From Event to Action: Accelerate Your Decision Making with Real-Time Automation
Child Aggressive Behavior
1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم يا أيها الناس اتقوا ربكم الذى خلقكم من نفس واحدة و خلق منها زوجها وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا و نساء و اتقوا الله الذى تساءلون به و الارحام ان الله كان عليكم رقيبا النساء 1
7. I- FAMILY-RELATED RISK FACTORS A. Sexual and Physical Abuse B. Parental Violence C. Broken Home D. Parental Characteristics E. Mental Disorders of Parents F. Perceived Parenting Styles(Barnow and Freyberger, 2003).
8. Sexual, Physical Abuse Pre/Perinatal Complications that cause brain damage Maternal rejection Increased Risk For Aggressive Behavior Difficult temperament Negative Parental Style Psychological risks Low social status , young age Of Mother ,broken home , Mental Disorder of parents Increased risk for Postnatal Complications Time The role of family environment in early life for later aggressive behavior (Mattson, 2003).
9. II- Community-Related Risk Factors A- Peers:Peer groups appear to be a place for consolidation of aggressive behaviors for youth, later on (Loeber & Hay, 1994). B- School Factors:Disorganized school structures with lax discipline, enforcement of rules and crowded physical space(Flannery, 1997). C- Neighborhood Factors: include poverty, gang involvement, availability of drugs and low neighborhood attachment (Maguin et al., 1995).
10.
11.
12. The influence of genetic factors appears to increase over the course of development and is followed by a concomitant decrease in shared environmental factors (Blonigen & Krueger, 2007). Furthermore, genetic effects may be moderated by gender differences, as well as interactions with adverse environmental factors (Blonigen & Krueger, 2007).
13.
14.
15.
16. I- ACETYLCHOLINE : ♦ ACh generally has facilitatory effects on aggressive behavior (Gay and Leaf, 1986). ♦ In most cases, the primary target is the hypothalamus (Brudzynski, 1994). II- DOPAMINE : ◊ The studies showed that dopamine facilitates aggressive behavior (Siegel, 2005). ◊ Van Erp and Miczek (2003) reported increased dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex during aggressive encounters.
17. III- SEROTONIN: Serotonin suppresses several different forms of aggressive behavior (Siegel, 2005). A strategy using knockout mice genetically engineered to disrupt the neuronal nitric acid sythase gene, which inhibits aggression, by acting through 5-HT1A and 5- HT1B receptors leading to a dramatic increase in aggressive behavior (Chiavegatto et al., 2004).
18. IV- PEPTIDES : ■ Include opioid peptides, substance P (SP), and cholecystokinin (CCK) ■ Opioid peptides have antiaggressive properties (Siegel, 2005). ■ SP have an excitatory action on neurons (Otsuka and Yoshioka, 1993). ■ CCK potentiates defensive rage behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus (Siegel, 2005).
27. Peri-aqueductal Gray Of The Midbrain The organizing center for the expression of all the behavioral components of the aggressive response (Ogawa et al., 2005). Sends commands to effector regions in the brainstem, which send commands to the muscles and glands, producing the components of defensive rage (e.g., pupillary dilation, increased heart rate, vocalization) (Gregg, 2003).
29. Hypothalamus Second in importance to the PAG in the expression of defensive aggressive behavior (Gregg, 2003). Limbic And Cortical Areas Modify the propensity of the hypothalamus and PAG to produce aggression (Halász et al., 2006). Include septal nuclei, amygdaloid complex, bed nucleus of the striaterminalis (BNST), prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens(Gregg and Siegel, 2001).
32. Brunner et al. (1993) have identified a large Dutch kindred showing a genetic deficiency of the MAOA enzyme. All affected males in this family showed very characteristic aggressive behavior.
33. Subsequent research in MAOA knockout mice confirmed human findings (Cases et al., 1995).
