Mengelola dan Mengorganisasi PTK (Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan) secara Efektif dan Efisien dalam Era Desentralisasi dan Globalisasi

1. Revisiting PTK
(Mengelola dan Mengorganisasi PTK secara
Efektif dan Efisien dalam Era Desentralisasi
dan Globalisasi)
Mohamad Adriyanto
NIM: 11702261012
Program Pascasarjana Universitas negeri Yogyakarta
Mohamad Adriyanto @adriyanto
http://bit.ly/adriyanto madriyanto@gmail.com

2. Pendahuluan
• Presentasi ini mencoba menggali pengertian
tentang PTK (pendidikan teknologi dan kejuruan)
yang dipakai di Indonesia dengan referensi dari
luar Indonesia.
• Harapannya setelah definisi ini jelas, maka akan
lebih mudah menjabarkan dasar-dasar
pengelolaan dan pengorganisasiannya.
• Namun materi presentasi ini tidak sampai
mengupas masalah pengelolaan dan
pengorganisasian secara detail.

3. Terms & Definitions
• Technical Education TE
• Vocational Education VE
• Technical and Vocational Education TVE
• Vocational Training VT
• Vocational Education and Training VET
• Technical and Vocational Education and Training TVET
• Technical and Vocational Skills Development TVSD
• Occupational Education OE
• Apprenticeship Training AT (Training of Learners of
Trades or Crafts)
• Career and Technical Education CTE

4. Technical and Vocational Education
(TVE)
• Educators hardly differentiate between the terms Technical and
Vocational Education while society has been led to believe that
Vocational Education is for those who are incapable of pursuing
technical academic programmes.
• Vocational education refers to skill-based programmes designed for
lower level of skills education and focuses on a specific vocation for
workplace entry.
• Technical education facilitates the acquisition of practical and
applied skills as well as basic technical and scientific knowledge.
• Vocational education is designed for a particular vocation, technical
education does not target any particular vocation but gives general
technical knowledge.
• Thus, while every vocational education programme is technical in
nature, not all technical education programmes are vocational.

5. Vocational Education and Training
(VET)
• The merging between the Vocational Education and the
Vocational Training.
• There are fundamental differences between Vocational
Education and Vocational Training and especially between the
objectives of the two systems.
• VET suppors the idea of Continuing or Life-long
Education, and thus not only unskilled but also skilled workers
have to be involved in continuous retraining.
• The current trend is that Vocational Education and Vocational
Training are both covered in the Vocational Education and
Training (VET) System.

6. Technical and Vocational Education
and Training (TVET)
• Internationally, the term refers to vocational education provided in
secondary school programs, in vocational training centers and in post-
secondary institutions.
• It refers to non-academic technical education and practical training that
develop the skills and knowledge of apprentices (learners of trades or
crafts) working in different sectors of industry and trainees/students
trained in different technical vocational institutes, centres and schools.
• It is part of the education system that:
– provides courses and training programmes related to employment with a view
to enable the transition from Secondary Education to work for young
trainees/students (social objective)
– supply the labour market with competent apprentices (economic objective).
• It is designed to prepare students for direct entry to a particular
occupation or trade, and usually lead to a labor-market vocational
qualification that is recognized by relevant authorities.

7. Technical and Vocational Skills
Development (TVSD)
• The fast pace of change in technology and in workplace
environments means that a narrow set of skills relating to a specific
trade or occupation will not be enough in labor markets that are
constantly changing.
• Many employers, particularly those in the formal sector, are looking
for employees with transferable skills including problem-
solving, decision-making, communication and team-work.
• The new term indicates a move away from a school-oriented
approach and includes non-formal Skill Development Programmes
which may be delivered in the workplace and which do not lead to
formal qualifications.
• This also includes training acquired in the informal and non formal
economic sectors.

8. Technical and Vocational Skills
Development (TVSD)
• Formal continuing TVET and lifelong learning consists of learning
that occurs within an organized and structured context (formal
education, in-company training), and that is designed as learning. It
may lead to a formal recognition (diploma, certificate).
• Non-formal continuing TVET and lifelong learning consists of
learning embedded in planned activities that are not explicitly
designated as learning, but which contain an important learning
element.
• Informal continuing TVET and lifelong learning is defined as learning
resulting from daily life activities related to work. It is often referred
to as experiential learning i.e. learning derived from experience and
can, to a certain degree, be understood as accidental learning. It is
not structured in terms of learning objectives, learning time and/or
learning support. Typically, it does not lead to certification.

9. PTK di Indonesia (TVE)
• UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional, Pasal 15. Pasal ini
berbunyi: “Jenis pendidikan mencakup
pendidikan
umum, kejuruan, akademik, profesi, vokasi, ke
agamaan, dan khusus.”
• Dengan dasar UU, ada 3 jenis pendidikan yang
masuk kedalam kategori PTK yaitu pendidikan
kejuruan, profesi dan vokasi.

10. PTK di Indonesia (TVE)
• Pendidikan Kejuruan didefinisikan sebagai pendidikan
menengah yang mempersiapkan peserta didik
terutama untuk bekerja dalam bidang tertentu.
• Pendidikan Profesi adalah pendidikan tinggi setelah
program sarjana yang mempersiapkan peserta didik
untuk memiliki pekerjaan dengan persyaratan keahlian
khusus.
• Pendidikan Vokasi adalah pendidikan tinggi yang
mempersiapkan peserta didik untuk memiliki
pekerjaan dengan keahlian terapan tertentu maksimal
setara dengan program sarjana.

11. Pembagian Peran PTK (TVE & TVSD)
• Kementerian Tenaga Kerja mengemban amanat UU
Ketenagakerjaan tahun 2003 yang mengatur tentang pelatihan kerja
dan pemagangan, dua hal yang sangat erat kaitannya dengan PTK.
• Jadi Kementerian Pendidikan mengatur masalah "education" dan
Kementerian Tenaga Kerja mengatur masalah
"training", kesemuanya bersifat vocational atau berorientasi pada
"pekerjaan".
• Indonesia telah memiliki PP 31/2006 tentang Pelatihan Tenaga
Kerja. Pelatihan kerja diselenggarakan oleh lembaga pelatihan kerja
pemerintah dan/atau lembaga pelatihan kerja swasta. Pelatihan
kerja dapat diselenggarakan di tempat pelatihan atau tempat kerja.
Ditujukan untuk mempersiapkan peserta didik/latih untuk bekerja
pada bidang tertentu.

12. UU Ketenagakerjaan vs UU Sisdiknas
(TVE vs TVSD)
• Dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan, pelatihan kerja dapat diselenggarakan
dengan sistem pemagangan, definisi pemagangan adalah bagian
dari sistem pelatihan kerja yang diselenggarakan secara terpadu
antara pelatihan di lembaga pelatihan dengan bekerja secara
langsung di bawah bimbingan dan pengawasan instruktur atau
pekerja/buruh yang lebih berpengalaman, dalam proses produksi
barang dan/atau jasa di perusahaan, dalam rangka menguasai
keterampilan atau keahlian tertentu.
• Pemagangan dapat dilaksanakan di perusahaan sendiri atau di
tempat penyelenggaraan pelatihan kerja, atau perusahaan lain, baik
di dalam maupun di luar wilayah Indonesia.
• Yang menarik, pemagangan ini diatur cukup rinci dalam UU
Ketenagakerjaan, namun tidak diatur dalam UU Sisdiknas. Padahal
pemagangan adalah metode pembelajaran mutlak yang harus
diterapkan dan diatur sebaik-baiknya dalam PTK.

14. References
1. Vocational Education VE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vocational+Education
http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/u039.htm
http://www.bitpipe.com/tlist/Vocational-Education.html
2. Technical and Vocational Education TVE
http://recoup.educ.cam.ac.uk/news/tvetstrategyforunesco.pdf
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001293/129352e.pdf
3. Vocational Training VT
http://www.acronymfinder.com/VT.html
http://www.pcc.nhs.uk/vocational-training
4. Vocational Education and Training VET
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education
http://www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary/vet.htm
http://education.qld.gov.au/students/placement/vet/

15. References
5. Technical and Vocational Education and Training TVET
www.all-acronyms.com/cat/8/TVET
http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/wiki.0.html?&no_cache=1&tx_drwiki_pi1%5Bkeyw
ord%5D=More%20about%20TVET%20and%20EFA
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001874/187487e.pdf
6. Technical and Vocational Skills Development TVSD
http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/in-depth/developing-technical-and-
vocational-skills-in-africa-2008/the-rationale-for-technical-and-vocational-skills-
development/
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001895/189530e.pdf
7. Career and Technical Education CTE
http://www.iluccte.org/Workman_and_Freeburg_AFI.pdf
http://www.acteonline.org/