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Overview of Current Communications
             Systems
Growth of cellular telephone
                               subscribers throughout the world
                                   1000
Worldwide subscribers (millions)




                                   100

                                    10

                                     1

                                    0.1
                                      1985   1990   1995   2000
Second generation (2G)
                                                     cellular methods
                                          400
Subscribers Using Technology (millions)




                                          300

                                          200

                                          100

                                            0
                                                1st Generation GSM   IS-136 &   IS-95
                                                    Analog             PDC      CDMA
2G systems
 Most of today’s cellular methods
  use second generation or
  2G technologies
 While first generation systems relied on
  FDMA/FDD and only FM, second
  generation standards use digital
  modulation and TDMA/FDD or CDMA/FDD
Most popular systems
 GSM (Global System Mobile)
 IS-136 (NADC)
  (North American Digital Cellular)
 PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular)
 IS-95 CDMA
Key Specifications of leading
          2G technologies
                       cdmaOne, IS-95, GSM, DCS-1900, NADC, IS-54/IS-
                       ANSI J-STD-008 ANSI J-STD-007    136, ANSI J-
                                                       STD-011, PDC
  Uplink Frequencies      824-849 MHz         890-915 MHz      800 MHz, 1500 MHz
                          (US Cellular)         (Europe)            (Japan)
                       1850-1910 MHz (US   1850-1910 MHz (US   1850-1910 MHz (US
                              PCS)                PCS)               PCS)

Downlink Frequencies      869-894 MHz         935-960 MHz        869-894 MHz,
                          (US Cellular)         (Europe)          (US Cellular)
                       1930-1990 MHz (US   1930-1990 MHz (US   1930-1990 MHz (US
                              PCS)                PCS)               PCS)
                                                               800 MHz, 1500 MHz
                                                                    (Japan)
. . . Key specifications of
          leading 2G technologies
                     cdmaOne, IS-95, GSM, DCS-1900, NADC, IS-54/IS-
                     ANSI J-STD-008 ANSI J-STD-007    136, ANSI J-
                                                     STD-011, PDC
       Duplexing           FDD            FDD              FDD

  Multiple Access         CDMA           TDMA              TDMA
      Technology

      Modulation        BPSK with      GMSK with        π /4 DQPSK
                        Quadrature      BT = 0.3
                        Spreading

Carrier Separation       1.25 MHz        200 kHz       30 kHz (IS-136)
                                                      (25 kHz for PDC)
. . . Key specifications of
          leading 2G technologies
                     cdmaOne, IS-95, GSM, DCS-1900, NADC, IS-54/IS-
                     ANSI J-STD-008 ANSI J-STD-007    136, ANSI J-
                                                     STD-011, PDC
Channel Data Rate    1.2288 Mchips/see     270.833 kbps      48.6 kbps (IS-136)
                                                             (42kbps for PDC)

Voice Channels per          64                  8                    8
           Carrier

    Speech coding Code Excited Linear      Residual Pulse    Vector Sun Excited
                   Prediction (CELP)     Excited Long Tern    Linear Predictive
                      @ 13kbps,           Prediction (RPE-    Coder (VSELP) @
                  Enhanced Variable       LTP) @ 13 kbps         7.95 kbps
                  Rate Codec (EVRC)
                       @ 8 kbps
2.5G Mobile radio networks
 Evolution from 2G  2.5G required to
  support increased data rates for
  modern Internet applications.
 2.5G are new data-centric standard that can be
  overlaid on existing 2G technologies
 2.5G supports new web browsing format
  language called WAP (Wireless applications
  Protocol)
2.5G Mobile radio networks
 WAP enables standard web pages to
  be viewed in a compressed format 
  suitable for small portable hand-held
  wireless devices.
 First developed in Japan by
  NTT-DoCoMo  I-mode for PDC network -
  supports games, color graphics and interactive
  web pages using 9.6 kbps
    25 million Japanese subscribers in 2001
2.5G TDMA standards
 HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched
  Data) for 2.5G GSM
   Allows a single mobile user to use more
    than one specific time slot as in GSM TDMA
   Increases application rate from 9,600 bps (2G GSM)
    to 14,400 bps (2.5G GSM)
   Ideal for streaming internet access or real-time
    interactive web sessions.
   Can be implemented by a software change at existing
    GSM base stations.
. . . 2.5G TDMA standards GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service)
 GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
   Packet based data network suited
    for non-real time internet usage
   E-mail retrieving, faxes and where
    download  upload
   GPRS can support more users that HSCSD,
    but in a bursty manner.
. . . 2.5G TDMA standards EDGE
(Enhanced Data Ration for GSM
[or Global]) for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
 More advanced upgrade to GSM standard
 Regains additional hardware/software at
  existing base stations
 New digital modulation format (8-
  PSK/octal PSK)
 Raw data rate of 547.2 kbps possible with
  8 GSM slots of a GSM channel are allowed
  for each user.
2.5G CDMA standards
 IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA
   Medium data rate (MDR) service with
    throughput of 115.2 kbps per user
    (8 x 14.4 kbps)
   Advanced handoff procedures allows mobiles
    to search different radio channels
    independently
Third generation
3G wireless methods
 Unparalleled wireless access
   Multi Mbps Internet access using
    VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol),
    voice activated calls
 Ability to receive live music, interactive
  web sessions, voice and data access with
  multiple features at the same time, at all
  times
. . . Third generation
3G wireless methods
 ITU (International
  Telecommunications Union)
  proposed
   A global frequency band in 2000 MHz range
     • Single wireless communications standard for all countries
         in the world IMT-2000.
     •   World community remains split between GSM/IS-136/PDC
         and CDMA
     •   www.gsmworld.com
     •   www.edg.org
2G - 3G evolution
                                         IS-136
     IS-95                 GSM
                                         & PDC



                                 GPRS
 IS-95B
                 HSCSD                     HSCSD



          cdma2000-1xRTT
                                         W-CDMA
 Cdma2000-1xEV, DV, DO                              EDGE
                           3GPP2
                                        TD-SCDMA
      cdma2000-3xRTT                               3GPP
3G CDMA standards
 3G W-CDMA (UMTS - Universal Mobile
  Telecommunications System)
   Packet based wireless service which enables
    computers, entertainment devices, telephones to
    connect to internet anytime, anywhere.
   Packet data rates up to 2.048 Mbps per
    stationary user
   Broadcasting, VHE (Virtual Home Entertainment) m-
    commerce (mobile commerce), games, interactive
    video, virtual private technology - all possible from
    small portable wireless device
. . . 3G CDMA standards
 3G cdma2000 or cmda2000 IX
   New high data rate internet access
    with backward compatibility to IS-95 and
    IS-95B systems - 1.25 MHz bandwidth
   Instantaneous data rate of 307 kbps
    in packet mode
   Both FDD (mobile radio) and
    TDD (in-building cordless) applications
3G TDMA standards
 3G TD-SCDMA (Time Division
  Synchronous Code Division
  Multiple Access)
   Developed by CATT (Chinese Academy of
    Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens.
   Adopted by ITU as one of 3G options in 1999
   Existing GSM - 3G evolution through additions of
    high data rate equipment in each GSM station -
    1.6 MHz bandwidth
   Utilizes smart antennas, spatial filtering and joint
    detection technologies
Broadband wireless
services
 Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
    Demand for broadband internet and
     computer access from businesses and homes
    Fixed wireless equipment have advantages such as
     fixed path between T-R
    Microwave or millimeter radio frequencies used
     >28GHz - wave length is very small - small high gain
     antennas.
    Especially useful in developing nations with less
     telecommunications setup.
Emerging applications and markets for
        broadband services
                                     Fiber
                               Large business in
                            high-density urban areas

Backbone
 Network                           Wireless
                  Central   Mid-market business
                             Mid-market
                            outside the urban core
                            outside the urban core
                   Office
 Central Office                 Copper/xDSL
 OC-3                           Small business
                                Small business

 DAX                                Cable
                                  Residences
 ISP
Broadband wireless spectrum world-
              wide
. . . Broadband
wireless services
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS)
   UNII (Unlicensed National Information
     Infrastructure) hand allocated by FCC for
    low power spread spectrum
   5.150 - 5.35 Ghz, 5.725 - 5.825 GHz (1997)
   902-928 Mhz, 2400-2483.5Mhz, 5.725-5.825 MHz
    (1980s end)
   IEEE 802.11 (1997) standard and (IEEE 802.11b)
    approved to provide guidelines for WLAN
    manufacturers
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
                 IEEE 802.11

                     2.4 GHZ            850 TO 950 NM


     FHSS                      DSSS         Diffuse IR


2 Mbps      1 Mbps       1 Mbps       2 Mbps       IEEE 802.11b
4GFSK       2GFSK        DBPSK        DQPSK          Extension

                                5.5 Mbps
                                 5.5 Mbps       11 Mbps
                               DQPSK--CCK      DQPSK--CCK
                                               DQPSK--CCK
                               BPSK--PBCC
                               BPSK--PBCC      BPSK--PBCC
IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN
High Performance Radio Local
Area Network (HIPERLAN)
 Europe standard to provide
  similar capability to IEEE 802.11
 5.2 GHz and 17.1Ghz frequency lands
 Up to 20 Mbps data rate at 50m range and
  vehicle speeds of 35km/hr
 Advanced standards include Europe’s
  ETSI-BRAN (Broadband Radio Access
  Network) and HIPERLAN/2.
Personal Area Networks
 Ability to replace cables between devices with
  wireless short range connection
 Bluetooth operates in 2.4GHz ISM band (2900-
  2483.5MHz) with 1 MHz channel bandwidth
 Uses FH-SS TDD scheme with 1600 hps
 1Mbps symbol rate using GSFSk modulation
 IEEE 802.15 sttandards committee is our
  international forum for developing Bluetooth and
  other PANS
PAN Bluetooth standard

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Overview of current communications systems

  • 1. Overview of Current Communications Systems
  • 2. Growth of cellular telephone subscribers throughout the world 1000 Worldwide subscribers (millions) 100 10 1 0.1 1985 1990 1995 2000
  • 3. Second generation (2G) cellular methods 400 Subscribers Using Technology (millions) 300 200 100 0 1st Generation GSM IS-136 & IS-95 Analog PDC CDMA
  • 4. 2G systems  Most of today’s cellular methods use second generation or 2G technologies  While first generation systems relied on FDMA/FDD and only FM, second generation standards use digital modulation and TDMA/FDD or CDMA/FDD
  • 5. Most popular systems  GSM (Global System Mobile)  IS-136 (NADC) (North American Digital Cellular)  PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular)  IS-95 CDMA
  • 6. Key Specifications of leading 2G technologies cdmaOne, IS-95, GSM, DCS-1900, NADC, IS-54/IS- ANSI J-STD-008 ANSI J-STD-007 136, ANSI J- STD-011, PDC Uplink Frequencies 824-849 MHz 890-915 MHz 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (US Cellular) (Europe) (Japan) 1850-1910 MHz (US 1850-1910 MHz (US 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) PCS) PCS) Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz 935-960 MHz 869-894 MHz, (US Cellular) (Europe) (US Cellular) 1930-1990 MHz (US 1930-1990 MHz (US 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) PCS) PCS) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)
  • 7. . . . Key specifications of leading 2G technologies cdmaOne, IS-95, GSM, DCS-1900, NADC, IS-54/IS- ANSI J-STD-008 ANSI J-STD-007 136, ANSI J- STD-011, PDC Duplexing FDD FDD FDD Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA Technology Modulation BPSK with GMSK with π /4 DQPSK Quadrature BT = 0.3 Spreading Carrier Separation 1.25 MHz 200 kHz 30 kHz (IS-136) (25 kHz for PDC)
  • 8. . . . Key specifications of leading 2G technologies cdmaOne, IS-95, GSM, DCS-1900, NADC, IS-54/IS- ANSI J-STD-008 ANSI J-STD-007 136, ANSI J- STD-011, PDC Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/see 270.833 kbps 48.6 kbps (IS-136) (42kbps for PDC) Voice Channels per 64 8 8 Carrier Speech coding Code Excited Linear Residual Pulse Vector Sun Excited Prediction (CELP) Excited Long Tern Linear Predictive @ 13kbps, Prediction (RPE- Coder (VSELP) @ Enhanced Variable LTP) @ 13 kbps 7.95 kbps Rate Codec (EVRC) @ 8 kbps
  • 9. 2.5G Mobile radio networks  Evolution from 2G  2.5G required to support increased data rates for modern Internet applications.  2.5G are new data-centric standard that can be overlaid on existing 2G technologies  2.5G supports new web browsing format language called WAP (Wireless applications Protocol)
  • 10. 2.5G Mobile radio networks  WAP enables standard web pages to be viewed in a compressed format  suitable for small portable hand-held wireless devices.  First developed in Japan by NTT-DoCoMo  I-mode for PDC network - supports games, color graphics and interactive web pages using 9.6 kbps  25 million Japanese subscribers in 2001
  • 11. 2.5G TDMA standards  HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) for 2.5G GSM  Allows a single mobile user to use more than one specific time slot as in GSM TDMA  Increases application rate from 9,600 bps (2G GSM) to 14,400 bps (2.5G GSM)  Ideal for streaming internet access or real-time interactive web sessions.  Can be implemented by a software change at existing GSM base stations.
  • 12. . . . 2.5G TDMA standards GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)  GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136  Packet based data network suited for non-real time internet usage  E-mail retrieving, faxes and where download  upload  GPRS can support more users that HSCSD, but in a bursty manner.
  • 13. . . . 2.5G TDMA standards EDGE (Enhanced Data Ration for GSM [or Global]) for 2.5G GSM and IS-136  More advanced upgrade to GSM standard  Regains additional hardware/software at existing base stations  New digital modulation format (8- PSK/octal PSK)  Raw data rate of 547.2 kbps possible with 8 GSM slots of a GSM channel are allowed for each user.
  • 14. 2.5G CDMA standards  IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA  Medium data rate (MDR) service with throughput of 115.2 kbps per user (8 x 14.4 kbps)  Advanced handoff procedures allows mobiles to search different radio channels independently
  • 15. Third generation 3G wireless methods  Unparalleled wireless access  Multi Mbps Internet access using VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), voice activated calls  Ability to receive live music, interactive web sessions, voice and data access with multiple features at the same time, at all times
  • 16. . . . Third generation 3G wireless methods  ITU (International Telecommunications Union) proposed  A global frequency band in 2000 MHz range • Single wireless communications standard for all countries in the world IMT-2000. • World community remains split between GSM/IS-136/PDC and CDMA • www.gsmworld.com • www.edg.org
  • 17. 2G - 3G evolution IS-136 IS-95 GSM & PDC GPRS IS-95B HSCSD HSCSD cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA Cdma2000-1xEV, DV, DO EDGE 3GPP2 TD-SCDMA cdma2000-3xRTT 3GPP
  • 18. 3G CDMA standards  3G W-CDMA (UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)  Packet based wireless service which enables computers, entertainment devices, telephones to connect to internet anytime, anywhere.  Packet data rates up to 2.048 Mbps per stationary user  Broadcasting, VHE (Virtual Home Entertainment) m- commerce (mobile commerce), games, interactive video, virtual private technology - all possible from small portable wireless device
  • 19. . . . 3G CDMA standards  3G cdma2000 or cmda2000 IX  New high data rate internet access with backward compatibility to IS-95 and IS-95B systems - 1.25 MHz bandwidth  Instantaneous data rate of 307 kbps in packet mode  Both FDD (mobile radio) and TDD (in-building cordless) applications
  • 20. 3G TDMA standards  3G TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)  Developed by CATT (Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens.  Adopted by ITU as one of 3G options in 1999  Existing GSM - 3G evolution through additions of high data rate equipment in each GSM station - 1.6 MHz bandwidth  Utilizes smart antennas, spatial filtering and joint detection technologies
  • 21. Broadband wireless services  Wireless Local Loop (WLL)  Demand for broadband internet and computer access from businesses and homes  Fixed wireless equipment have advantages such as fixed path between T-R  Microwave or millimeter radio frequencies used >28GHz - wave length is very small - small high gain antennas.  Especially useful in developing nations with less telecommunications setup.
  • 22. Emerging applications and markets for broadband services Fiber Large business in high-density urban areas Backbone Network Wireless Central Mid-market business Mid-market outside the urban core outside the urban core Office Central Office Copper/xDSL OC-3 Small business Small business DAX Cable Residences ISP
  • 24. . . . Broadband wireless services  Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS)  UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) hand allocated by FCC for low power spread spectrum  5.150 - 5.35 Ghz, 5.725 - 5.825 GHz (1997)  902-928 Mhz, 2400-2483.5Mhz, 5.725-5.825 MHz (1980s end)  IEEE 802.11 (1997) standard and (IEEE 802.11b) approved to provide guidelines for WLAN manufacturers
  • 25. IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11 2.4 GHZ 850 TO 950 NM FHSS DSSS Diffuse IR 2 Mbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 2 Mbps IEEE 802.11b 4GFSK 2GFSK DBPSK DQPSK Extension 5.5 Mbps 5.5 Mbps 11 Mbps DQPSK--CCK DQPSK--CCK DQPSK--CCK BPSK--PBCC BPSK--PBCC BPSK--PBCC
  • 27. High Performance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN)  Europe standard to provide similar capability to IEEE 802.11  5.2 GHz and 17.1Ghz frequency lands  Up to 20 Mbps data rate at 50m range and vehicle speeds of 35km/hr  Advanced standards include Europe’s ETSI-BRAN (Broadband Radio Access Network) and HIPERLAN/2.
  • 28. Personal Area Networks  Ability to replace cables between devices with wireless short range connection  Bluetooth operates in 2.4GHz ISM band (2900- 2483.5MHz) with 1 MHz channel bandwidth  Uses FH-SS TDD scheme with 1600 hps  1Mbps symbol rate using GSFSk modulation  IEEE 802.15 sttandards committee is our international forum for developing Bluetooth and other PANS