6. The Department of Defense (also known as the Defense
Department, USDOD, DOD, DoD or the Pentagon) is the Executive
Department of the Government of the United States of America charged
with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the
government concerned directly with national security and the United
States armed forces. The Department is also the largest employer in the
world, with more than 2.13 million active duty Soldiers (陆军)士
兵, Sailors水手, 海员, Marines水兵; 海军陆战队士兵, Airmen(美国空军
军阶最低的)空军士兵, and also civilian workers民工, and over 1.1
million National Guardsmen 国 民 警 卫 队 队 员 and members of the
Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Reserves预备役部队,后备军. The
grand total is just over 3.2 million servicemen军人and servicewomen女
军人, plus the civilians平民, 百姓who support them.
7. Army Shares land & air.
Navy Only the sea.
Air Force Only the air.
Marine Go between land & sea. Do focus on sea.
8. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a
government-run military veteran退伍军人benefit system with Cabinet-
level status. It is the United States government’s second largest
department, after the United States Department of Defense. With a total
2009 budget国家预算of about $87.6 billion, VA employs nearly 280,000
people at hundreds of Veterans Affairs medical facilities, clinics诊所, and
benefits offices and is responsible for administering programs of
veterans’ benefits for veterans, their families, and survivors幸存者.
9.
10.
11. 1st Amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or
of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to
petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺
言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。
2nd Amendment
A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the
right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.
纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武器
的权利不可侵犯。
12. 3rd Amendment
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the
consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by
law.
未经房主同意，士兵和平时期不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方
式，战时也不得驻扎。
4th Amendment
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and
no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.
人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不得侵犯。
除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明搜查地点
和扣押的人或物，否则不得发出搜查和扣押状。
13. 5th Amendment
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual
service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be
compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall
private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉书，任何人不受死罪或其他重罪的审
判，但发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服役的民兵
中的案件除外；任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体的
危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；不经正当法律程序，不
得被剥夺生命、自由或财产。不给予公平赔偿，私有财产不得充作公
用。
14. 6th Amendment
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the
crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
在一切刑事诉讼中，被告有权由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪
审团予以迅速和公开的审判，该地区应事先已由法律确定；得知控告
的性质和理由；同原告证人对质；以强制程序取得对其有利的证人；
并取得律师帮助为其辩护。
15. 7th Amendment
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a
jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than
according to the rules of the common law.
在普通法的诉讼中，其争执价额超过二十美元，由陪审团审判的权利
应受到保护。由陪审团裁决的事实，合众国的任何法院除非按照习惯
法规则，不得重新审查。
8th Amendment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
and unusual punishments inflicted.
不得要求过多的保释金，不得处以过重的罚金，不得施加残酷和非寻
常的惩罚。
16. 9th Amendment
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
本宪法对某些权利的列举，不得被解释为否定或轻视由人民保留的其
他权利。
10th Amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to
the people.
宪法未授予合众国、同时也未禁止各州行使的权力，将由各州或人民
保留。
17. Amendments to the Constitution after the Bill of Rights cover many
subjects. The majority of the seventeen later amendments stem from
continued efforts to expand individual civil 公 民 的 or political
liberties, while a few are concerned with modifying修改, 更改the basic
governmental structure drafted in Philadelphia in 1787. Although the
United States Constitution has been amended 27 times, only 26 of the
amendments are currently in effect 有 效 because the twenty-first
amendment supersedes取代, 接替the eighteenth.
Citizen Rights
Several of the amendments have more than one application, but five
amendments have concerned citizen rights. American citizens are free.
There will be equal protection under the law for all. Men vote, women
vote, DC residents vote, and 18-year olds vote.
18. The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) abolishes slavery and authorizes授权；
批 准 Congress to enforce 实 施 , 执 行 abolition. The Fourteenth
Amendment (1868) in part, defines a set of guarantees for United States
citizenship公民的权利与义务;公民权. Fifteenth Amendment (1870)
prohibits the federal government and the states from using a citizen‘s
race, color, or previous status as a slave as a qualification限制, 限定性条
件for voting. The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) prohibits the federal
government and the states from forbidding any citizen the right to vote
due to her sex. The Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971) prohibits the federal
government and the states from forbidding any citizen of age 18 or
greater the right to vote on account of因为，由于his or her age.
19. The Twenty-third Amendment (1961) grants presidential electors有选举
权的人,选民to the District of Columbia. DC has three votes in the
Electoral College（美国代表各州参加正副总统正式选举投票的）总统
选 举 团 as though it were a state with two senators and one
representative众议院议员in perpetuity永远；永久. If Puerto Rico波多
黎各自治邦,是美国在加勒比海地区的一个自治领地were given the
same consideration, it would have seven Electoral College votes.
20. Reconstruction Amendments
The Reconstruction amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and
Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted
between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil
War. This group of Amendments is sometimes referred to as the "Civil
War Amendments" or the "Three Reconstruction Era Amendments".
The Amendments were important elements 基 础 , 纲 要 , 原 理 in
implementing使生效, 贯彻, 执行the Reconstruction of the American
South after the war. Their proponents(某事业、理论等的)支持者,拥护
者saw them as transforming the United States from a country that was
(in Abraham Lincoln's words) "half slave and half free" to one in which the
constitutionally guaranteed "blessings of liberty" would be extended to
伸及；适合于the entire male populace百姓, 平民, including the former
slaves and their descendants.
21. The Eighteenth Amendment (1919) prohibited the
manufacturing, importing, and exporting of alcoholic beverages饮料(see
Prohibition in the United States). Repealed撤销, 废除by the Twenty-First
Amendment. Twenty-first Amendment (1933) repeals Eighteenth
Amendment. Permits states to prohibit the importation of alcoholic
beverages.
11 1795年2月7日 限制联邦法院对各州的管辖权
12 1804年6月15 总统选举办法
日
13 1865年12月6 废除奴隶制度
日
14 1868年7月9日 国籍、处罚程序、众议员选举、叛国罪、国
债，所有公民享有平等被保护权
15 1870年2月3日 所有公民不得由于肤色和种族的区别而受到
选举权的限制。（不包括性别）
25. The Republican Party is the second oldest existing political party in the
United States. When the Republican Party was created in 1854, it was
considered a third party group by the Democrats and the Whig Party辉格
党who were the major political parties of the time.
The Republican Party was formed to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act堪
萨斯-内布拉斯加法案that would have allowed the expansion of slavery
into Kansas. The party name “Republican” was chosen over suggested
“Jeffersonian” 杰 斐 逊 特 征 的 ; 杰 斐 逊 思 想 的 , 杰 斐 逊 民 主 的 and
“Nationalist” because the term republic denounced谴责，公开指责，公
然指责rule by the powerful economic or monarchical君主的，君主政体
的families and it represented the belief of civic virtue公民道德. At the
time, the Republican Party represented opposition to aristocracy贵族
（阶级），贵族统治and corruption while encouraging progressive进步
的, 先进的thoughts emphasizing higher education, banking, business
and industry. Republicans vehemently激烈的; 猛烈的defended their
theory that the “Free Market Labor” was superior to slavery and was the
very foundation of civic virtue and was at the cores of true American
values.
26. The Democratic Party is the oldest existing political party in the United
States and it could be argued the oldest existing political party in the
world. The Democratic Party came into existence in the early 1790’s and
evolved演变; 进化from several different political factions组织中的小派
别 ; 派 系 that opposed the fiscal 政 府 财 政 的 policies of Alexander
Hamilton. The Democratic Party was founded on the principles that
citizens have a civic公民的,市民的duty to aid the state and resist
corruption of monarchism君主主义; 君主政治[制度]and aristocracy.
They believed that the farmer best exemplified是…的典型the virtue and
independence from the corrupting influences of cities and government
policies. They felt that state rights should not be violated by a centralized
federal government. These early Democrats felt that a standing常备的；
正规的army and navy were dangerous to individual liberty, and should
be avoided in favor of economic coercion强迫； 胁迫； 高压政治such
as embargoes贸易禁运令; 禁运and sanctions〈正〉制裁.
27. Stand on gay marriage: Support (some Oppose (some
Democrats disagree) Republicans disagree)
Social and human ideas: Community and social Individual rights and
responsiblity based justice based
Traditionally strong in California, Oklahoma, Kansas,
states: Massachusettes Texas
Symbol: Donkey Elephant
Color: Blue Red
Founded in: 1824 1854
Website: www.democrats.org www.gop.com
Senate leader: Harry Reid Mitch McConnell
Chairperson: Debbie Wasserman Reince Priebus
Schultz
28. Famous Presidents: Franklin Roosevelt, Teddy Roosevelt,
John F. Kennedy, Bill Ronald Reagan,
Clinton, Woodrow George Bush, Abraham
Wilson, Jimmy Carter Lincoln, Richard Nixon
Current doctrines:
Republicans Democrats
Generally believe it is the Generally believe that it is the
responsibility of citizens to run the government‘s responsibility to care
government. for the citizens.
Believe in free market and strong Believe in structured有结构的；有
international alliances结盟, 联盟. 组织的, regulated控制的, 管理的;调
整的, 调节的markets and minimal
external entanglements瓜葛;牵连.
29. Believe in the right to bear arms. Believe in strong gun control.
Favor the death penalty. Oppose the death penalty.
Believes abortion is wrong. Believes in a woman’s right to choose.
Believe that people determine their Believe that people should share
own destiny and do not support economic burdens and generally
welfare programs. support welfare programs for aid to
the poor.
Believe in separation of church and Believe in separation of church and
state, but some on the far right feel it state.
is ok to pray in schools.
30. As for the Democrats, Independents无党派人士（或候选人、议员等）
view them as the far left liberals思想开明的人，自由主义者whose
every maneuver策略，谋略，花招is bent on一心想要，决心要political
correctness, careful to never offend anyone, and the perception认识, 观
念, 看法of failed socialist policies.
The Republicans on the other hand are viewed as dominated支配；控制
by far-right conservatives who are determined to maintain and
preserve, at any cost, the existing antiquated过时的,陈旧的,老式的
institutions 惯 例 , 习 俗 ; 制 度 under the guise of 假 借 ; 以 … 为 幌 子
protecting traditional values.
31. Democrats
The Constitution is outdated and meaningless.
Money should be confiscated没收, 充公and distributed at the whim of随…
意politicians.
People are inherently天性地,固有地racist.
Most people are not capable of taking care of themselves.
The federal government is the best source of education for our youth.
If we’re only nicer to terrorists, they will go away.
It makes sense to borrow money and spend it on government programs to
get out of debt不再负债，偿清债务.
It is okay for the government to compel citizens to buy things from other
citizens.
32. Republicans
The Constitution provides strict guidelines指导方针，准则for the behavior
of government.
People are inherently good.
Most people can take care of themselves without the government
interfering.
A baby’s life is precious and should not be decided at the whim of a mother.
Wealth and private property are sacred in a republican form of government.
It is immoral for the government to steal from one person and give the
money to someone else.
Growing the debt增加负债is not a reasonable means to get out of debt.
The government should not be able to force you to buy anything.
33. Democrat Ideals (as evidenced证实；证明by policy):
It is okay to confiscate earned wealth from some people, and give it to
others. This is the big daddy of Democrat politics. As Barack Hussein
Obama said himself, “…I think when you spread the wealth around, it’s
good for everybody.” Really? And how do you “spread the wealth
around?” The government takes it from you, that’s how. It is important to
note that the bottom 50% of income earners pay 3% of the total federal
tax bill税金账单. The top 50% of earners pay 97%. Though that’s not
good enough for most democrats.
Spending taxpayer money is the best way to stimulate the economy.
Think this through彻底地想清楚for a second… In order for the
government to spend $1, it must first take that dollar from someone else.
By taking money from the productive有生产力的people and giving it to
the non-productive government, the problems with the economy are
exacerbated恶化. If people and businesses were able to keep their
money to begin with, they would be in a better position to spend their
OWN money on buying things, hiring employees, investments, all things
that are good for the economy. When the government takes the money
34. and spends it, there is no productivity生产率, 生产力served服务, 服役.
The government does not produce; the government consumes.
A baby’s life is subordinate次要的, 附属的to the whims of it’s mother. At
15 weeks old, I watched my son’s little hands grasping, his heart
beating…he was very much alive. The democrat position is that he was
not alive, but rather just a pesky<非正>烦人的;让人讨厌的part of a
womans body to be discarded at will. Like a wart疣,肉赘,瘊子, waiting
for removal.
Health care is a right. Democrats like to throw around the word “right” as
if it applies to every malformed畸形的; 残缺的opinion they come up
with. A right, and more specifically, a human right, is a right which is
inherent in the human condition. Freedom is a right. The creator made all
men free. The creator gave us all free will. The creator gave us the ability
to think, speak, love, feel and on and on. This is best phrased叙述; 措词
by our founders, when they described human rights as “life, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness.” A service is not a right. Starbucks coffee is not
a right. Having someone put stitches（伤口、外伤切口的）缝合针in
your finger is not a right. Having your leaky有漏洞的，漏的roof fixed is
35. not a right. These are services one man can do for another, under some
form of agreement, from contractual合同(性)的,契约(性)的to charity慈
善事业. These are not rights by any definition.
There is no such thing as evil. Democrats are unwilling to accept that
there are forces in the world that are evil and that wish to kill as many
Americans as they can. No act of kindness, no charity, no spoken words
will ever be enough for these blood thirsty, evil, killers. So when we deny
that evil in the world exists, we are only weakening ourselves. The most
recent example is when Barack Obama decided not to release公布
pictures of a dead bin laden, because he did not want to further inflame
激怒the Muslim world. Well, here’s a newsflash简明新闻（指中断其他
节目而播出的重要新闻）: they’re already inflamed. Do you really think
that some Al Qaeda基地组织（伊斯原教旨主义武装集团的名称）
monster is sitting in a cave thinking…Those Americans really aren’t so
bad…maybe we should call off把…叫走，取消; 停止the next mass
murder plot.” Really? Really? This is the height极点，顶点of naivete天真
烂漫,纯真无邪and we cannot afford such infantile(贬)幼稚的；孩子气
的thinking from our leaders.
36. People cannot take care of themselves. This is another fundamental
aspect of Democrats vs Republicans. Just start thinking it through and
you’ll quickly share this conclusion. Certain fats are made illegal in
restaurants. 150 weeks – 3 years – of unemployment. Giving money to
farmers NOT to grow crops. Forcing banks to lend money to unqualified
不合格的, 无资格的borrowers. The list goes on and on.
Black people, especially, can’t take care of themselves. Affirmative
action(支持、鼓励聘用女性、少数族裔等受歧视者的)积极行动或措
施，反歧视行动may have been necessary in the wake of尾随,紧跟,仿效
the civil rights movement. There was an unfortunate time when black
people were treated very badly. Fortunately, I was not alive when this
was the case. Black people should be offended about affirmative action.
It basically says, “you’re not capable of doing well for yourself
because, afterall, you’re black. So the government is here to make sure
people give you an advantage有利条件，优势since you can’t possibly
d o i t o n
37. your own. I have worked along side some brilliant black men and women
throughout my career. I never saw anything but competent有能力的, 能
胜任的and creative people. That they were black was…well, it was
nothing. It wasn’t even coincidental巧合的，碰巧的；偶然的, since that
would imply that it had some meaning. They were just PEOPLE.
Schools should be a federal responsibility. How can a bureaucrat官僚，
官僚主义者in Washington DC possibly make decisions about school
curriculum in Huntsville, Alabama? They can’t. Beyond that, the
Constitution leaves education to the States via the 10th Amendment.
Guns are a menace威胁, 胁迫, 危险. Democrats believe that guns are
bad and have no place in modern society. They talk about sporting guns
猎枪, and high capacity magazines高容量弹匣and gun control (all
because people can’t possibly be responsible enough on their own). What
they don’t consider is why guns are a guaranteed right in the first place. A
38. right necessary to allow people to protect themselves against the very
government making the laws! I recently read a thoughtful question: Do
you think the Revolutionary War could have been fought, much less更不
用说won, if the American population was unarmed?
The Constitution is a living, breathing document. If the Constitution is
fungible可互换的,代替的and can be reinterpreted at the whim of a
bureaucrat, what good is it? It is well documented记录, 记载that the
framers制定者,创作者intended the Constitution to be timeless, to
always provide the framework构架; 结构for freedom and a Republican
from of democracy. If the Constitution can be changed at the whim of a
politician, the result can only be the disintegration瓦解;崩溃of the
Republic.
