2. Patriotism
Patriotism is generally cultural attachment
to one's homeland or devotion to one's
country, although interpretations of the
term vary with
context, geography and philosophy. It is a
related sentiment to nationalism.
The English term patriot is first attested in
the Elizabethan era, via Middle
French from Late Latin (6th
century) patriota "countryman", ultimately
from Greek "countryman",, "fatherland".
The abstract noun patriotism appears in
the early 18th century.
3. History
The general notion of civic virtue and group dedication has been
attested in culture globally throughout the historical period. For
the Enlightenment thinkers of 18th-century Europe, loyalty to the state
was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the Church. It was
argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools
since their patrie was heaven, so that they could not inspire love of the
homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of
this classical notion of patriotism was Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Enlightenment thinkers also criticized what they saw as the excesses
of patriotism. In 1774, Samuel Johnson published The Patriot, a
critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April
1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of
the scoundrel." James Boswell, who reported this comment in his Life
of Johnson, does not provide context for the quote, and it has
therefore been argued that Johnson was in fact attacking the false use
of the term "patriotism" by contemporaries such as John Stuart, 3rd
Earl of Bute (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson spoke
elsewhere in favour of what he considered "true" patriotism. However,
4. Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human
ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a
shared morality. A person who adheres to the idea of
cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called
a cosmopolitan orcosmopolite.
A cosmopolitan community might be based on an
inclusive morality, a shared economic relationship, or a
political structure that encompasses different nations.
In a cosmopolitan community individuals from different
places (e.g. nation-states) form relationships of mutual
respect. As an example, Kwame Anthony
Appiah suggests the possibility of a cosmopolitan
community in which individuals from varying locations
(physical, economic, etc.) enter relationships of mutual
Cosmopolitanism
5. History
Cosmopolitanism originated in ancient Greece, the idea of world
citizenship expressed Socrates , but for the first time proclaimed
himself " cosmopolitan " Diogenes . While cosmopolitanism
developed in the teachings of the Cynics , a strong impetus for this
was the Peloponnesian War , which led to a negative view of the
requirements of local patriotism limited due to the loss of
independence and the significance of individual policyholders.
Later Stoics developed a theoretical basis , especially in the
Roman era , helped by the universal character of the empire.
In the Middle Ages cosmopolitanism had a religious character and
viewed in an effort to create a Catholic papal theocracy , but not
developed in theoretical terms . Starting from the XVI century
cosmopolitanism is predominantly secular. In 1544 Guillaume Bed
reinvents the term " cosmopolitanism ", putting into it is not heaven
and earth sense , imagining a world state as a supra-national and
non-religious brotherhood, based on the free choice of each .
However, cosmopolitanism was still in its infancy , developing in
