2. GREEN FIEND
Definition
Invasion (entry,fixation) and
multiplication of microbes in
body tissues, which may be
clinically unapparent or result in
local cellular injury due to
competitive metabolism, toxins,
intracellular replication or
antigen antibody response.
All infections not results in
Infectious disease.
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3. GREEN FIEND
Infection
a condition in which
pathogenic microbes
penetrate host defenses,
enter tissues & multiply
Disease
any deviation from health,
disruption of a tissue or
organ caused by microbes
or their products
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4. GREEN FIEND
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5. GREEN FIEND
Based on Occurrence:
a).Primary infection:
Infection is first time with a microbe.
b).Reinfection:
Subsequent infections with same microbe.
c).Secondary infection:
Infection followed by lowered Host
immunity by preexisting disease.
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6. GREEN FIEND
d).Focal infection:
Localized infection with generalized
symptoms. Ex: Appendicitis, Tonsillitis
e).Cross infection:
New infection in a patient from another
host or source.
f).Nosocomial infection:
If cross infections occur in hospitalized
individual (Hospital acquired infection).
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7. GREEN FIEND
g). Iatrogenic infection:
Infections by means of Investigative &
therapeutic procedures.
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8. GREEN FIEND
Based on source: Based on clinical effects:
Inapparent (Sub clinical):
Endogenous:
No S/S in spite of
• From Normal infection.
flora.
Atypical infection:
Absence of typical
Exogenous: manifestations.
• Another
Latent infection:
individual.
Followed by infection-
• Environment. Microbe retain in tissues.
Starts proliferation with
lowered immunity.
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9. GREEN FIEND
Types of carrier:
1.HUMAN BEINGS
Depending on origin:
Commonest source. A. Healthy carrier
B. Convalescent carrier
C. Contact carrier:
Infective agent Acquires pathogen
from patient.
transferred either from
D. Paradoxical carrier.
Patient or from
Acquires pathogen
Carrier. from another Carrier.
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10. Based on the duration of GREEN FIEND
carriage …… 2. INSECTS
A. Temporary carrier:
VECTOR.
Microbes harbors not
more than 6 months. a). Mechanical vectors.
b). Biological vectors.
“ Arthropod borne
B.Chronic carrier:
diseases ”
Microbes harbors
several years or even
for life.
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11. GREEN FIEND
3).ANIMALS:
Infectious diseases transmitted from
animals to man. ZOONOSES.
a).Bacterial: Leptospira, plague from Rat.
b).Viral : Rabies from dog.
c).Protozoa: Leishmaniasis from dog.
d).Helminths : Hydatid disease from dog
Tape worms : Cattle , Pig.
e).Fungal: Zoophilic dermatophytes - Dog.
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12. GREEN FIEND
• SOIL & WATER
Soil : Spores of Tetanus bacilli
Histoplasma and Nocardia spp.
Water: Cholera, H A V , H E V,
Typhoid etc.
8) FOOD
Contaminated food.
Ex: Staphylococci, Cl. botulinum.
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13. GREEN FIEND
Localized infection – microbes
enter the body and remains
confined to a specific tissue
Systemic infection – infection
spreads to several sites and
tissue fluids usually in the
bloodstream
Focal infection – when
infectious agent breaks loose
from a local infection and is
carried to other tissues
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14. GREEN FIEND
Mixed infection – several microbes grow
simultaneously at the infection site – polymicrobial
Primary infection – initial infection
Secondary infection – another infection by a
different microbe
Acute infection – comes on rapidly, with severe but
short-lived effects
Chronic infections – progress and persist over a
long period of time
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16. GREEN FIEND
Diseases can be caused by many factors: infection,
genetics, degeneration, and others.
Koch’s Postulates
Developed by Robert Koch in 1877 to establish
cause of infectious diseases: anthrax and TB.
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17. GREEN FIEND
Koch’s Postulates:
1. Same pathogen must be present in every
case of the disease.
2. Pathogen must be isolated from diseased
host and grown in pure culture.
3. Pathogen from pure culture must cause
disease when inoculated in healthy, susceptible
laboratory animal.
4. Pathogen must be isolated from inoculated
animal and shown to be the original organism.
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19. GREEN FIEND
Koch’s principles do not apply to all diseases.
3.Some microbes cannot be cultured in artificial media.
Treponema pallidum (syphillis)
Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
Ricketsias, chlamydias, and viruses only multiply within cells.
4.One disease may involve several different pathogens.
Diarrhea
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Peritonitis
Nephritis
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20. GREEN FIEND
1. Some pathogens may cause several different
diseases.
Streptococcus pyogenes: Scarlet fever, sore throat, skin
infections, bone infections, etc.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Causes disease of lungs, skin,
bones, and internal organs.
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21. GREEN FIEND
Diseases alter normal body function and/or structure.
Symptoms: Subjective feelings not obvious to an
observer.
Example: Pain and malaise.
Signs: a characteristic of a disease that can
be observed by examining the patient
Example: swelling, redness, rashes, coughing, pus, runny
nose, vomiting, paralysis.
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Syndrome: a combination of signs and symptoms
that occur together and are indicative of a particular
disease or abnormal condition
Example: pain, shortness of breath, nausea, sore throat,
headache
Sequelae: even after recovery, some diseases
leave after-effects
Example: valve damage
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24. GREEN FIEND
Communicable Diseases: Spread from one host to
another, directly or indirectly.
Example: Tuberculosis, herpes, flu, AIDS, chickenpox,
mumps, polio, and hepatitis.
Contagious Diseases: Spread easily from one person to
another.
Example: Chickenpox and measles.
Noncommunicable Diseases: Not spread from one host
to another. Caused by microbes that live outside the
body or by opportunistic pathogens that live inside the
body.
Example: Tetanus, botulism, and yeast infections.
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25. GREEN FIEND
Incubation period is the time between infection
and appearance of signs and symptoms
Prodromal phase is a short period during which
nonspecific, often mild, symptoms such as
malaise and headache
Prodrome is a symptom indicating the onset of a
disease
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26. GREEN FIEND
Invasive phase is period during which the
individual experiences the typical signs and
symptoms of the disease
Decline phase is the period of illness during which
host defenses and effects of treatment overcome
the pathogen
Convalescent period tissues are repaired, healing
takes place, and body regains strength and
recovers
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• Diseases that are acquired or developed during a
hospital stay
• From surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and
exposure to drug-resistant microorganisms
• 2 to 4 million cases/year in U.S. with approximately
90,000 deaths
• Most commonly involve urinary tract, respiratory tract,
and surgical incisions
• Most common organisms involved: Gram-negative
intestinal flora
– E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus
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30. GREEN FIEND
EPIDEMIOLOGY
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31. GREEN FIEND
The study of the frequency and distribution of
disease and health-related factors in human
populations
Surveillance – collecting, analyzing, and reporting
data on rates of occurrence, mortality, morbidity
and transmission of infections
Reportable, notifiable diseases must be reported
to authorities
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32. GREEN FIEND
Mortality rate – the total number of
deaths in a population due to a certain
disease
Morbidity rate – number of people
afflicted with a certain disease
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33. GREEN FIEND
Prevalence – total number of existing cases
with respect to the entire population usually
represented by a percentage of the
population
Incidence – measures the number of new
cases over a certain time period, as compared
with the general healthy population
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35. GREEN FIEND
Endemic – disease that
exhibits a relatively steady
frequency over a long
period of time in a
particular geographic locale
Sporadic – when
occasional cases are
reported at irregular
intervals
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36. GREEN FIEND
Epidemic – when
prevalence of a disease
is increasing beyond
what is expected
Pandemic – epidemic
across continents
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37. GREEN FIEND
1. Depending on location:
Superficial
a). Localized
Deep seated.
b). Generalized.
Bacteremia :
Septicemia : Bacteria + Toxins.
Pyemia :
Bacteria , Toxins and Multiple
abscesses in internal organs.
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38. GREEN FIEND
2. Depending on Spread :
A. Endemic :
Constantly present in a
particular area.
Ex: Typhoid, Malaria.
B. Epidemic :
Rapid spread with involving
many persons.
Ex: Influenza.
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Pandemic:
Epidemic , that spreads many parts of
the world within a short time.
Ex :Influenza, Cholera,
Plague, Viral conjunctivitis.
4. Prosodemic:
Slowly spreading epidemic.
Ex : Cerebrospinal fever.
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40. GREEN FIEND
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) in Atlanta, GA – principal government
agency responsible for keeping track of
infectious diseases nationwide
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
(RITM) - conduct researches to prevent and to
control occurring tropical and other infectious
diseases in the Philippines.
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41. GREEN FIEND
BE AWARE of
INFECTIONS
&
INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
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