Politeknik Ungku Omar Civil Engineering Department Final Project Report Sesi Jun 2012 FPD windup (3)

1. CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION TO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
A flexible pavement structure is typically composed of several layers of material
placed on a sub-grade, which better quality materials on top where the intensity of stress
from traffic loads is high and lower quality materials at the bottom where the stress
intensity is low. Flexible pavements can be analyzed as a multilayer system under
loading and it receives the loads from the above layer, spreads and distributes the loads
out, then passes the loads on to the nest layer below that illustrate in Figure 2.1. Thus,
the further down in the pavement structure a particular layer is, the less load (in terms of
force per area) it must carry (Washington Asphalt Pavement Association (WAPA),
2002). The aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses are safely, sufficiently reduced
and do not exceed the capacity of the underlying sub- grade.(Faculty of Civil
Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, November 2009)

2. Figure 2.1: Flexible Pavement Load Distribution
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF MICROSOFT EXCEL 2007
Microsoft Excel 2007 support up to 1,048,576 rows and 16,384
columns (XFD) in a single worksheet, with 32,767 characters in a single
cell (17,179,869,184 cells in a worksheet, 562,932,773,552,128
characters in a worksheet). It conditional formatting introduces support
for three new features — Color Scales, Icon Sets and Data Bars. The
color scales, which automatically color the background of a group of cells

3. with different colors according to the values. Besides that, icon sets,
which precede the text in a cell with an icon that represent some aspect of
the value of the cell with respect to other values in a group of cells, can
also be applied. Furthermore, the icons can be conditionally applied to
show up only when certain criteria are met, such as a cross showing up on
an invalid value, where the condition for invalidity can be specified by
the user. In addition, the data bars show as a gradient bar in the
background of a cell the contribution of the cell value in the group. Plus,
the column titles can optionally show options to control the layout of the
column. Last and not least, multithreaded calculation of formulae, to
speed up large calculations, especially on multi-core/multi-processor
systems.(Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Formulas & Function ,by Ken
Bluttmen and Peter Aitken, Wiley Publishing, Inc)
Figure 2.2 Excel Basic Screen

4. Figure 2.3 Data bar
2.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL 2007
Office Excel 2007 features the Microsoft Office Fluent user interface to help
you find powerful tools when you need them.
Find the tools which need to using the results-oriented Office Fluent user interface in
Office Excel 2007. Based on the job that need to accomplish, whether it’s creating a
table or writing a formula, Office Excel 2007 presents the appropriate commands
when you need them.
Import, organize, and explore massive data sets within significantly
expanded spreadsheets.
Work with massive amounts of data in Office Excel 2007, which supports
spreadsheets that can be up to 1 million rows by 16,000 columns. In addition to
the bigger grid, Office Excel 2007 supports multicore processor platforms for
faster calculation of formula-intense spreadsheets.

5. Use the completely redesigned charting engine in Office Excel 2007 to
communicate the analysis in professional-looking charts.
Build professional-looking charts faster with fewer clicks using charting tools in
the Office Fluent user interface. Apply rich visual enhancements to your charts
such as 3-D effects, soft shadowing, and transparency. Create and interact with
charts the same way, regardless of the application you are using, because the
charting engine in Office Excel 2007 is consistent in Microsoft Office Word
2007 and Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007.
Help ensure the organization work with the most current business
information.
Prevent the spread of multiple or outdated copies of a spreadsheet throughout the
organization by using Office Excel 2007 and Office SharePoint Server 2007.
Control which users can view and modify spreadsheets on the server using
permission-based access.
Use Office Excel 2007 and Excel Services to help share spreadsheets more
securely with others.
Excel Services, a feature of Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007,
dynamically renders a spreadsheet as HTML so others can access the information
using a Web browser. Because of the high degree of fidelity with the Office

6. Excel 2007 client, Excel Services users can navigate, sort, filter, input parameters,
and interact with the information, all within their Web browser.
2.1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL 2007
When develop the application into one file it can be huge and will make your
program execution very slow.
When separate functions to multiple files, Excel files are prone to get lost in
your hard drive especially when break the application to too many files.
Excel worksheet as a database has a limited number of rows or records that
you can store.
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE IN THICKNESS DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Computer software has become very important nowadays because it is much
fast and easily complete many tasks just a fraction of a second compared with
tasks manually. In market , there are various types of computer software in
engineering field . The computer software that are use for thickness design of

7. flexible pavement such as SW-1 , DARWin , FRD 904 , FAA Flexible Pavement
Design and others application.
2.2.2 SW-1 CALCULATING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN SOFTWARE
The Asphalt Institute have developed a program called SW-1 to provide
users the capability to design asphalt pavements for highways , streets , parking
lots , airports , industrial facilities supporting heavy wheel loads and other
applications. Program SW-1 provides users an integrated pavement design suite
to provide an unparalleled range of capability (Asphalt Institute , 2003 )
This program designed to run on common Microsoft Windows operating
systems including Windows XP .The new Windows-based user interface
dramatically integrates previous Asphalt Institute (AI) thickness design programs
into a single , easy to use program. It features improved data file handling and
storage capability . An extensive context-sensitive HELP file address common
pavement design question (Asphalt Institude , 2003) . Interface of program SW-1
represented in Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5

8. Figure 2.4 SW-1 Interface for Cross Section
Figure 2.5 SW-1 Interface for Display Results in Report

9. 2.2.3 DARWin CALCULATING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN SOFTWARE
DARWin was released in 1991, it is the most comprehensive and
powerful pavement design program that available in the market . DARWin in is
more than just a computerized version of 1993 AASHTA Guide for Design of
Pavement Structure (TxDOT , 2006) . This software is a complete pavement
design and analysis program for both initial design and rehabilitation. Nowadays ,
DARWin has undergone three major upgrades and the latest version is DARWin
in 3.1 , which it is designed for the Window 95 , 98 , 2000 and NT operating
systems. DARWin in 3.1 is divided into four modules that can be used to design
and compare alternative pavement design such as flexible structural design , rigid
structural design , overlay design and life cycle cost.
2.3.4 FRD 904 (FLEXIBLE ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN 904)
FRD 904 (Flexible Road Pavement Design 904) is to determine minimum
pavement thickness . The program FRD 904 is the flexible road design program
that was revised in April 1989 (AFM , 1992) . The design procedure used by the
Corps of Engineers and the Air Force to design flexible pavements is generally
referred to as the CBR design procedure . This procedure requires that each layer
be thick enough to distribute the stresses induced by traffic so that when they

10. reach the underlying layer they will not overstress and produce excessive shear
deformation in the underlying layer. Besides , each layer must be compacted
adequately so that traffic does not produce an intolerable amount of added
compaction.
2.3.5 FAA FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
When a site is selected for constructing a new pavement or rehabilitating
an old pavement, the in-place materials may be used as they naturally occur. The
materials may also be removed and replaced with higher quality materials, or
they may be modified in some manner to provide qualities that are appropriate.
When the soils are modified, it is referred to as stabilization. The reasons for
stabilizing soils include improving properties such as volume stability, strength,
durability, and permeability. Either all or some of these properties may be
sought to be improved. The most suitable stabilizing procedure will usually be
dictated by the particular property or properties that are desired and the type of
material in place. It is most common to stabilize materials such as high-plasticity
clays to reduce their susceptibility to moisture. However, the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) requires the use of stabilized layers directly beneath the
surface course for airport pavements that will support large aircraft. This

11. requirement usually results in the stabilization of materials that are of a
relatively high quality initially, particularly when compared to high-plasticity
clays. The amount of literature available on stabilization of relatively high-
quality materials is limited. For the most part, these high quality stabilized
materials can be classified as low-quality surface materials. Guidance on these
materials is similar or identical to the guidance for surface materials such as
Portland cement concrete (PCC) or hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC).
2.3.6 DESIGN PROCEDURES
Thickness Design. Virtually any design procedure can be modified to
include stabilized layers within the pavement section. The difficulty in including
the stabilized layer is determining appropriate performance or failure criteria.
The particular criteria used will dictate the material properties required to be
determined. For example, if a fatigue criteria based on flexural strength is used
for designing the stabilized layer, it will be necessary to measure the flexural
strength of the stabilized layer. Spreadsheets of FAA Flexible Pavement Design
can be refer in Figure 2.6 (Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, November 2009)

12. Figure 2.6 Spreadsheets of FAA Flexible Pavement Design