3. Communities Community – all of the populations that live in the same area at the same time Limiting Factor – any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
4. Limiting Factors Abiotic Sunlight Climate Temperature Water Nutrients Fire Soil Chemistry Space Biotic Plant species Animal species Competition Parasitism
5. Range of Tolerance Tolerance – the ability of any organism to survive when subjected to non-ideal biotic or abiotic conditions Steelhead Trout tolerate 9-25°C
6. What Shapes an Ecosystem Ecological Succession As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further predictable changes in the community. Primary Succession Occurs on surfaces where no soil exists Example: new surface where volcanic eruptions occurred.
9. What Shapes an Ecosystem Secondary Succession Occurs when land cleared and plowed for farming is abandoned. It also occurs where wildfires burn forests.
12. Effects of Latitude and Climate What is climate? Weather – the day to day conditions of the earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place Climate – average conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region
13. Effects of Latitude and Climate Factors that influence climate: Latitude Wind Shape and elevation of land masses Ocean Currents
15. Effects of Latitude and Climate Effect of latitude on climate Tropical zone – receives direct sunlight year round Climate is always warm Temperate zone – angle of sunlight changes, so does the climate Climate will be warm or cold depending on the season Polar zone – sunlight strikes the earth at an angle Climate will be cold year round
19. The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect: a natural phenomenon that maintains the earth’s temperature range Gasses trap in heat much like the glass of a greenhouse Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor
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21. Tundra Climate- cold (-94°F – 10°F) and dry (15-25cm/year) Characterized by permafrost (permanently frozen soil) Geographic location -south of the polar ice caps in the northern hemisphere
22. Boreal Forest Climate- cold (-65°F – 69°F) and some rain(30-84cm/year) Characterized by lack of permafrost and some trees and shrubs Geographic location –northern parts of North America, Europe and Asia
23. Temperate Forest Climate- (-22°F – 86°F) and fairly wet (75-150cm/year) Characterized by large deciduous forests Geographic location –Eastern North America, Eastern Asia, Australia and Europe
24. Temperate Woodland and Shrubland Climate- hot (50°F – 104°F) and fairly dry(38-100 cm/year) Characterized by shrubs and small trees Geographic location –Western North America, Mediterranean Sea, South Africa and Australia
25. Temperate Grassland Climate- hot (-40°F – 100°F) and fairly dry(50-89 cm/year) Characterized by grasses and flowers Geographic location –North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Australia
26. Desert Climate- temperature fluctuates and very dry(2-26 cm/year) Characterized by cacti, reptiles, birds Geographic location –every continent except europe
27. Tropical Savanna Climate- (70°F – 90°F) and somewhat dry(50-130 cm/year) Characterized by grasses and scattered trees Geographic location –Africa, South America and Australia
28. Tropical Seasonal Forest Climate- (70°F – 90°F) and somewhat dry(>200 cm/year) Characterized by trees, orchids, mosses and seasonal rainfall Geographic location –Africa, South America, Central America, Australia, Asia
29. Tropical Rain Forest Climate- warm (75°F – 80°F) and wet (200-1,000 cm/year) Characterized by broadleaf evergreens, bamboo, ferns Geographic location –Africa, South America, Central America, Australia, Asia
31. Aquatic Ecosystems Determined primarily by the depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry Chemistry – the amount of dissolved chemicals, especially salts, nutrients, and oxygen Two main types of aquatic ecosystems: Freshwater Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems (salt water)
32. Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Flowing Water Ecosystems – freshwater ecosystems that flow over the land rivers, streams Standing Water Ecosystems – bodies of water that do not flow over the land Lakes, and ponds
33. Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Photic zone – well lit area of the ocean Only to a depth of about 200 meters Where photosynthesis can take place Aphotic zone – permanently dark area of the ocean
34. Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Wetlands – an ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year Include: bogs, marshes, and swamps They are important breeding grounds for migratory birds
