Predicting Preferences

Predicting Preferences
Predicting Preferences
Prediction involves making a statement concerning the likely value of an event or action uncertain
or unknown at the time of the statement. Since the theory of probability, (inaugurated by the French
mathematicians Blaise Pascal and Pierre Fermat in 1654), was developed to quantify uncertain
events in terms of their likelihood of occurrence, formal prediction is now viewed as a mathematical
topic involving probabilistic modeling. Indeed, the mathematician Karl Pearson said in 1907 that the
fundamental problem in statistics is prediction. Prediction, however, is usually not an end goal itself,
but rather means to put probabilistic bounds on the relative frequency or likelihood of occurrence of
future uncertain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bernoulli resolved the paradox by postulating that people do not make choices based on the
expected rewards alone, but rather based on the value or pleasure that each individual pay–off is
likely to yield to them. He said "The determination of the value of an item must not be based on the
price, but rather on the utility it yields.... There is no doubt that a gain of one thousand ducats is
more significant to the pauper than to a rich man though both gain the same amount." He suggested
there was a function U(w) (called a utility function) which describes the amount of value or utility
that the individual gains by having an amount of wealth w. Rational individuals prefer more money
to less money, so U(w) is increasing, but the incremental value of more wealth decreases as one
becomes wealthier (decreasing marginal utility or value of wealth) so U(w) is concave. Bernoulli
stated that people determined how much to pay for the game or gamble not based on the gamble's
expected value but rather it's expected utility. Thus, if x1, x2, ..., xn are the possible outcomes of an
uncertain economic endeavor or gamble, and their probabilities of occurrence are p1, p2, ..., pn then
a decision maker with an initial wealth of W would make decisions based on their expected utility of
their final wealth, U(W+x1)*p1 + U(W+x2)*p2 +...+ U(W+xn)*pn. Using this approach, one can
predict preferences between two uncertain events by
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Economics
Introduction
The willingness of consumers to purchase a product or service is the fundamental source of profit
for any business. Understanding consumer behavior is the first step in making profitable pricing,
advertising, product design and production decisions. In order to make marketing decisions,
managers need to know how consumers choose the bundle of goods and services they actually
purchase from all possible bundles that they could purchase. Managers should be aware of the
consumer–choice process when estimating the demand for the firms' products, forecasting future
demand, and making advertising decisions.
Consumer Preferences
From all the goods or services available to them, buyers choose a combination of items we call a ...
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It measures the number of units of Y that must be given up per unit of X added so as to maintain a
constant level of utility.
MRS = ΔY/ΔX
Figure 1. A typical indifference curve
The consumer is indifferent between combinations A (4food and 45clothing) and B (6food and 30
clothing). Thus the rate at which the consumer is willing to substitute is
MRS = ΔY/ΔX = 45 – 30 / 4 – 6 = – 7.5
The MRS is 7.5, meaning that the consumer is willing to give up 7.5 units of clothing for each unit
of food added.
4. Indifference curves are the further from the origin, the greater level of utility associated with the
curve. Combinations of goods on higher indifference curves are preferred to combinations on lower
curves.
5. Indifference curves are everywhere dense. Theoretically, any number of such indifference curves
could be generated by slicing the utility surface at different altitudes so that the floor of the surface
might appear "dense" with concentric indifference curves. The collection of representative
indifference curves may be referred to as an indifference curve map.

Budget line
Consumers normally have limited incomes and goods are not free. Their problem is how to spend
the limited income in a way that gives the maximum possible utility. A budget line is the locus of all
combinations or bundles of goods that can be purchased at given prices if the

A New Joe on the Block
A CASE STUDY QUESTION 'A NEW JOE ON THE BLOCK"
1. What are the top three key decisions faced by Joe? a) The best location for the coffee shop:
Joe needs to find out the strategic location for the coffee shop. The location he chooses can effect
the profit achievement of the coffee shop. b) Understanding what makes a coffee shop popular:
Joe needs to think a solution in how to do in order to make the coffee shop popular and maintain the
popularities. Maybe he needs to create something new and more contemporary by follow the time
being but still maintain the taste of coffee with the local preferences. c) Know the consumption
pattern in United States:
Provide coffee with the suitable taste of American by making black ... Show more content on
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Joe uses two methods of research procedures in collecting analysing of information about the
market conditions of coffee shop in United States. The first method he chooses is the opinion of
individual about the coffee taste preferences. The second method he use to collect and analyst the
information is, based on the surveyed for 100 consumers from a small organics shop. III. Planning a
sample:
Any procedure that draws conclusions based on measurements of a portion of the population. Refer
to the matter on the research made by Joe's. He can estimate that American people like to drink
black coffee with nothing added including sugar and also he can conclude the cheap coffee also can
be one of the attractions of the consumer. IV. Collecting the data:
It is the process of gathering or collecting information for the use of research. The information can
be gathered by human observe or interviewers, by recorded machine and others. Joe use human
observation, interviewers and web based surveys to gather all of the information about the coffee
shop market.
V. Analysing the data:
Joe needs to analyse the data he got and then try to understand the data to make a conclusion. VI.
Formulating the conclusions and preparing the report:
The conclusion and the report Joe's made must follow the objective that he already set up at the
beginning process. The report must be detail to use as references in decision making.

Essay On Color Preferences
More often than not, teachers and day care providers who design centers or classrooms do not take
in account the preferences of the children that are to be attending these facilities (Read & Upington,
2009) The study "Young Children's Color Preferences in the Interior Environment" by Marilyn A.
Read and Deborah Upington (2009), was done to find out and highlight colour preferences in
interior environments, in the case of child development centers. (Read & Upington, 2009) Designs
of these centers are usually centered around the adults predilections, in contrast, the study says that
because young children are the observers of the centers environment, their colour preferences
should be understood, besides, they are the ones who experience the ... Show more content on
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(Read & Upington, 2009)
In the results, Read and Upington (2009) found that many girls identified the colour purple as their
first choice. Of the entire group, 51%, including both boys and girls, chose purple as their first or
second colour preference. The study states that only 41% of the boys chose purple as their last or
second last preferred colour, however none of the girls had the same preference. (Read & Upington,
2009) The study also found that 50% of all participants chose blue as their first and second choice.
Yellow did not seem to be a preferred colour with either boys or girls. (Read & Upington, 2009)
Read and Upington (2009) also saw that there was no significant age difference where the results
were concerned, but a correlation was found between preferences for the cool colours over warm
colours which confirmed their second hypothesis. (Read & Upington, 2009) There was also a
confirmation on their first hypothesis as well, the red image was the colour selected most often over
other colours. (Read & Upington, 2009) Using this information, Read and Upington (2009) suggest
that designers may want to incorporate cool colours on the walls of child development centers.
(Read & Upington, 2009) A wall with subtle purple hues could support a child's interest. (Read &
Upington, 2009) There are a few strengths to this study, one of which would be that both boys and
girls are used in the sample, questions pertaining to gender should be then rendered

Do Women Prefer Dark Colors Than Men?
Statistic Final Project: "Do women prefer dark colors than men?"
By: Andrea Motta
Previous Studies of this topic
According to the study done by Guilford and Smith (1959), there was found that men are generally
more attracted toward achromatic colors than women. In addition, they also proposed that women
might be more conscious of the colors and their color preference is more flexible and diverse. Also,
years later, McInnis and Shearer (1964) stated that 56% of men and 76% of women preferred cool
colors, and 51% men and 45% women chose bright colors. In a similar study, Plater (1967) stated
that men usually prefer stronger chromes than women.
Statement of the problem
Although there have been many studies about the relationship of colors ... Show more content on
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(Specifying if it is dark or light/bright color)
The response of the total 100 people sample was described as: 10% of men and 9% of women prefer
dark clothes and dark color for their car. 12% of men and 22% of women prefer light/bright clothes
and light/bright color for their car. 26% of men and 21% of women does not have a relationship in
color.
Analysis of the Data
The samples and results are not limited to a specific area because of the use of social media, but it
was simple random sample.
Descriptive Data Analysis: A pie chart was used to describe the sample data since there were only
two categories of individuals (Men and Women). The pie chart reveled that the majority of
respondents were Women (52%) compared to Men (48%). On one hand, the 52% of women were
distributed as, 42% preferred light colors, 17% preferred dark colors, and 41% did not have
preference of colors (figure 1). On the other side, the 48% of men were distributed as, 25% of light
colors, 21% of dark colors, and 54% did not have color preference (figure 2). Test Analysis: Chi–
square analysis was done using TI–84plus to identify the association of gender and preference of
color. The claim that the color chosen is dependent of the gender is tested at ∝=0.05.
Hypothesis

Ho: The color chosen is independent of the gender.
Ha: The color chosen is dependent of the gender. (Claim) Test Statistic (TI–84plus): 2ND + X–1
Edit (Enter data from figure 3, excluding labels) STAT

Understanding How Manufacturers Consider Consumer Food...
When a manufacturer begins making a new food product, there are a number of different factors that
are considered. For instance, they consider nutrition facts, as well as cost and growth of a product.
Most importantly manufacturers consider consumers' food color preferences. Prior literature review
research tells us that in order for manufactures to consider consumers' opinions they conduct study
groups.
In the article Gazing behavior, choice and color of food: Does gazing behavior predict choice? ,
researchers found that what look more appealing to the eye are products that consumers tend to go
after. It was also evident that color is a big deciding factor of consumers wandering eye. The eye
tends to fixate on the greens, pinks, and yellows. (Slavica, Radoslav, Đorđe, and Jelena 2013). In the
article Knowledge of food quality and additives and its impact on food preference, researchers were
able to find that most consumers know nothing about the nutritional side of what they consume
(Grujic, Grujic, Petrovic,Gajic 2013). It seems as if presentation is more important than the
ingredient label. The last study is centered on the preferences consumers have about the color of
orange juice. Within this study, researchers are able to conclude that consumers want their juice to
be orange in color verses being red or yellow (Fernandez–Vazquez, Stinco, Melendez–Martinez,
Heredia, and Vicario 2011).
How manufacturers consider consumers' food color preference applies to the everyday

Rationality Is A Common Good
Rationality is present all days in your life, and you don't realize it. When you wake up and choose
what are you going to wear, what you are going to have for breakfast or at what time you have to go
out to work, you are using rationality. We choose depending on how coherent is our choice.
"Rationalism in philosophy consists of arriving at substantive conclusions without appealing to any
data", stated Ken Binmore. This means that if we think that something is good, meaning that it is
good for everyone, we know that we are acting in a rational manner. If it is a common good, is an
objective point of view. But, if every good choice is objective, why is it that not everyone prefers
the same thing? Everyone chooses according to his or her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There is a reason for it to ensue and they have an explanation. Thirdly, inductive reasoning has to be
present for coherence to happen. Inductive reasoning is a type of reasoning where the premises
strongly support the conclusion with several parts of evidence.
But, what does coherence mean exactly for Bayes? As said by Bayes, something coherent matches
the rules of probability. These rules are informal versions of standard axioms for elementary
probability theory, which have several assumptions to be considered. Secondly, there should be
coherent preferences and they must be transitive. We can explain this as avoiding internal conflicts
on the preferences. Why would we have conflicts in our preferences? Well, there is a type called
circular preferences, where you don't have a dominant option and you could always have a next
choice. Imagine that you had circular preferences, and you preferred, for example, an apple to a
strawberry, a strawberry to a banana, and banana to an apple. How would you be able to choose
between the three different fruits?
In Binmore's Revealed Preference Book, he talks about the fox in Aesop's fable. This fable is about
a fox that isn't able to reach the grapes on top of the tree and he justifies himself by thinking that the
upper grapes are sour. He makes that own assumption and makes his beliefs be dependent on what is
feasible for him. This makes his preference irrational and "fails to

A Study Into Their Feeding Preferences
The importance of bees to our agriculture merits a study into their feeding preferences. Bees
pollinate a large proportion of crops and without them there would be a rapid decline in crop
production. The connection between bee feeding preferences and flower pigmentation is examined
using Viola cornuta. Three color variations were used including dark violet, light violet, and white
flowers. Each variation was observed for ten minutes in one minute intervals and this was repeated
in ten different trials starting at 1:00PM at Tallahassee Nursery. The trend resulting from the data
showed strongest preference for the most pigmented dark violet flowers and weakest preference for
the least pigmented white flowers. There are many factors to take ... Show more content on
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On the spectral range chart for bees a large portion of their visual range is shades of blue and purple
(Riddle, 2016).
The aim of this study is to observe how color affects the feeding preferences of bees in the wild. The
spectral range of the bee suggests that bees will prefer violet colored flowers and more specifically
highly pigmented violet flowers. Due to this it is suspected that bees will prefer to feed on dark
purple colored Violas cornuta over the light purple and white varieties of Viola cornuta. It could also
occur that bees will feed equally across dark purple, light purple, and white Viola cornuta color
groups.
Methods Three pigment levels of Violas cornuta including dark violet, light violet, and white flower
variations were used. In an outdoor nursery setting the plants were studied in five by five rows of
plants and the plots were located next to each other. A total of thirty minutes was spent observing
the plants at the set time of 1:00PM. Each pigment variation was observed for ten minutes in one
minute intervals. The number of bees that land and feed on the particular variant being observed was
recorded. The mean number of bees on each pigment variation after ten observation periods was
calculated. A one–tail ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey test was used to analyze the data.
Results The total number of bees present on a color variation (dark violet, light violet, and white)
observed across ten trials is shown in Figure 1. The

Examples Of Choice Blindness
Choice blindness shows that people are not aware of their own choices and preferences. It refers
more to ways which people are blind to their own choices and preferences and more specifically to a
short– term memory that causes people to be unable to accurately remember the choices that they
made. Choices blindness is tested to show how the mind can be tricked into believing the opposite
of something so much to the point where the individual will defend themselves. It question how
much we pay attention to certain things and if females pay attention more than males or vice–versa.
Imagine you're looking at two photographs, and try to decide which one of them you find more
attractive. After you have made up your mind, focus on the face that you preferred and explain to
yourself why you liked that one better. Now imagine I tell you that you actually preferred the other
face after your decision, before you start to talk, I will switch the position of the pictures and make
sure you're looking at the face ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their aim was to measure how often the subjects notice a change with their choice during and after
the experiment. The experimenters presented two photographs of female faces and after that they
were asked which one they find the most attractive. After the experimenters gave them a closer look
at the photograph that they choose, they asked them to immediately explain why they chose that
photo. The results turned out that most of the subjects failed to notice that the picture they were
looking at was not their original choice and the explanation of their choice was: "I prefer this one
because I prefer blonde" when his original choice was not a blonde but a brunette. Most people
would have notice that change but the results shows that 75% of the trials were blind to the

Choosing The Sex Of Their Offspring
History and evolution have always been key informants referenced in aiding basic individuals to
make life–altering decisions. Most folks typically favor delving into verdicts others have made in
the past to see what the likelihood of success is for their upcoming rulings. Researching and
educating one's self can prevent possible catastrophes, mishaps that are generally unnecessary. Due
to previous generations' decisions, histories, and evolutionary advances, it is unquestionable and
clear that parents should not be allowed to choose the sex of their offspring. Some may argue
however that there are many benefits to choosing the sex of their offspring, such as family planning,
control or avoiding genetic disorders, and overall parental gratification. By being able to choose the
sex of one's child, families can, in theory, accurately plan how many boys or girls they birth, when
they desire to produce them, and how spread apart the children are in age. By choosing the sex of
their children, parents fundamentally have complete and total control over what their family lineage
will look like and consist of. Some may even argue that this type of control is socially responsible
and beneficial in terms of parental satisfaction.
This argument stems from the idea that individuals are more likely to take care of their belongings if
they desired said belongings when they were acquired. According to GENDER PREFERENCE,
Biased article, parents who have children that match their preference

Preferences
Assignment 1: Preferences
By:
Professor Name:
Course Title: Introduction to Psychology 105
Date:
Briefly describe your like or dislike (one to two (1–2) sentences).
My dislike is pubic speaking; it has been a very difficult thing to do throughout my entre life. Public
speaking is some what terrifying to me and I would try to run the other way every time.
Describe the subfield (e.g., cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, psychoanalytic
psychology, etc.) you believe is best suited for providing psychological insight into your preference
(the fact that you like or dislike the thing you do) and why you believe it is so.
I would choose Experimental psychology for my subfield. I believe it would relate ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over time I have tried many different ways to over come these feelings. I have tried taking a course
on public speaking and through out the class I learned several techniques. Which really help and I
do try to take then into consideration. But I realize over time when I was taking the course I became
comfortable with my classmates which made it easier for me. So when it was time for me to do it in
front of a completely different group I had the same feelings all over again. I also tried taking
medication prescribed by my doctor to help with the panic attacks but I did not like the way it made
me feel and sometimes I would forget to take it. But it did control the feelings that I was having but
to a cretin point I felt as though those feelings still over powered the medication. So I have learn to
do a combination of these techniques and also try to do breathing exercise and think of positive
things. It's more of a state of reinforcing everything that I have learned and trying to condition
myself to a better stat of mind.
Reference
Baron, R. A., & Kalsher, M.J. (2008). PSY 105:Introduction too psychology: Third custom edition
(2nd ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon

Multi-Alternative Decision Making
Introduction Some economists assume that people make a choice according to the principle of value
maximisation and the ordering of the options is independent of the context. However, there are
anomalies of decision making suggesting that the context matters. The three basic anomalies are the
similarity effect (Tversky, 1972), the attraction effect (Huber, Payne and Puto, 1982) and the
compromise effect (Simonson, 1989). Theorists have tried explaining these effects by various
approaches. For example, the multi–alternative decision field theory (Roe, Busemeyer and
Townsend, 2001) can explain all the three effects. In addition, Tversky (1972) applied the
elimination by aspects model to illustrate the similarity effect and Tversky and Simonson (1993)
introduced a componential context model to explain the attraction and compromise effects. The next
section reviews the three anomalies of multi–alternative decision making. Then we illustrate how
the three theories mentioned above explain the anomalies. After that, the decision field theory is
compared with the other two models respectively. Three context effects in decision making In real
life, we may make choices among various options with a large number of attributes. For simplicity,
we use five options with only two attributes to demonstrate the three anomalies as Figure 1 shows.
Figure 1 Figure 1 – An example of the problem of choosing among options according to two
attributes, which are represented by the

Public Finance Assignment
Problem 1 (Public goods/Voting) Recommended source: Rosen, Public Finance.
Citizens/voters in a hamlet inhabited by only three citizens consider the provision of street light. The
marginal benefit curve of each citizen is downward sloping in the amount of street light provided.
The cost of providing street light consists of erecting lamp posts and the electricity for illumination.
For part a)–c) of this question, assume the following: All lamps are switched on during the hours of
darkness such that the cost of providing street light is linear in the number of lamp posts erected and
street light provision is financed by a local poll tax which divides the cost of providing the light
equally among the citizens.
a) In a graph, determine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) Suppose that, in order to single out some alternative as the winner nonetheless, a decision is taken
in a two step majority voting procedure: In the first round one alternative is put against another
alternative and in the second round the first round winner is put for a vote against the remaining
alternative. The winner of the second round vote is declared overall winner.
ba) For all possible combinations of second round votes over pairs of alternatives, write down the
winning alternative. bb) Write down all possible combinations of pairs of alternatives in the first
round of voting. For each pair do the following: For the first alternative, write down the overall
winning alternative if the first alternative would make it to the second round of voting. Do the same
for the second alternative of the pair. How should voters in the first round of voting decide between
the alternatives they face? cc) If voter 3 is the chair (or "agenda setter") and can decide which
alternatives to put for a vote in the first round of voting: Which pair should she pick?
Problem 3 (Majority voting v. Borda vote count) (Recommended source: Schotter, Microeconomics,
chapter 18).
The board of Moot Oil has to decide which of four alternative oil field developments, A, B, C or D
should be realized. The board consists of three voting members. The oil fields

Explain what is implied by the assumption that...
Explain what is implied by the assumption that decision–makers are rational? How is the
assumption of rationality used in the economic analysis of individual behaviour? In many academic
disciplines much is spoken about rationality and rational choices. Economists generally refer to
'rational' choices and that individuals in economic theory are rational. By rational we mean people
choose options which they perceive to be the best, given the circumstances they are in. In terms of
making rational choices some of the conceivable options for example of going to work would be: ·
Actually going to work. · Staying at home · Going out shopping · Buying a house · Fly to the moon
etc. But with these choices we face ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However the consequences of making a choice that may seem rational is not always taken into
consideration as in many cases the choice taken may be actually irrational. For example, somebody
deciding or not they should buy a sandwich with limited money, will certainly consider the
immediate satisfaction of their hunger, but it is dependant on the individual how much importance
they would give to the fact that they wouldn't be able to get the bus back home later that night and
would catch a cold from walking back, resulting in days off work and subsequent loss of income. It
could be said therefore that anyone who bought the sandwich would be considered 'irrational'. The
assumption that one is always in possession of all their rational senses is a dangerous one to make. It
can hardly be assumed that the decision of anyone already very drunk on a night out to buy another
alcoholic beverage to be rational .They know that it will result in them being violently sick and lead
to them regretting the purchase in the morning, yet this does occur as their intoxicated state has
robbed them of the power of 'rational' thought. The same can be said of other conditions such as
stress and being in love. In terms of decision–makers, rational decision making operates where "a
decider in an environment must choose among alternative courses of action, each leading to a
different expected environmental outcome, where some outcomes are

Theories Of Rational Choice Theory
Introduction
When a natural scientist is interested in how something works, he usually observes, then constructs
a theory which helps to interpret what he sees. Following the building of a model, the results of the
experiment tell whether the theory correctly explained the phenomenon in question. Even in the
case of the physical sciences, the construction of a model requires assumptions to be made, leading
to the model omitting certain, preferably unimportant effectors. The same is true about models built
by economists to explain social phenomena. Sudgen defined models as credible worlds, i.e.
deliberate constructions of an abstract entity by the modeller, resulting in a parallel/counterfactual
world, which resembles only aspects of our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rational agent has preferences and prospects, other core ingredients of rational choice theory.
Preferences represent subjective evaluation of options by the agent, they are contextualised (the
choice is between 'consumption bundles' rather than individual goods) and bear a number of
assumptions about their nature. These include asymmetry, transitivity, completeness; and ranking all
lotteries involving alternatives, ranking all compound lotteries involving initial lotteries, ranking all
compound lotteries involving all compound lotteries, and so on ad infinitum (stated as further
requirements on rationality – theory by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern). Asymmetry
means that if an agent prefers a to b, he does not prefer b to a. Transitivity entails that if an agent
prefers a to b and b to c, he also prefers a to c. Completeness refers to the assumption that an agent
either prefers something to something else, or else is indifferent between them. However, it can
happen that people are mot always indifferent to the options they do not ranked as preferred – the
resulting incomplete rankings are normal.
Preferences are determined to be a psychological attitude: the agent compares various items and
ranks which ones he likes better than others (the preferences). The probability function represents
the agent's beliefs about the states of the world, while the interval–valued (or carinal) utility
function stands for the agent's relative desires for the basic

Essay On Maruti
The Demand for cars are increasing day by day and the trend that is seen in the market is that the
customer preference is shifting towards the Maruti car brand. This is an issue for the other car
brands to gain market share. Statistics show that the market share of the Maruti car brand has gone
up to 40%. Although this is a positive sign for Maruti, this may not be a promising situation for
other car brands. The study helps to focus on the key aspects that influence the customer preference
of Maruti so that the other car brands may follow the leader and compete in the market.
The people bought of either a Fiat or Ambassador in 1980 around 30000 cars would sell every year
Selling about this level has been a great task over the years. Maruti ... Show more content on
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2.5 Methodology The study was done with the primary data using questionnaire as a tool to assess
the relationship between price and affordability, mileage, power, appearance, Comfort and few other
variables on buying behaviour of Maruti car owners. Since the aim of the survey is to allow every
person to list his/her opinion about their preferences in cars and models, closed ended questionnaire
was prepared for primary data collection. The secondary data was collected through various books,
journals and websites. The sample for the research is randomly selected from the population and the
sample size is 52.
2.6 Scope of the study
The report is the outcome of the project work entitled "A Study on the Factors Affecting Customer
Preference towards Maruti over Other Brands(Among Existing Maruti Car Owners)". The degree of
accuracy of study highly depends on the basis of sketch given by the respondent and information
provided by them. Findings and interpretation of the study will help us to understand the key factors
that contribute to the car buying preference of the customers and help the other car brands to
improve their strategies and become more productive and lead to a better market share. It helps to
identify the patterns hidden in the consumers'

Discussion Marketing Moissanite Essay examples
Findings of Fieldwork – Interview analysis When conducting our interview, we separated the
questions based on our marketing research objectives. We felt this would be the best way to sort
through the information so we could best address our objectives. To investigate the motivation
behind women buying fine jewellery We decided that it was first best to determine the frequency
with which respondents wear jewellery, which gave us an insight into the frequency of jewellery use
in the target market (respondents were all females aged 18–50). After discovering that of 38
respondents, 32 wore jewellery every day we were able to determine that the management issue was
certainly not with the demographic of MoiMoi's target market. (Q1, Appendix ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Following on from this, we asked respondents about their preferred method of purchase when
purchasing a gift for someone other than themselves. A considerable amount (25/38) said that they
would certainly prefer to buy in–store when shopping for a gift. The significance of which, for
MoiMoi is that in–store advertisements would be more effective if associating moissanite with ideas
such as 'the perfect gift'. Whereas, web–advertisement may be focused more on purchase for one's
self. (Q8, Appendix 4.1) Finally, to determine the purchase decision process of the consumer, we
asked whether consumers shop around for jewellery when purchasing, or if certain jewels 'spoke to
them'. This was asked in order to determine how often jewellery is not researched, but rather – as a
result of effective marketing – instantly sold for all intensive purposes in the eyes of the consumer.
The results showed that more often than not, consumers would stumble upon jewels that they had to
have. This reinforces the idea that the industry is built entirely on the aesthetic, with gemmological
properties having a minimal effect on consumer perception of gems. (Q9, Appendix 4.1) To
investigate the attributes considered when buying fine jewellery. To initiate this research objective,
we determined that it would be best to ask respondents what they believed to be their most valued
product attribute when purchasing fine jewellery. Twenty–seven responses related to the

Brand Preference of Gym Enthusiasts on Energy Drink Products
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Brand preference is one of the most important factors to consider in having a product competition in
the market. Most of the company tries to use their brand image, brand name, and brand uniqueness
as their competitive advantage, to make their product be on top of the list of other existing brand.
Other companies also tries to use advertising that may be of higher cost but may recommend that it
will catch the attention of the viewer and be the consumer of such product, especially with
exaggerated advertisement. Advertising gives a variety of information about a certain product, and
can be the basis on how consumers choose their preference of the brand that they will purchase.
This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Purchasing an energy drink depends on the consumer/gym enthusiast brand preference. *
Purchasing an energy drink by the gym enthusiasts is not dependent on the product's particular
brand.
CONCEPTUAL / THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
RESEARCH PARADIGM
The paradigm illustrates the independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the
respondent's profile such as their age, gender, and occupation and the brand of energy drink like
Cobra, Extra Joss, Samurai and Sting while the dependent variable is the brand preference of gym
enthusiasts on energy drink product.
Brand Preference of Gym Enthusiasts on Energy Drink Product
Respondent's Profile a. Age b. Gender c. Occupation
Brand of Energy Drink a. Cobra b. Extra Joss c. Samurai d. Sting
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will serve as an instrument in determining the brand preference of gym enthusiasts on
energy drinks. The result of the study will be of great importance to the following:
Students
This study will give the students information about energy drinks, the brand of energy drink the can
help them in their studies and also will open their awareness about the energy drink products, They
may realize that it is helpful and effective and they may figure out what brand of energy drink to
buy.
Consumers
This study will give them information about which brand of energy drink is much preferred by gym

Situational Influences on Purchasing Behavior
Running head: Situational Influences on Purchasing Behavior
Situational Influences on Purchasing Behavior
Abstract
There was an investigation in an attempt to understand what situational influences affect purchasing
behaviors of consumers. Fifty subjects were asked to complete a survey in determining what
attributes affect the decision to purchase a product. The effect of purchase was based on three
different times of day: morning, afternoon, and evening. The effect of purchase was also based on
whether subjects preferred caffeinated or non–caffeinated soda depending on the time of day. The
subjects were asked to rate their preferences on a 5 point rating scale, one being ... Show more
We will also determine taste preference for that particular soda during a particular time of day.
To summarize the main objectives of the present study, we will investigate an answer to the question
of what impact situational influences on decision making have towards the purchase of a product.
We will assess three different time periods; morning, afternoon, and evening based on the decision
to drink a caffeinated or a non–caffeinated soda. In order to achieve results, we decided to develop a
survey in which subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire based on their preference for the
type of soda one drinks during a particular time of day to see if there are variations in taste attributes
depending on the time of day the purchasing is taking place. We expect individuals to purchase
more caffeinated products during the morning and the afternoon. , Whereas we expect them to
purchase more non–caffeinated products.
Method
Participants
Forty–nine subjects volunteered to participate in a survey designed to measure people's preferences
for caffeine, diet, cola, non–cola flavored, or clear cola in three different usage situations; the
morning, the afternoon, and at night. The subjects were asked to participate by the three members of
the research group. The subjects were not discriminated based on

Essay on Gender and Music Preference
Gender and Music Preference There are so many different forms and genres of music that people
admire. Even older genres that have seemed to die out still have fans such as disco or polka. Many
researchers discuss why people favor the music that they do. This has been a popular topic in music
research considering how important music has become in everyday life. Music is played in the car,
on the internet, on cellphones, and even behind commercials on television. It is hard to imagine a
world without it. Now there are many reasons discussed about why people prefer one kind of music
over another, such as one's age. One's age could determine what music was popular when they were
a kid, or what genres they have been around to experience. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Music genres can be split into categories for what genders are dominating the majority of their
listeners. Heavier music such as rap and rock seem to appeal more to a young male because of the
reoccurring themes of aggression and independence. Whereas lighter music normally involves
themes of emotion and love which a girl can better relate too. As mentioned above, I believe age,
ethnicity, culture, and genetics all play a role in musical preference, but gender should not be left
out. While some believe that music preference all belongs to the individual and not about fitting into
the generic stereotypes. I disagree and believe that gender does take part in the music selection one
makes.
Literature Review Kelly D. Schwartz and Gregory T. Fouts created a study set out to examine the
personality characteristics and developmental issues of three different groups of adolescent music
listeners. The first group analyzed was adolescent listeners who preferred light qualities of music.
The second group was those who preferred heavy kinds of music, and the last were for those who
preferred a wide range of music. One hundred and sixty four adolescents participated in the study.
The results of this research showed that each of the three music preference groups was tended to
demonstrate a unique profile of personality and developmental issues (2001), Susan A. O'Neill has
researched numerous issues related to

Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis
Chapter 2 Vendor Evaluation and Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis 2.1 Vendor Evaluation
Supplier or vendor selection decisions are complicated by the fact that various criteria must be
considered in decisions making process. The analysis of criteria for selection and measuring the
performance of suppliers has been the focus of many scientists and purchasing practitioners since
1960s. The majority of research about supplier selection problem mentions Dickson's study [9]. It is
based on a questionnaire sent to 273 purchasing agents and managers selected from the membership
list of the National Association of Purchasing Managers, which include agents and managers from
the United States and Canada. Dickson's study describes the importance of 23 criteria for supplier
selection which are classified with respect to their importance observed in the beginning of the
sixties. At that time, the most significant criteria are quality of the product, the on–time delivery, the
performance history of the supplier and the warranty policy used by the supplier. Table 2.1
Dickson's Supplier Selection Criteria Rank Criteria 1 Quality 2 Delivery 3 Performance history 4
Warranties and claim policies 5 Production facilities and capacity 6 Price 7 Technical capability 8
Financial position 9 Procedural compliance 10 Communication systems 11 Reputation and position
in industry 12 Desire of business 13 Management and organization 14 Operating controls 15 Repair
service 16 Attitude 17 Impression 18

The Correlation Between Looking Preferences And Reaching...
This current study has been formulated on the basis that infants 2 years of age, and even below, have
the cognitive capacity to express preference when manipulating objects. Previous research which
has been observed shares similar concepts with this current study. This study, conducted by
Christopher Newman, Janette Atkinston, and Oliver Braddick (2001) in which the relationship
between looking preferences and reaching was explored in infants 5–15 months' old infants. To be
more specific, they used preferential reaching between objects of different sizes in infants of
different ages to explain the dissociation in the development of visual processing and orientation in
object manipulation. The infants were presented with cylinders of different sizes, a small, medium,
and large cylinder was presented for the infants to interact with. According to Newman, Atkinson
and Braddick (2001), "The largest object was too large for the younger infants to grasp easily with
one hand" (p. 563), and this had most likely had a role to play in the preference of the infants. In
regards to the results of the study, Newman, Atkinson and Braddick (2001) found "Infants of all
ages in this experiment reached almost compulsively for objects presented to them. However,
although 5–8'/2–month–old infants showed no preference when reaching to objects of different
sizes, 8'/2–12–month–old infants showed a strong preference for smaller objects" (p. 568). "It is
likely, therefore, that this effect

Essay
Haim, ziv, lamy, and Hodes 2006) essentially aims at determining the emergence and extent at
which infants develop preference for their own race, whether such preferences are as a result of
same race The research by Kelly,D.J., Quinn, P.C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Ge, L., and Pascalis, O.
(2007) and (Bar–categorization, how exposure to different faces early in life could affect their
preferences. These preferences also develop and become present at age 3 months old, they prefer
own race faces. (Bar–haim et., al (2006).
The other–race effect develops during infancy by Kelly et., al (2007) refers to a better recognition
memory for faces of owns race other than faces of another race. "Facial input from the infant's
visual environment is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when the sample population was exposed to up to three different faces exemplars different
from their races, the effect of being able to recognize only face disappeared. Bar–Haim et., al(2006)
says "it is important to examine whether young infants show an actual preference, rather than a
processing advantage, for member of their own race". The conclusion is that it is not necessarily
always the case that infants prefer their own races but that this may a result of "processing
advantage" which occurs as a result of more exposure to own race. The similarity in these two
conclusions by Sangrigoli et., al (2004b) and Haim et., al (2006) is that if indeed infants are exposed
significantly to races other than theirs, their own race preference or recognition will be less
pronounced.
The research by Haim et., al (2006) and Kelly et.,al (2007) both present very interesting inter
relationship. They agree with each other significantly in many respects. The two works set out to
determine how early in infancy do the phenomenon of own race preference as opposed to other race.
In the case of "Nature and Nurture in own–race face processing" by Haim et.,al(2006) they also
accessed how much effect exposure of these infants to other races or immediate social environment

The Consumption Of Two Goods
consumption of two goods
In economics a consumer is described as a rational individual who wishes to maximise their utility
by making rational choices. These choices appear when a consumer is exposed to two goods, where
a given amount of one good substitutes the use of another one. To calculate how a consumer can
achieve the optimal allocation of the two goods, an indifference curve is used and the analysis of an
indifference curve can be combined with the budget constraint. For the consumer, some
combinations are better than others for maximising utility, and the best combination is the optimal
combination.
Consumers have preferences about the goods they consume. Therefore, when faced with a choice of
goods, the consumer must decide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consumers wish to have a higher number of goods than less. If the consumer added another book to
his bundle, he would have to sacrifice some water, in order to hold utility constant. One can
calculate how many glasses of water the consumer is willing to sacrifice for another book without
changing his total utility through the marginal rate of substitution. According to (BEGG et al.,
Economics, 11th edition, McGraw–Hill Education, 2014 ), the marginal rate of substitution between
two goods measures the quantity of a good the consumer must sacrifice to increase the quantity of
the other good by one unit without changing total utility. For example, if the consumer has 10 books
and no water and he reads 9 of these books, he won't enjoy the last one as much. Furthermore, by
drinking no water the consumer will be very dehydrated and won't enjoy reading at all, and so the
utility of this particular bundle would be extremely low. On the flip side, if the consumer drank a
large amount of water and read few books. As a result, he would be reluctant to sacrifice his books
for even more water. By and large, a consumer's preferences exhibit the diminishing marginal rate of
substitution, which means that when a consumer owns lot of one good, they will give up a
comparatively large amount of it to get another good of which they have little. We use indifference
curves to portray our hypotheses

Testing The Attraction Effect On Rich Perceptual Stimuli
Everyone has experienced a situation where they wonder if the person they are getting into a taxi
with is an approachable person. Let's face it, when you need a ride somewhere and the driver pulls
up to the curb, you get in, and worry about the rest later. If you were given a choice between two
drivers when the taxis pulled up, and both drivers were equally approachable with very similar
attributes, how would you choose which driver's door to open? Researchers in the marketing
industry have studied this "attraction effect" for over three decades, and found that the placement of
a decoy (asymmetrically dominated alternative) in the middle of a choice set has the strength to
influence consumer choices. Testing the attraction effect on rich perceptual stimuli (like a taxi
driver) yields many answers, and personal differences may distort the decoy's intended purpose. In
light of a decoy's power to influence choice on items containing contextual attributes (for example
televisions, cars, toothpaste), I felt the purpose of my study should focus on whether a decoy holds
the same power to influence consumers with items that are presented perceptually (like a movie,
taste test, or a person providing a service), which are void of relevant underlying context.
Research on the decoy effect (asymmetrical dominance, or attraction effect) has held its own in the
world of marketing, and was introduced by Huber, Payne, and Puto (1982) when they demonstrated
that the choices people make

VARK analysis paper
Click "OK" to receive your questionnaire scores.
Once you have determined your preferred learning style, review the corresponding link to view your
learning preference.
Review the other learning styles: visual, aural, read/write, kinesthetic, and multimodal (listed on the
VARK Questionnaire Results page).
Compare your preferred learning strategies to the identified strategies for your preferred learning
style.
Appraise how this will change your way of studying, if any.
In a paper (750–1,000 words), summarize your analysis of this exercise. Include the following:
Provide a summary of your learning style.
List your preferred learning strategies.
Compare your preferred learning strategies to the identified strategies for your ... Show more
3. Nobody works in a single mode and very little of our communication is possible in a single mode.
etc.
Section B Some characteristics of those who have a single preference follow: e.g.
Those who have a single preference have a number of stances. They may choose to use only their
preferred mode for making major decisions and for learning. They say they are indecisive and
confused when information comes to them in other modes. Having made their decisions using just
one mode, they may be less confident that it is the "right" one than those who have used many
modes to check their understanding. etc.
Section C Now to your personal profile: (When you receive your Profile this paragraph is updated to
use the latest data from the VARK database)
Your Aural/Oral preference is very strong. Your score of 12 is well ahead of the other modes. In our
April– June 2005 database of 19000 people, only 3% of respondents were in the same category as
you – with an Aural preference – and yours is Very Strong. Others may have Aural as a secondary
preference or part of a multimodal set of preferences but those who are mild, strong or very strong
in their Aural preferences are a small group. etc.
Section D Graphs and Tables. The most recent graph of preferences and a table showing percentages
with a similar profile are inserted here.

Hw1 Solution Essay
Econ3101 – Section 006 Intermediate Microeconomics
Xavier Vinyals–Mirabent Due: Wednesday, February 1st, 2012.
Solutions to Homework 1.
1
1. A consumer has preferences for two goods. Her preferences satisfy Axioms 1 through 4 as
discussed in class. A v D v
10
E v 5 C v
B v
0 0 5 (a) Plot and label the following bundles: A (2,10) B (6,2) C (0,4) D (8,10) E (4,6) (b) Assume
A is indiﬀerent to B (A ∼ B). On a single line, list all the bundles in descending order of preference
using ( ) to denote strict preference and (∼) to denote indiﬀerence between adjacent pairs. In other
words, use the form: A B C D E Answer: D E A∼B C, or D E B∼A C. 10
2
2. Consider an economic agent who has preferences that are represented ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1: Jeremy Bentham 100
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75
50
25
0

¨ ¨¨ s d ¨ ¨¨ d ¨ ¨¨ d¨ ¨ ¨¨ ¨ d ¨ ¨¨ ¨¨ d ¨¨ ¨ ¨ ¨¨ ¨d ¨ ¨¨ d ¨¨ ¨¨ ¨ d¨ ¨ ¨¨ ¨¨ ¨¨ d ¨¨ ¨¨ ¨ d ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨¨ d ¨ ¨¨ d ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨¨ ¨
¨¨ ¨¨ ¨¨ ¨ ¨ ¨¨
0
25
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75
100
Figure 2: John Stuart Mill 100 r r r 75
50
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rr r rr r r rr rr rr r rr rr r r rr r rr r rr r rr rr r rr rr r r rr r r r r rr © r rr r rr r r rr r rr
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0
25
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100 8
6. I've been told I have odd tastes. I thought about this and realized that: If I have more Y than X,
then I always trade 5 Y for one X. If I have more X than Y, then every time I give up one Y, I require
5 X to remain indiﬀerent after the exchange.
(a) Plot and label the following bundles and then graph my indiﬀerence curves through each of these
points. A = (10,50) B = (50,50) C = (65,5) (b) Please tell me the value of my: Marginal Rate of

Substitution at point A =5 Marginal Rate of Substitution at point C =1/5
100 h hh h h h h hh h h hh h hh h hh h hh h hh h hh h hh h hh h hh h h hr A B r h–– ––– hh –––
––– hh ––– – hh hh hh hh hh hh hh h– – h–– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– –––
––– ––– C r ––– ––– ––– ––– – – –
75
50
25
0
0
25
50
75
100
9
7. Britney S. has a divided mind. Her preferences change drastically according to how much X
and

Food Preferences : An Integral Part Of Human Culture
Introduction
Food is an integral part of human culture, from the macro or societal level down to the micro level
of individuals and families. The way humans choose, prepare, and eat food is often deeply
influenced not only by personal taste but also by cultural background. When two individuals begin a
romantic relationship, they often have to learn how to combine two different food cultures into one
cohesive unit. Couples who have food preferences that are vastly different may have much more
trouble reaching a compromise that leaves both of them happy with their diet, especially if one or
both partners is unwilling to try new foods. I hypothesize that couples who share similar food
preferences will experience greater relationship satisfaction. Additionally, individuals who are open
minded about trying different types of food may be less likely to experience food conflict and
associated decreases in relationship satisfaction, whereas those who are neophobic will likely
experience more conflict. Determining the role that similarity in food preferences plays in
relationship satisfaction will help us tease apart larger questions about how relationships, families,
and health are affected by diet and food culture.
I did not find any research studies that specifically looked at the relationship between similarity in
food preferences and relationship satisfaction. However, several studies do address issues relevant
to my proposed study. "Who We Are and How We Eat: A Qualitative

A New Joe on the Block Essay
A New "Joe" on the Block
1. What are the top three key decisions faced by Joe?
a. Joe has to decide the best location for his coffee shop
b. Joe needs the understanding of what makes a coffee shop popular
c. Joe needs to know the coffee consumption pattern in United States.
2. What are the deliverables that an outside researcher should produce to help Joe with the Key
decision?
An outside research deliverables should be able to provide information either through exploration or
descriptive research about key problems faced by his client, "Joe". The intelligence that resulted
from such deliverables should produce information like right location for coffee shops e.g.
commercial areas might be more suitable for coffee shops than ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
5. Briefly relate this situation to each of the major stages of the marketing research process?"
Joe is in need of some critical information in order to formulate the right business plan for his new
coffee shop. Joe situation will require a research program because he is faced with numerous
decisions that require series of studies to address multiple deliverables.
The first major stage will involve defining all the research objectives, which is the goals to be
achieved by conducting research. Some of the goals are: finding the demographics that are right for
coffee shop location, how do these consumers prefer their coffee, reasons for high consumptions at a
particular location. It is important to note that this involves identifying all the key variables like
climate, income and lifestyle.
The next step involves a master plan that specifies the method and procedure for collecting and
analyzing the needed information. This is the design that will provide the plan of action or
framework for the research. Joe decision about which method he will adopt will be base on his
budget, for instance, he can survey his target market segment using questioners which could provide
insight into their behavior pattern, or he can take less expensive approach by accessing secondary
data that have descriptive

An Initial Link Effect On Gambling Behavior
Suboptimal choice: An initial link effect on gambling behaviour
Introduction
Human gambling often involves the decision to choose a low probability pay off, with the illusion
of gaining quick and easy money, over a high probability pay off. This reflects a form of suboptimal
choice behaviour. Suboptimal choice refers to the choice that does not result in the highest overall
reinforcement one could achieve. The probability of actually winning is slim to none when
gambling, but these behaviours are significantly popular. One of the most insidious behaviour
humans engage in is compulsive gambling, which had been associated with several negative
outcomes for the compulsive gambler and their loved ones. Thus, it is important to understand why
humans make suboptimal choices and ultimately know how to reduce the probability of such
choices to occur (Fantino, Navarro, & O'daly, 2005). Research on this topic aims to investigate the
underlying mechanisms involved such as the environmental factors influencing suboptimal
behaviour, and the behavioural process in making decisions.
Several animal studies have been used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this suboptimal
choice behaviour (Cowie, Davison, & Elliffe, 2011; Gipson, Alessandri, & Zentall, 2009; Jimenez–
Gomez & Shahan, 2012; McDevitt, Dunn, Spetch, & Ludvig, 2016; Spetch, Mondloch, Belke, &
Dunn, 1994; Stagner & Zentall, 2010; Zentall, 2014). The use of animal studies is particularly
powerful in modeling similar

Hare's Theory On Preference Utilitarianism By R. M. Hare
Hare agues in Moral Thinking that if one clearly thinks about what one ought to do , it will therefore
lead to some sort of utilitarianism. R. M Hare believed that moral judgments are universal
prescriptions. Thus, it is a misuse of the word 'ought' to say ''you ought, but I can conceive of
another situation, identical in all its properties to this one, except that the corresponding person
ought not'' (Hare 1963:10). The following essay uses Hare's fanatical Nazi example on how he
derives preference utilitarianism from universal prescriptivism. I will also just briefly how other
philosophers vie and criticize Hares theory on preference utilitarianism and universal prescriptions.
A conclusion will follow.
This places certain limitation on sincere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ludwig diseagrees to Hares arguments, Ludwig states two flaws according to him that are flawed in
Hares theories. First, the argument from prescriptivism to universalizability is unsuccessful because
it depends upon transferring the rational requirement of universalizability of the descriptive
component of a moral judgment to its prescriptive component (Ludig nd: 31). Secondly, the
principle that Hare needs is that one must make the same prescription in all circumstances exactly
alike with respect to their universal properties (Ludig nd: 32). The principle which the argument
from prescriptivism would support, if it were successful, is that one must make the same
prescription in all circumstances alike with respect to the universal properties on the basis of which
the judgment is made. This must be a subset of all the universal properties, for we apply the same
terms across changes in universal properties, and across changes in preferences. It cannot be itself
the property of maximizing preference satisfaction both because that conflicts with Hare's view and
because it would render his argument superfluous. But then plausibly the commitment will extend to
making the same judgment in circumstances in which there are persons with different preferences
than any actual persons. In light of this, there is no reason to

The Differences Between Female Long Term Mating Strategies...
The differences between female long term–mating strategies and female short–term mating
strategies
This essay aims to show a comparison between the differences between both female short–term
mating strategies and female long–term mating strategies. It will explore the evolution of
psychology that has shown reasons for human mating and how these reasons go above and beyond
the general idea of physical attractiveness and love. This essay will identify how mate preferences
have evolved and further identify psychological mechanisms that women have used to select their
mates over the past. This essay will compare and critically discuss the differences and outline them
between female short–term mating strategies and female long–term mating ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Darwin suggested that females preferred certain phenotypic traits as females could gain direct
benefit from these, for example, certain male characters are able to provide resources or offspring
and increase fecundity (Mota, 2010) .
When discussing female long–term mating strategies, it has been identified that there are certain
preferences in which a female desire from a mate (Buss, 2008). Preferences include, a preference for
economic resources, a preference for industriousness and ambition, a preference for a good physical
appearance and health, and also a preference for dependability and stability. Females prefer
someone they can invest in and someone that is willing to invest in them also. And they also desire a
mate that can physically protect them and their children and that is both healthy and displays
compatibility. There are preconditions as too why these preferences have evolved, such as the idea
that resources have been made more defensible and accruable and are more controlled by men, and
the idea that men would have to be different between each other in their willingness to somewhat
invest their resources in both women and their children. Belsky et al (1991) discovered that some
men would rather invest in many women rather than one women and their children as this would
mean them

Hotel Consumer Preferences Investigation Of The Hotel...
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to understand the hotel consumer preferences investigation of the hotel
industry. In order to success develop in the market, attract more new customers and the hotel
managers must focus on retaining existing customers to achieve customer satisfaction is an effective
policy. For most of travelers the choice of hotel or accommodation is a high priority. So hotel
manage need a good understanding of consumers ' behavior and preferences can assist hotel
managers in strategic planning and decision making. (Li, Law, Vu, & Rong, 2013) Customer
preferences and choices are the key and importance to the success of the hotel industry
development. If through effective methods to understand customer 's views and opinions can
effectively change the environment of the hotel industry, give customers a better and more
comfortable accommodation. Therefore, researcher through questionnaire is the way to understand
customer preferences and satisfaction of the hotel industry. After investigation, this study may
provide effective development of hotel industry development direction of the data. Researchers
analysis the date, during the analysis included some methodologies Research method, sample size,
date collection and analysis.
1. Introduction:
In order to understand the success rate of the hotel to explore the effect of customer preferences and
choices is very important. The effective factors are a large number of studies had been devoted to
study customer

Why Do Gender-Typed Picture Books Exist In Children
The proposed research is designed to systematically examine whether preference for gender– typed
picture books exist in children and how gender–typed illustrations in picture books may affect
children's performance on recall tasks. Participants will be 40 three– to five–year–old children, half
male and half female. They will go through a choice trial in which they will choose from two picture
books that typed with male and female, respectively. Then they will participate in recall tasks after
reading each book to examine how much of the story they are able to remember. It is predicted that
preference for gender–typed picture books will exist in children; and gender–typed illustrations will
affect children's performance in recall tasks. The proposed research will provide important
information for parents and teachers regarding which books to choose for their children to read both
at home and in the classroom.
Key words: gender–typed illustrations, gender, recall performance, illustrations, picture books
!2
GENDER PREFERENCES AND RECALL PERFORMANCES
A girl book or a boy book? Preschoolers' gender preferences and recall performances in picture
books
Imagine that it is time to go to bed. Your three–year–old brother comes to you and requests that ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many studies have found that children prefer to play with toys that are typed to their own gender.
Such preference happens even before children reach three years of age, which according to
Kohlberg (1966), is when gender identity is formed. When presented a doll and a truck, girls
between three to eight months old demonstrated more visual interest in the doll, whereas boys
demonstrated more visual interest in the truck (Alexander, Wilcox, & Woods, 2009). When children
reach nine months of age, they start to demonstrate a preference to play with toys specific to their
own gender (Todd, Barry, & Thommessen,

Essay about Sowbugs Preference Lab Report
Sowbugs Lab: Will Sowbugs Prefer Grass or Sand?
Tianna Szczesniak
Biology 125–F
Tuesday/Thursday 3PM
Dr. Wittke–Thompson
December 1st, 2011
ABSTRACT
Sowbugs live in wet locations. They are found under damp objects or in organic garbage. If they
enter a building, they will often dry out and die. The purpose of this experiment was to observe the
trend of sowbug preference. Our hypothesis was that sowbugs prefer grass to sand as a ground
covering because grass is more suitable to them due to its moisture level and that it contains
decaying matter. In this experiment, we put 20 sowbugs into a container filled half with sand, and
half with grass and documented their preference. The results of this experiment show that ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One sowbug was then placed in the 3cm gap of the container and 30 seconds was started on the
stopwatch. When time was completed we observed which side, grass or sand, the sowbug had
preferred. Then, the sowbug was removed and a new one was placed in the container. The same
steps were taken for each of the 20 bugs.
RESULTS
Our hypothesis was that sowbugs prefer grass to sand as a ground covering because grass is more
suitable to them due to its moisture level and that it contains decaying matter. The sowbugs
preferred sand 10% more than grass (Figure 1). Table 1 shows the difference in preference for the
ground covering, with more sowbugs preferring sand to grass.
Figure 1. This pie chart shows that the sowbugs preferred sand 55%, and grass 45%.
| Observed | Expected | Grass | 9 | 10 | Sand | 11 | 10 |
Table 1. This chart shows that the observed number of sowbugs preferred grass 9 times, and sand 11

times. It also shows the expected data 10 for each preference.
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this investigation was to test sowbugs preference between grass and sand. The
results of this experiment show that sowbugs prefer sand to grass. Of the 20 sowbugs, they preferred
sand 11 times, and grass 9 times (Table 1). A possible explanation for this is because of other
contributing factors, such as endogenous rhythms (Cloudsley– Thompson, 1951). Our null
hypothesis was accepted

Preference Assessment
Preference Assessment Assignment
Student Background Brandon R. is a 12 year old male diagnosed with Autism. He presents no fine
or gross motor issues. He does show many delays and deficits in language and social skills. Brandon
likes interacting with age appropriate peers and has many age appropriate likes and dislikes.
Part 1: Develop a reinforcer menu To develop a reinforcer menu for Brandon, I observed him during
free choice time, asked his mother for input, and I asked him directly. I explained to his mother how
I was going to conduct the reinforcer assessment and then told her what things he was currently
enjoying in school. She then added to my list and even sent some extra food supplies to school the
next day. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
|3 7 |3 |4 7 |4 |
|3 4 |4 |5 6 |6 |
|1 5 |5 |1 2 |2 |
|6 7 |6 |1 7 |7 |
|2 3 |2 |2 3 |3 |
|1 2 |2 |3 6 |3 |
|5 6 |6 |1 5 |5 |
|5 7 |5 |2 7 |2 |
|3 5 |3 |3 4 |4 |
|1 6 |6 |2 5 |2 |
|1 4 |4 |1 3 |3 |
|4 7 |4 |3 7 |3 |
|4 5 |4 |4 6 |6 |
|2 6 |2 |2 4 |4 |
| | | | |
Reinforcer Heirarchy
1 – 5 minutes of iPad
2 – 5 minutes of computer
3 – M & M's
4 – Drawing
5 – Chips Ahoy
6 – Mario Kart Wii Toy / Goldfish crackers

I presented pairs of items to Brandon throughout the

Nostalgia Marketing
Nostalgia Marketing
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the existing literature and research that has been
developed regarding the use of nostalgia as a marketing strategy both in its use in advertisement as
well as in products that try to generate a nostalgic response in the customer. The main definitions
and causes of nostalgia will be examined and the applications that nostalgia can have to modern
marketers.
The use of nostalgic motives has been increasing since the early nineties from the re–introduction of
the mini cooper by BMW and the launch of the New beetle by Volkswagen, to the recent resurgence
of 1980´s themes like Transformers and The A – team, as well as the use of pop culture icons and
old music in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Schindler and Holbrook, 2003)
Holak and Havlena (1998) complement this definition by stating that nostalgia is not a preference
for these objects but that is a feeling or mood produced by the association of these objects with their
past, a relationship that other objects do not have and therefore they have a preference for the
objects that produce the nostalgic responses.
Research has been conducted to understand the motives of this nostalgic response to certain objects
and experiences, a study by Holak and Havlena (1992) tries to identify the most recurrent motives in
nostalgia, through the

Marketing Of The Craft Beer Industry Essay
Five Major Trends
Rivalry in the craft beer industry is high and in addition to the excise tax and overall high
manufacturing cost have promoted mergers and acquisitions in order to consolidate and globalize
the industry. Anheuser–Busch InBev merged with Belgium–based Inbev as one of the major
transactions in 2008, forming Anheuser–Busch InBev. Heineken (HEINY) another major brewer,
acquired the beer business of FEMSA in 2010. As in 2013, Anheuser– Busch InBev one of the
market leaders acquired Grupo Modelo, Mexican brewer. In the following year 2014, Anheuser–
Busch InBev reacquire Oriental Brewery, South Korea brewer. (Sharon Bailey) The acquisitions
combined their market share and currently owns 41.2 percent of the US market.(Statista)
Although sales of premium brands have fallen in a steady response to the growing popularity of the
craft beer. The industry revenue has been stable over the past 5 years. As a result, from 2011 to 2016
the industry revenue is expected an increase and growth annually at 6.7 percent over the five
years,with a total of $39.5 billion . (IBISWorld iExpert) In the long–term, these numbers are
expected that grow 0.9 percent annually within the next five years. The potential growth will be
seen in the traditional and premium beer sector. As a response, the giant companies in the industry
Anheuser–Busch InBev and MillerCoors look forward into the merges and acquisitions as a strategy
to maintain market dominance. The strategy is based on the

Definition Of Conjoint Analysis
The foundation of the Conjoint Analysis go back to at least the 1920s, it is generally agreed that
1964 marks the start of the conjoint measurements (Luce and Tukey, 1964). Conjoint Analysis was
introduced to the marketing research community in the early 1970s (Green and Rao, 1971). Since
1970, it has become the most popular multi–attribute choice model in marketing research
community (Cattin and Wittink, 1989).
This study uses the Conjoint Analysis methodology to estimate consumer's preferences and
acceptance of value added fish products in Oman. As shown in the previous chapters, the conjoint
methodology is widely accepted as a tool to evaluate consumer preferences for both market and
non–market goods. This chapter reviews consumer utility and the steps involved in the
implementation of the Conjoint Analysis.
3.1. Review of Consumer Utility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is widely used in marketing research. Conjoint Analysis is based on the premise that the attributes
of a product form the basis of decision making in consumer choices. That is, consumers evaluate the
value of a product by combining the separate amounts of value provided by each attribute of the
particular product or services. So the consumers total utility is calculated by estimating part–worth
utilities for the product attributes. Then the relative effect of each attribute level on the respondent
preference rating, and the relative importance of each attribute, can be determined. Conjoint
Analysis is often used in market studies when new products are being assessed, and when market
data are not

Predicting Preferences

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