1. Sustainable Use of
Industrial Waste
Raw Material Replacement
in Lightweight Concrete
Piti Sukontasukkul, PhD
Prof., KMUTNB, Thailand
Vice President, TCA, Thailand

2. Concrete is Everywhere in Thailand
From local production to plant production
From bucket to chute, to pump, and to precast
From small units to large and complex units

3. Clinker and Cement Production
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PortlandCement 16.0 17.5 19.6 19.1 20.9 23.7 25.6 22.1 20.2 21.1 23.4 23.5 27.9
MixedCement 8.96 10.0 11.1 12.5 14.0 13.3 12.9 11.5 10.9 10.3 10.5 10.3 10.3
Clinker 28.6 32.6 37.5 32.9 35.3 38.7 40.9 40.7 38.1 37.6 38.8 37.8 39.8
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
Quantity(milliontons)
Cement Production- Thailand
Source:TheofficeofIndustrial
Workshop on Concrete Sustainability, Kagawa University, Japan
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PortlandCement 9.31 10.1 12.9 13.6 16.0 17.7 17.8 15.9 15.1 15.4 17.4 18.1 21.1
MixedCement 7.91 8.40 9.39 9.99 11.1 11.3 11.3 9.63 9.03 9.20 9.36 9.92 10.2
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Quantity(milliontons)
Domestic Usage
Source:TheofficeofIndustrial

4. Concrete Consumption
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ready-mixed
Concrete
5.14 7.52 8.91 9.61 12.2 11.4 10.8 10.6 11.0 10.5 10.8 11.0 13.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Quantity(millioncu.m) Ready-mixed Concrete
Source: The office of Industrial Economy

5. Limestone Reserve and Consumption
At the current consumption rate of 145 million tons per year, the available
resource will run out in 21.2 years

6. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE MIXED
WITH LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE

7. Source of Aggregates
Aluminum Waste
Aerated Block
Manufacturing Waste
Abandoned Tires

8. Aggregate Properties
Aggregate - Crumb Rubber (CR)
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity (Dry) 0.96
Specific Gravity (SSD) 0.97
Specific Gravity (Apparent) 0.97
Absorption (%) 0.92
Fineness Modulus 4.93
Composition
Natural Rubber 23.1%
Synthetic Rubber 17.9%
Carbon Black 28.0%
Ash Content 5.1%
Others 16.5%
Aggregate - Aerated Block Waste (AB)
Dry Specific Gravity 0.75 kg/cu.m
SSD Specific Gravity 1.27 kg/cu.m
Absorption 71 %
Compressive Strength >3 MPa
Modulus of Rupture 0.45 MPa
Elastic Modulus 1530 MPa
Aggregate -Aluminum Waste (AW)
Dry Specific Gravity 0.73
Bulk Specific Gravity 1.08
SSD Specific Gravity 1.25
Percent Void 72 %
Percent Absorption 16 %

9. GENERAL APPLICATIONS

10. Concrete Properties-
Specific Gravity

11. Concrete Properties:
Percentage Absorption

12. Compressive Strength

13. Flexural Strength

14. SOUND AND THERMAL
APPLICATIONS

15. Aerated Waste
Concrete Panel
Aluminum Waste
Concrete Panel

16. Crumb Rubber-Rubberized Concrete

17. Thermal Insulation Applications

18. Paraffin Impregnated in
Aggregate (PIA) from
Aluminum Waste
Degree of Impregnation vs. Time

19. Thermal Properties of
Concrete Panel mixed with PIA

20. MILITARY APPLICATION

21. Ability to Absorb
Energy of
Rubberized
Concrete
Low strength
but high
energy
absorption

22. Rubberized Concrete as a Cushion Layer for
Bulletproof Concrete Panel
T1
T2
Rubberized Concrete
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

23. Failure Patterns : Double Layer Panel
Typical Failure Patterns
Partially Energy Dissipation
Ideal Failure Patterns
Full Energy Dissipation

24. Typical Acceleration Response
SFRC (9 mm)

25. Typical Acceleration Response
Double Layer (9 mm Bul.)

26. Comparison
Single Layer Plate Double Layer Plate
Responding
time: Slower in
Double layer
plate
Acceleration
Value: Lower in
Double layer
plate

27. Conclusion
• In order to sustain our natural resource availability and
prolong its depletion, the search for alternative
materials for concrete production is necessary.
• The use of industrial waste to produce aggregates not
only can reduce waste and pollution, it also can help
reduce the use of virgin materials (slow down natural
resource depletion).
• Some industrial wastes may not exhibit good
mechanical properties to suit structural purposes, BUT
there are some properties that allow them to be used
extremely well on other applications such as sound and
thermal insulation, or even bulletproof panel.

28. Thank you Prof. Koji Sakai
for 15 years of friendship