → 2; Í 5
4 3 → 7; Í 4
3 3 → 14; Í 3
4 4 → 18; Í 4
5 4 → 11; Í 5
4 → 1; Í 4
( = 14) → 1 2 2 3 3
( = 20) → 1 2 2 3 3 4
( = 9) → 1 2 2
( = 8) → 1 2 2
( = 37) → 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5
( = 53) → 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5
< < < < <
< < < < <

7. ( = 14) 1 2 2 3 3
( = 20) 1 2 2 3 3 4
( = 9) 1 2 2
( = 8) 1 2 2
( = 37) 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5
1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5
( = 14) 1 2 2 3 3
( = 17) 1 2 2 3 3
( = 9) 1 2 2
( = 6) 1 2 2
( = 13) 1 2 2 3 3
( = 15) 1 2 2 3 3

8. ( = 14) 1 2 2 3 3
( = 20) 1 2 2 3 3 4
( = 9) 1 2 2
( = 8) 1 2 2
( = 37) 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5
( = 14) 1 2 2 3 3
( = 20) 1 2 2 3 3 4
( = 9) 1 2 2
( = 8) 1 2 2
( = 37) 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5
( = 31) 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4

9. "trampa", ó
í ó ó , ó ,
í á .
, , ó ,
resto del átomo
. " á í
.

10. = 10
¿á 1 ≡ 10 ?
10
ú á = = 5.10 á
2.10
á
10,013
→
19,6%
11,009
→
80,4%
(10,013.19,6) + (11,009.80,4)
ó = = 10,81
100

11. = .
=1→ =
=2→ =4
−
=
=1→ =−
=2→ =
− 3
[ → :∆ = − =− (− ) =
4 4
− − 9
[ → :∆ = − = − =
25 16 400

14. =
=0→ =0→
=−
=
= −1 →
=−
=2→
=
=1→ =0→
=−
=
=1 →
=−

15. =
=0→ =0→
=−
=
= −1 →
=−
=
=1→ =0→
=−
=
=1 →
=−
=
=3→ = −2 →
=−
=
= −1 →
=−
=
=2→ =0→
=−
=
=1 →
=−
=
=2→
=−
1
2,1,0,
2
−1
3,3,0,
2
−1
4,0,0,
2
−1
6,4,5,
2
1
1,1,0,
2
1
5,2,2,
2

16. 1
2,1,0, → 2
2
−1
4,0,0, → 4
2
1
5,2,2, → 5
2
3
7
4
2
=0→ =0→2
= −1 → 2
=2→ =1→ =0→2
=1 →2
á 8 á
=0→ =0→2
= −1 → 2
=1→ =0→2
=1 →2
= −2 → 2
= −1 → 2
=2→ =0→2
=1 →2
=4→
=2→2
= −3 → 2
= −2 → 2
= −1 → 2
=3→ =0→2
=1 →2
=2→2
=3→2
á 32 á

17. 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3 4 3
1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 4 ∗
1 2 2 4
1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4
1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4
1 2 2
1 2 2 3
( = 47): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 ∗
1 −1
5,0,0, ; (5,0,0, )
2 2
( = 14): 1 2 2 3 3
, á í
1
− . , ú á
2

18. ( = 56): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6
= 1: → 24
= 2: → 20
( = 56): 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6
= 1: , , ∶ 12
−
−
−
−
−
:4 4
:6
:5 4
:6
:4 3
:6 4 5 6
2 2 : 16; Í 2
6 4 5 : 7; Í 6
3 3 : 18; Í 3
7 : 1; Í 7
1 : 18; Í 1
4 3 : 12; Í 4

19. 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5
1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4
1
1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5
1 2
1 2 2 3
1 2 2
1 2 2

20. 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3
( = 1) 1
( = 55) 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6
( = 4) 1 2
( = 11) 1 2 2 3
( = 7) 1 2 2

21. ( = 1) 1
( = 55) 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6
( = 4) 1 2
( = 11) 1 2 2 3
( = 7) 1 2 2
2