Oil and Gas technical review

1. Mechanical
Technical Review
Instructor
Eng. Mohamed Fathy
Jan. 2015

2. Contents.Contents.
1- Introduction to Special tools in Mechanical Maintenance.
2- Lifting Tools & Lifting Equipment.
3- Stationary & Rotating Equipment .
4- Dry Gas Seals Systems.
5- Shaft Alignment
6-Coupling.
7- Diesel & Gas Engines.
8- Valves.
9- Mobile Units.
10- Sewage Systems.
11- Portable & Utility Water Systems.
12- Gears & Gear Boxes
13- Power Transmission.
14-Bearings, Fans & Blowers
15- HVAC.

4. Introduction.Introduction.
A workshop is where you can carry out the works by using tools and
machines It can be a dangerous place, so you must learn to use all tools in the
workshop.
You will learn to use many tools and machines in the workshop. Always ask
for your teacher’s advice before using a machine for the first time.
You must listen to the teacher when he tells you how to use them

5. Mechanical Tools Types
1- Hand Tools.
2- Power Tools.
3- Cutting Tools.
4- Measuring Tools.

6. Spanners/ Wrenches
 The two words “spanner” (in British English)
and “wrench” (in American English) refer to the
same tool.
 Spanners/Wrenches are different in shape to
provide ease of operation under certain
conditions.
 They are manufactured from high tensile or
alloy steel.
1- Hand Tools

7.  The sizes of metric spanners are identified by the distance
across flats of a nut or bolt head
S=24 mm

9. Box spannersBox spanners
 box-end wrenches are recommended to be used when a
better grip is needed and when the spanner swing is
restricted.

10. Combination spannersCombination spanners
 This type comes with an open end from one side and a ring
end from the other side .
 Usually both ends are having the same size

11. hammering spannershammering spanners

12. Adjustable spannersAdjustable spanners
 Adjustable spanners are spanners that have
a moving jaw to fit different bolt/nut sizes

13. Chain WrenchChain Wrench

14. Reversible RatchetReversible Ratchet
Reverse rotation of socket turning

15. Torque WrenchTorque Wrench
Measure amount of torque
Adjustable

16. 1- Use the1- Use the correct sizecorrect size spanner for the job.spanner for the job.
2-2- Pull towards the bodyPull towards the body whenever possible.whenever possible.
3- Do not obtain3- Do not obtain extra leverageextra leverage by using pieces ofby using pieces of
pipepipe..
5- Do not5- Do not hit a spannerhit a spanner with a hammer.with a hammer.
6- Make6- Make suresure youryour handshands willwill not strikenot strike anyany
obstructions.obstructions.
The following Recommendations should be considered:

17. Wheel PullerWheel Puller
Remove wheel from axle

18. Great variety of screwdriversGreat variety of screwdrivers typestypes andand
sizessizes available.available.
Screwdrivers

19.  Always use the correct size screwdriver for the screw
head; the blade should fit the width of the screw
head.

20. - pliers available as many- pliers available as many differentdifferent typestypes andand
sizessizes
- used for- used for holdingholding andand cuttingcutting
- usually forged from- usually forged from hardened steelhardened steel and thenand then
machinedmachined
Pliers

21. Circlip pliersCirclip pliers
 Circlips are retaining devices
 They are fitted inside a groove on bores and shafts.

22. HammersHammers
Ball peen Hammer
Rubber mallet
Dead blow Hammer
Sledge Hammer

23. Drill
Used for boring holes.
Safety:
Wear glasses, switch off while changing
bits, clamp the job firmly.
2- Power Tools

24. 24
Drill bitsDrill bits
Drill bits are available in clockwise and
counter clockwise rotation for different
applications
◦ boring holes, bolt extraction
Other types may have specific applications
for cutting different materials
◦ metal, plastic, wood

25. Grinder/Cutter
Used for grinding/cutting
Safety??
Wear glasses while using.
Check for the protection cover.
Switch off the machine while changing
blades.

26. Miter BoxMiter Box
Cutting angles

27. Portable Circular SawPortable Circular Saw
Sawing wood in construction projects

28. Portable Jig SawPortable Jig Saw
Making irregular cuts

29. Grease GunGrease Gun
Lubricating through grease fittings

30. 3- Cutting Tools
Used forUsed for cuttingcutting thethe metalsmetals,, woodwood
andand non-metallicnon-metallic materialsmaterials

31. HackSawHackSaw

32. Punch & ChiselPunch & Chisel
•Wear safety glasses.

33. Wood ChiselWood Chisel
shaping wood

34. PVC CutterPVC Cutter
Cutting non-metallic pipe

35. Tube CutterTube Cutter
Cutting soft tubing

36. - Methods of collecting data- Methods of collecting data
depend on what is being measureddepend on what is being measured
- Check for excessive wear or- Check for excessive wear or
damage when servicingdamage when servicing
componentscomponents
4- Measuring Tools

37. .
LINEAR EQUIVALENCE
Conversion Factors
English to Metric
1 inch =
1 foot =
5,280 feet = 1 mile =
2.54 centimeters (= 0.254m)
0.3048 meters (= 304.8mm)
1.34 kilometers
Metric to English
1 centimeter =
1 meter =
1 kilometer =
0.3937 inches
3.280 feet (= 39.37 inches)
0.746 miles (= 3,280.84 feet)
4- Measuring Tools

38. Ruler/Tape MeasureRuler/Tape Measure
Straight or curved measuring

39. Feeler Gauge used forFeeler Gauge used for
 Valve lash
 Measure spark plug gap

41. MicrometersMicrometers
Very accurate
Easy to use after you learn how

42. Micrometer Caliper Example
Determine the reading for the micrometer caliper
in the illustration.
1. Tenths of an inch 0.300
2. Twenty five thousands ( 0.025 x 2 ) 0.050
3. Thousands 0.015
Sum (measurement) 0.365

43. Vernier CalipersVernier Calipers
Picture from pg 42

45. Dial CaliperDial Caliper

46. Other Measuring ToolsOther Measuring Tools
Height GaugesThread Gauges

47. 2- Lifting Component2- Lifting Component

48. Hooks
•Manufacturers’ identification.
• Never weld on hooks.
• Working safety latch.

49. Hooks Types

50. Hooks Load & Inspection

51. Eye Bolts

52. Shackles
Recommended Not Recommended Recommended
www.prothermindia.com

53. Proper Use of Shackles
Never replace a shackle pin with a
bolt
The load will bend the bolt
www.prothermindia.com

54. Avoid eccentric loads
Bad Good
www.prothermindia.com

55. Types of SlingsTypes of Slings
1) Wire Rope Slings
2) Chain Slings
3) Synthetic Web Slings
4) Fiber rope
www.prothermindia.com

56. Ropes, chains, and slingsRopes, chains, and slings
• Primary hazard is structural failure due to:
– Overloading (over SWLSWL)
– Deterioration and/or wear
– Environmental exposure
www.prothermindia.com

57. Other sling
components include
rigging hardware
attachments such as
clips, hooks,
eyebolts, shackles,
sockets, wedge
sockets, triangle
choker fittings, and
master links.

58. Wire Rope and Wire Rope SlingsWire Rope and Wire Rope Slings
Components of Wire Rope
www.prothermindia.com

59. Installing Wire Rope Clips
Installed properly as to number, direction, spacing and torque.
www.prothermindia.com

60. HITCHES

61. A load lifted outside
its center of gravity
will shift to create
excess side stress on
one sling.

62. How Horizontal Angle Affects Sling Capacity
Note: A good operating practice is to keep sling angles
from going below 60 degrees
www.prothermindia.com

63. Operating Engineers National Hazmat
Program
Mechanical spliceMechanical splice

64. Hand Signals
www.prothermindia.com

65. Sheave grooves may become grooved if cable’sSheave grooves may become grooved if cable’s
nominal diameter is reduced, indicating wear.nominal diameter is reduced, indicating wear.
www.prothermindia.com

66. www.prothermindia.com

67. ReviewReview
Select the right sling for the job.
Inspect slings prior to use,
removing from service any in
question.
Properly store slings when finished
to avoid damage.
www.prothermindia.com

68. Kinking, core
protrusion, and bird
caging may be
encountered when
inspecting a wire
rope.
InspectionInspection

69. Fiber rope
inspection is made to
remove a rope from
service before the
rope’s condition
poses a hazard with
continued operation.

70. Webbing
should be
inspected at
least annually
and round slings
should be
inspected
monthly.

71. Chain should
be inspected
annually.

72. 3- Stationary & Rotating Equipment

73. Rotating Equipment
Mechanical Pumping Equipment

74. Introduction
WHAT IS THE PUMP?
Pumps are machines which supply energy to a liquid in order
to move it from place to another.

75. Introduction
Pumps enable a liquid to:
1. Flow from a region or low pressure to one of high pressure.
2. Flow from a low level to a higher level.
3. Flow at a faster rate.

76. There are two main categories of pump:
Diaphragm
Piston
Plunger
ReciprocatingRotary
Mixed
flow Gear
Lobe
Sliding
Vane
Screw
Axial flow
Centrifugal
RotodynamicRotodynamic
Turbine
Positive
displacement
Positive
displacement
PUMPPUMP
2
•Rotodynamic Pumps
•Positive displacement pumps.

77.  A kinetic pump imparts velocity energy to the fluid, which is converted
to pressure energy upon exiting the pump casing
 A positive displacement pump moves a fixed volume of fluid within the
pump casing by applying a force to moveable boundaries containing
the fluid volume.
4
What is the main difference between kinetic and
positive displacement pumps ?

78. Difference between type of pumps
Parameter Centrifugal Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps
Optimum Flow and
Pressure Applications
Medium/High Capacity,
Low/Medium Pressure
Low Capacity,
High Pressure
Low/Medium Capacity,
Low/Medium Pressure
Maximum Flow Rate 100,000+ GPM 10,000+ GPM 10,000+ GPM
Low Flow Rate Capability No Yes Yes
Maximum Pressure 6,000+ PSI 100,000+ PSI 4,000+ PSI
Requires Relief Valve No Yes Yes
Smooth or Pulsating Flow Smooth Pulsating Smooth
Variable or Constant Flow Variable Constant Constant
Self-priming No Yes Yes
Space Considerations Requires Less Space Requires More Space Requires Less Space
Costs Lower Initial
Lower Maintenance
Higher Power
Higher Initial
Higher Maintenance
Lower Power
Lower Initial
Lower Maintenance
Lower Power
Fluid Handling Suitable for a wide range
including clean, clear, non-
abrasive fluids to fluids with
abrasive, high-solid content.
Not suitable for high viscosity
fluids
Lower tolerance for entrained
gases
Suitable for clean, clear, non-
abrasive fluids. Specially-
fitted pumps suitable for
abrasive-slurry service.
Suitable for high viscosity
fluids
Higher tolerance for
entrained gases
Requires clean, clear, non-
abrasive fluid due to close
tolerances
Optimum performance with
high viscosity fluids
Higher tolerance for
entrained gases

79. Type of Centrifugal Pumps
Single Suction
Double Suction
Flow type (radial, Mixed and Axial)
Single Stage & Multi stage
Multi Stage

80. Construction of Centrifugal Pumps
6

81. 1- Casing:-
Casing generally are two types:
I. Volute casings for a higher head.
A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the discharge port
and convert velocity energy to pressure energy.
2.Split casings .

82. 2-Impeller
Three main categories of centrifugal pumps exist
Radial flow Mixed flow
Axial flow

83. Pump Carves
8
H-Q Curve
Brake Power Curve
Efficiency Curve
NPSH Curve

84. Net Positive Suction HeadNet Positive Suction Head
(NPSH)
• That means the level of liquid can the pump work
What will happen if the pump work out of NPSH
characteristic?
When the pressure falls below the vapour pressure of the liquid at a
given temperature, boiling occurs and small bubbles of vapour are formed.
These bubbles will grow in the low-pressure area and implode when they
are transported to an area of pressure above vapour pressure. The term
given to this local vaporization of the fluid is Cavitations.
If NPSHA is less than NPSHR the Cavitations is occur

85. This Cavitation effect on the pump can cause
damage on the casing and impeller.

86. Centrifugal pumps - shaft sealingCentrifugal pumps - shaft sealing
 To connect the motor to the impeller, the shaft has to
pass through an aperture in the casing.
 To allow the shaft to rotate freely in the casing aperture
there needs to be a gap, but this gap needs to be closed
off to stop air from being drawn in from atmosphere or
liquid from leaking out during operation.
There are two common methods.
 Packing
 Mechanical seal

87. PackingPacking

88. PackingPacking

89. 89
MECHANICAL SEAL
Mechanical sealsMechanical seals

90. Mechanical sealsMechanical seals

91. Positive Displacement Pump Types

92. GEAR PUMPGEAR PUMP
fluid is trapped between gear teeth and the housing

93. TheoryTheory

94. SCREW PUMPSCREW PUMP
 The pump forms hollow cavities which contain the fluid and move it along the
screws. One screw is the drive screw and the other screw or screws is/are
driven by the drive screw.

95. SINGLE DIAPHRAM PUMPSINGLE DIAPHRAM PUMP
SuctionSuction DischargeDischarge

96. Piston TypePiston Type

97. Vane TypeVane Type

98. 4- DRY GAS SEALS4- DRY GAS SEALS

99. Spiral groove
Groove
diameterInner
diameter
Sealing dam
Rotating ring
Tungsten carbide
(( Principle of operationPrinciple of operation))
ROTAATINGFACE
TUGETENCARBIDEORSILICONCARBIDE
STATIONARYFACE
CARBON
GAP
SEAL GAS INSEAL GAS IN
GAS LEAKAGEGAS LEAKAGE

100. P
Port 1
Separation
barrier
Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 Port 5
Inner
seal
Outer
seal
Labyrinths
Filtered process
gas inlet
To flare process
gas + buffer gas
Supply of
buffer gas
VENT
buffer gas to
separation barrier

101. STATIONARYFACE
CARBON
FC = FO
FS
P P
PRESSURE FORCEG FORCE
FC FO
GAS FILM FORCE
P
NORMAL GAP 0.003 mm AT STEADY STATE
FO
GAS FILM FORCE
DECREASED GAP
FO >FC
EQILIBRIUM RESTORING FORCE
FO
GAS FILM FORCE
P
FC > FO
RESTORING FORCE
INCREASED
GAS
FILM
FORCE
DECREASEDGASFILMFORCE
INCREASED GAP
SEGAS SERVICESSEGAS SERVICES
Damietta LNG Plant, Egypt.Damietta LNG Plant, Egypt.
Hassen Maky 30/03/2004Hassen Maky 30/03/2004
OPENNING FORCEOO
CLOSING FORCE

102. 5- Shaft Alignment

103. Misalignment Types
Offset misalignment
Angular misalignment

104. Different Ways of Aligning ShaftsDifferent Ways of Aligning Shafts
Straight edge Dial Indicator Methods
Laser Systems

105. Misalignment is corrected at the feetMisalignment is corrected at the feet

106. 6- Couplings6- Couplings

107. CouplingsCouplings
Coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their
ends for the purpose of transmitting power
Motor
Coupling
Pump

108. Types of couplingTypes of coupling
 Rigid
 Flexible
 Universal
Rigid coupling
Flexible coupling
Universal coupling

109. Rigid couplingRigid coupling
Flange
Driven Shaft
Driving Shaft
Key
Hub
•Rigid couplings are used when precise shaft alignment is required
•Simple in design and are more rugged
• Generally able to transmit more power than flexible couplings
Flanged Coupling

110. Chain Coupling
Advantages
• Ease of assembly and disassembly
• Little number of parts
Disadvantages
Speed limit due to balancing difficulties
Need for lubrication
Limited allowable axial displacement

111. Diaphragm CouplingDiaphragm Coupling
• Excellent balance characteristics
• No need for lubrication
• Low coupling weight and bending forces
on shafts
• Acceptance of high temperature
environment

112. Elastomeric CouplingElastomeric Coupling
Advantages
• Minimal wear in coupling
• Vibration damping and isolation
• No need for lubrication
Disadvantages
• Speed limit due to distortion of
elastomeric medium
• Sensitivity to environment condition,
(temperature, corrosion, etc...)

113. Gear CouplingGear Coupling
Advantages
•High speeds capability
•Good balance characteristics
Disadvantages
•Need for lubrication
• Temperature limitation

114. Metallic Grid CouplingMetallic Grid Coupling
Advantages
• Torsionally soft
•Ease of assembly and disassembly
Disadvantages
•Need for lubrication
•Temperature limitation
•Speed limitation

115. 7- Diesel & Gas Engines7- Diesel & Gas Engines

116. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE BASIC COMPONENTSINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE BASIC COMPONENTS

117. COMBUSTION TAKES PLACE INSIDECOMBUSTION TAKES PLACE INSIDE
THE ENGINETHE ENGINE

118. THE UPPER ENGINE PORTIONTHE UPPER ENGINE PORTION

119. CYLINDER HEAD AND THE ENGINE BLOCKCYLINDER HEAD AND THE ENGINE BLOCK
(CYLINDER BLOCK)(CYLINDER BLOCK)

120. PISTON HEAD & PISTON RINGSPISTON HEAD & PISTON RINGS
1. The piston reciprocates, or moves up and down, inside the cylinder.
2. Piston rings fill the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall.
3. The piston rings stop the leakage of the combustion products (high pressure) from
escape through the clearance between the piston head and the cylinder wall.
Piston Head Piston Rings

121. PISTON HEAD & PISTON RINGSPISTON HEAD & PISTON RINGS
Oil ring
Compression rings
Connecting rod

122. TEMPERATURES INSIDE THE ENGINETEMPERATURES INSIDE THE ENGINE CYLINDERCYLINDER

123. ENGINEENGINE
COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS

124. THE CRANK SHAFT AND THE MAIN BEARINGSTHE CRANK SHAFT AND THE MAIN BEARINGS

125. CONNECTING RODCONNECTING ROD

126. THE FOUR STROKE ENGINETHE FOUR STROKE ENGINE
4. Exhaust stroke
3. Combustion
stroke
(power stroke)
2. Compression
stroke
1.Suction stroke
(Air intake)

127. 1. SUCTION STROKE1. SUCTION STROKE
In this stroke:
1. The inlet valve is open.
2. The exhaust valve is closed.
3. The piston move from TDC to
BDC. Air fuel mixture enter the
cylinder.

128. 2. COMPRESSION STROKE2. COMPRESSION STROKE
In this stroke:
1. The inlet valve is closed.
2. The exhaust valve is closed also.
3. The piston move from BDC to
TDC. Air fuel mixture is
compressed in the top portion of
the cylinder.

129. 3. THE POWER STROKE3. THE POWER STROKE
In this stroke:
1. The inlet valve is closed
2. The exhaust valve is closed also.
3. The air fuel mixture is burned.
This combustion produces huge
amount of gases which act on
the piston head pushing it to
move from TDC to BDC.

130. 4. THE EXHAUST STROKE4. THE EXHAUST STROKE
In this stroke:
1. The inlet valve is closed.
2. The exhaust valve is open.
3. The piston moves from
BDC to TDC, it push out
all combustion products.

131. FIRING SYSTEM IN MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINEFIRING SYSTEM IN MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE

132. DIESEL ENGINE COMPONENTS (IN DETAILS)DIESEL ENGINE COMPONENTS (IN DETAILS)

133. TURBOCHARGERTURBOCHARGER
The working principle of a turbocharger

134. HOW TURBOCHARGERS WORKHOW TURBOCHARGERS WORK ??

135. HOW TURBOCHARGERS WORKHOW TURBOCHARGERS WORK
Turbine
Centrifugal
compressor

136. TYPICAL DIESEL TURBOCHARGED ENGINETYPICAL DIESEL TURBOCHARGED ENGINE
SYSTEMSYSTEM

137. 8- VALVES
- WHY WE USE VALVES ?
Purpose Of ValvesPurpose Of Valves
Valves areValves are usedused toto controlcontrol thethe flowflow aa
fluidfluid oror gasgas in a plant system.in a plant system.
ON-OFFON-OFF
RegulateRegulate

138. Ball ValveBall Valve
Most ball valves are quick
acting - only require 90o
turn
to completely open or shut
valve

139. Gate ValveGate Valve
Most Gate valves are slow
acting - only require sliding
to completely open or shut
valve

140. Globe ValveGlobe Valve
•Valve operated in the
partially open position
(throttled) regulated.

141. Check ValveCheck Valve
•Valve operated Backflow prevented
(Non Return valve)
•Check valves allow the
fluid to flow in one
direction only.

142. 9- Mobile Units9- Mobile Units
Machinery, Equipment, and Tools shall not be used
beyond the design capacity intended by the
manufacturer where such use may create a Hazard to
persons.

145. Warnings Prior to Starting orWarnings Prior to Starting or
Moving EquipmentMoving Equipment
Before starting crushers or moving self-propelled
mobile equipment, equipment operators shall sound a
warning that is audible above the surrounding noise
level or use other effective means to warn all persons
who could be exposed to a hazard from the equipment.

147. Safety defects; examination,Safety defects; examination,
correction and recordscorrection and records
(a) Self-propelled mobile equipment to be used during a shift
shall be inspected by the equipment operator before being
placed in operation on that shift.
(b) Defects on any equipment, machinery, and tools that affect
safety shall be corrected in a timely manner to prevent the
creation of a hazard to persons.

151. Safety defects; examination,Safety defects; examination,
correction and recordscorrection and records
(c) When defects make continued operation hazardous
to persons, the defective items including self-propelled
mobile equipment shall be taken out of service and
placed in a designated area posted for that purpose, or
a tag or other effective method of marking the
defective items shall be used to prohibit further use
until the defects are corrected.

152. Defective stairways, platforms, doors and runways

153. Not working at:
Insufficient lighting in any area where
miners work or travel.
Any mobile equipment in use which has
not been inspected by the operator for
safety defects.

154. October 14, 2002, a 25-year-old front-end loader operator, with 3 months mining
experience was fatally injured at a sand and gravel operation. The victim parked his
loader near the toe of a 33 foot high wall and left the operator's cab when material
sloughed off the high wall and buried him.

155. October 21, 2002, a 48-year-old equipment operator with 11 years mining
experience was fatally injured at a sand and gravel operation. The victim was
operating a front-end loader feeding a power screen plant when he backed one
of the wheels over a drop-off. The loader, which was not provided with a ROPS
cab. rolled over, crushing the victim.

156. December 9, 2002, a 47-year-old truck driver with 1 year10 months mining
experience was fatally injured at a crushed stone operation. The victim was in
the process of removing a 12 foot long section of a walkway attached to a
portable inclined conveyor. As he was cutting a metal attachment using an
acetylene torch, the section of walkway collapsed on him.

157. April 24, 2002, a 22-year-old mechanic with five months mining experience
was fatally injured at a crushed stone operation. The victim was conducting a
performance test on the parking brake. He drove the loader up a 16 percent
ramp when it stopped, rolled backwards and struck the edge of a waste pile.
The loader rolled on its side and the victim, who was not wearing a seat belt,
was thrown out of the cab.

158. October 12, 2002, a 52-year-old co-owner of a sand and gravel operation was
fatally injured. The victim accompanied her husband to the mine to assist in
setting up a new weighing facility while he used a front-end loader to fill in dirt
around the newly installed truck scales. Apparently the victim inadvertently
walked into the path of the loader as it was backing.

159. February 8, 2000, a 60-year-old mine foreman with 23 years mining experience
was fatally injured at a sand and gravel operation. The victim, who was
scurrying to move his pick-up truck out of the way, was run over by a scraper as
it was backing up.

160. DoDo NOT operateNOT operate or continue toor continue to
operate anyoperate any equipment ifequipment if::
-The seat belt is defective.
-The service brakes can’t stop it on grades.
-Any guards are missing.
-The air compressor does not keep up.
-The engine stalls for no reason.
-The accelerator or hydraulic controls are not
working.
-Visibility decreases - lights quit, windows cracked,
dense fog etc.

161. 10- Sewage Systems10- Sewage Systems

162. Justification for wastewater treatment
 To manage water discharged from homes, businesses,
and industries to reduce the threat of water pollution.
 Pollution from sewage is a primary environmental health
hazard (wastewater effluent).

163. Wastewater Treatment DiagramWastewater Treatment Diagram
Preliminary Secondary
WW
influent
WW effluent
sludge
Primary Tertiary
Disinfectant
Sludge Treatment
and Disposal

164. Wastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment
ProcessesProcesses
Preliminary:
Treatment is a physical process that removes large
contaminants.
Primary:
Treatment involves physical sedimentation of particles.
Secondary:
Treatment involves physical and biological treatment to
reduce organic materials of wastewater.
Tertiary or advanced treatments.
Filtration and Carbon Adsorption

165. Wastewater Treatment StageWastewater Treatment Stage

167. PreliminaryPreliminary
TreatmentTreatment

168. Preliminary StagePreliminary Stage
Bar ScreenBar Screen
 catches large objects that
have gotten into sewer
system such as bricks,
bottles, pieces of wood,
etc.

169. Preliminary StagePreliminary Stage
Grit ChambersGrit Chambers
Deposition of inorganic
materials to tank bottom
such as soil particles and
sand.

170. Primary TreatmentPrimary Treatment

171. Primary treatment reduces
the suspended solids and the
B.O.D. of the wastewater.
Primary StagePrimary Stage
Primary settling tankPrimary settling tank

172. Sludge from the primary
sedimentation tanks is
pumped to the sludge
thickener.
- more settling occurs to
concentrate the sludge prior
to disposal
Sludge TreatmentSludge Treatment

173. Secondary Treatment

174. Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological process.
Utilizes bacteria and algae to oxidation organic matter in the
wastewater.
In biological treatment to be used The Trickling filters or
aeration tanks.

175. Secondary Treatment
Trickling filters
Used Sand

176. Secondary Treatment
Aeration Tanks
Using Air Compressor

177. The final clarifiers
remove additional
sludge and further
reduce suspended
solids and B.O.D.
Secondary Treatment
Final Stage

178. 11- Portable & Utility Water11- Portable & Utility Water
SystemsSystems
Water Treatment

179. 179 2015% ‫يناير‬ 21
Drinking water TreatmentDrinking water Treatment
- People want to get drinking water free of
bacteria, no color, taste and smell it. natural
water does not have these qualities, but rarely.
- Potable water source for drinking: rivers, lakes
and groundwater

180. 180 2015% ‫يناير‬ 21
Drinking water TreatmentDrinking water Treatment
 Clarification Sedimentation
Primarily a physical process, but may be aided by addition of
chemicals.
 Filtration
Also primarily physical, but chemicals may aid the process.
 Disinfection
Typically a chemical process that reduces pathogenic
microorganisms.
Water treatment transforms raw surface and
groundwater into safe drinking water.
Water treatment involves two major processes:
physical removal of solids and chemical disinfection.
Treatment Process

181. Raw Water
Storage
Mixing clarification
Sedimentation
Filtration
Clear Well
Distribution
Ozonation
Surface Water Treatment Plant
Added Chemical to pH Adjustment Disinfectant (Cl2, NaOCl)

182. 182 2015% ‫يناير‬ 21
‫للشرب‬ ‫الصالحة‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫مراحل‬
‫نهــر‬
‫مضخة‬
‫غربلة‬ ‫وتصفيق‬ ‫تندف‬
‫أوحال‬
‫الدقيق‬ ‫بالرمل‬ ‫ترشيح‬
‫غاز‬
‫الوزون‬
‫الوزون‬ ‫بغاز‬ ‫التعقيم‬
‫التعقيم‬
(‫وبرة‬َ‫ةر‬ ‫ل‬ْ‫َو‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ةر‬ )‫بالكلوبر‬
‫على‬ ‫التوزيع‬
‫المستهلكين‬
‫مائي‬ ‫برج‬
‫النشط‬ ‫بالفحم‬ ‫الترشيح‬

183. Preliminary StagePreliminary Stage
ScreeningScreening
 By screen:
catches large objects
that have gotten into
sewer system such as
stones and branches
etc.

184. Preliminary StagePreliminary Stage
SedimentationSedimentation
 By Gravity
WATER
WATER
TOWARDS
FILTRATION
Coagulated particles fall, by gravity, through water in
a settling tank and accumulate at the bottom of the
tank, clearing the water of much of the solid debris
and clear water moves to filtration.

185. Water Treatment
FILTRATION
FILTRATION: The water passes through filters, some
made of layers of sand, and charcoal that help
remove smaller particles.
DISINFECTION: A small amount of chlorine
is added or some other disinfection
method is used to kill microorganisms
that may be in the water.
STORAGE: Water is placed in a
closed tank or reservoir
for disinfection to take
pace. The water then
flows through pipes to
home and business
WATER
FROM
SEDIMENTATION

186. Water Disinfection
Purpose of disinfection:
To make Drinking water free of any disease causing
bacteria and microbes.
Methods of disinfection:
There are 3 mainly used disinfection methods at
large scale.
CHLORINATION
OZONATION
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

187. 12- GEARS12- GEARS
SPUR
GEAR
WORM
GEAR BEVEL
GEAR

188. Types of Gears - continuedTypes of Gears - continued
G - Bevel gears
H - Spiral bevel
J - Crown bevel
K - Spiral gears
L - Worm and wheel
M - Hypoid gear
Non-parallel or
non-intersecting axis gearing

189. Internal Spur Gear SystemInternal Spur Gear System

190. 13- Power Transmission13- Power Transmission
Input shaft gear turns countershaft
gears. Countershaft gears turn
output shaft gears

191. 191
Motion and torque transmission examplesMotion and torque transmission examples
•Right angle
crossing shafts
•High friction and
wear
•High speed
reduction
•Smooth tooth
interaction
•Low noise
Rotary-Linear power
transmission

192. 14- Bearings,14- Bearings, Fans BlowersFans Blowers
Bearings Fans Blowers

193. Transmission BearingsTransmission Bearings
 Bearings reduce the friction between the surfaces of rotating
parts
 Three basic types are used:
◦ ball bearings
◦ roller bearings
◦ needle bearings
 Used between shafts and housing.

194. FAN
-High capacity of air
-Low pressure
-Max. ∆p=100mbar
Fans Blowers

195. FansFans

196. Blowers
•High capacity of air
•Medium pressure
•Max.∆p=1000mbar

197. COMPRESSOR
•Medium capacity of air
•Hight pressure
•Max.∆p= 10bar

198. 15- HVAC
Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning

199. Where?Where?
199
Mechanical Room: Boilers, chillers, pumps, heat exchangers…
Air Handling Units (AHUs): heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, ventilate, filter
and distribute the air.
Room Controls: thermostats and Variable Air Volume (VAV) boxes

200. In the mechanical roomIn the mechanical room
200
Boiler
Chiller

201. HeatingHeating
201

202. CoolingCooling
202

203. AHU – Air Handling UnitAHU – Air Handling Unit
203
Return air
Exhaust air
Outside air Supply air

204. 204
Damper
Heating/Cooling Coil
Fan
Sensor
Filter
What’s in an AHU?
AHU – Air Handling UnitAHU – Air Handling Unit

205. HumidificationHumidification
205
Why before the cooling coil?

206. VAVVAV
206
Two variables – Temperature Air Volume
damper
The box you can see in
the hallway.
IF temperature too high
First reduce reheat till fully closed
Then increase air volume
IF temperature too low
First reduce air volume till minimum
Then start reheat

207. WinterWinter
207
Outside
Return
Mixed

208. SummerSummer
208
Outside
Return
MixedCooled and
dehumidified