Information Technology Project Management, Revised 7th edition test bank.docx
Ā
Changing Culture v9 RDU
1. copyright Joseph Little 2014
Culture & Agile & Change
āCulture eats Strategy for Breakfastā
āCould you please get those morons out of the road!ā
!
TriAgile Conference
May 2014
!
Joseph Little
LeanAgileTraining.com
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About Joe Little
ā¢ An Agile Coach, a CST (Scrum Trainer) [CSM, CSPO, CSP], MBA. Former
English major. Southerner and New Yorker.
ā¢ More business-oriented than most agile guys. More into Lean and Business
Value Engineering. 8 courses with Jeļ¬ Sutherland.
ā¢ Find me at:
ā¢ LeanAgileTraining.com
ā¢ http://www.linkedin.com/in/joelittle
ā¢ Blog: http://www.leanagiletraining.com/blog/
ā¢ Twitter: jhlittle
ā¢ jhlittle@kittyhawkconsulting.com
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A āusefulā slide deck
ā¢ Because I donāt trust pretty slide decks. So, I made this one useful (to me at
least).
ā¢ āWeāre talking here!ā
ā¢ What I have learned so far....
ā¢ But jam packed with friends. And resources.
!
ā¢ āGo conļ¬dently in the direction of your dreams.ā H.D. Thoreau
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The nutshell
ā¢ Summary of key ideas
ā¢ Some basics (Kotter)
ā¢ Why is it hard?
ā¢ My suggestions
ā¢ Some friends and guides (Satir, Vodde, Hofstede, Pink, Manns & Rising,
Denning, Apello, Kotter, Gat, Ohno, Drucker, Takeuchi, Nonaka, Mezick)
ā¢ Some fun quotes (useful?)
ā¢ A question. And your questions (and some responses)
ā¢ You can do it! (a pat on the back) Vaya con Dios!
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Hereās the test question I will ask later ā !!!
ā¢ What one thing do you want to act on immediately?
!
ā¢ BE READY.
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My dream
ā¢ āMan is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. ā
ā¢ Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The Social Contract.
ā¢ āI saw the angel in the marble and carved until I set her free.ā Michelangelo
!
ā¢ But: You must dream your own dream.
ā¢ Second sentence (J-J R): āThose who think themselves the masters of others
are indeed greater slaves than they.ā
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The Problem (practical & concrete)
Take one relatively small group
& get them to understand & do
Lean-Agile-Scrum better
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The Summary
1. It is easy to 'work hard' at changing the culture and get nowhere.
2. It is easy to change the culture a little bit.
3. Change will happen; your only job is to inļ¬uence it. And you can.
4. Actions speak louder than words.
5. "Become the change you want to see in the world." (Gandhi)
6. "Love your enemies. Do good to those who hate you."
7. "When in doubt tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and
astound your friends." Mark Twain
8. "Just dance." Lady Gaga. Ride the wave.
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Just Dance
Red One
Konvict
Gaga (oh, yeah)
!
I've had a little bit too much, much
All of the people start to rush.
Start to rush by.
A dizzy twister dance
Can't ļ¬nd my drink or man.
Where are my keys, I lost my phone.
What's going on on the ļ¬oor?
I love this record baby, but I can't see straight anymore.
Keep it cool what's the name of this club?
I can't remember but it's alright, I'm alright.
!
[Chorus:]
Just dance. Gonna be okay.
Da-doo-doo-doo
Just dance. Spin that record babe.
Da-doo-doo-doo
Just dance. Gonna be okay.
Duh-duh-duh-duh
Dance. Dance. Dance. Just dance.
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Why is this culture thing so hard?
ā¢ We donāt know what we are talking about.
ā¢ We donāt know what to do.
ā¢ Our expectations for speed of success are unrealistic.
ā¢ We donāt describe success well.
ā¢ It is big. And feels amorphous.
ā¢ Itās an instinctive / emotional āØ
thing more than a rational thing.
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There is no magic.
ā¢ Not in 1215 (Magna Carta)
ā¢ Not in 1776 (or 1781) (the Declaration of Independence, the Battle of
Yorktown)
ā¢ Not on June 6, 1944 (D-Day)
ā¢ Not in 1989 (the fall of the Iron Curtain)
ā¢ But āimpossibleā things happen daily.
ā¢ Note to self: These events involved multiple people.
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Some basics - 1
ā¢ Culture deļ¬ned. āCulture consists of group norms of behavior and the
underlying shared [tacit] values that help keep those norms in place.ā Ex:
9am.
ā¢ Culture starts where? āIt usually comes from the founders of the group. For
whatever reason, they value certain things and behave in ways that seem to
help the group succeed. Success is key. So it seeps into the groupās DNA.ā
ā¢ How change? āA powerful person at the top, or a large enough group from
anywhere in the organization, decides the old ways are not working...ā
ā¢ http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkotter/2012/09/27/the-key-to-changing-
organizational-culture/
ā¢ āEverything changes, nothing remains the same.ā Buddha, - 2000 years.
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Some basics - 2
āA powerful person at the top, or a large enough group
from anywhere in the organization, decides the old ways
are not working, ļ¬gures out a change vision, starts
acting differently, and enlists others to act differently. If
the new actions produce better results, if the results are
communicated and celebrated, and if they are not killed
off by the old culture ļ¬ghting its rear-guard action, new
norms will form and new shared values will grow.ā
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What do we want to change, really?
ā¢ Change Thinking. Why? So that they will decide and act diļ¬erently on small
matters.
ā¢ Change Actions (behavior). That ātheyā will allow agile (the big parts of it) to
happen?
ā¢ It is (ok, only feels):
ā¢ Impossible
ā¢ Lonely
ā¢ Endless
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Some initial ideas - 1
1. āWhether you think you can or you canāt, youāre right.ā Henry Ford
2. Show up.
3. Gather your āfriendsā.
4. Decide what culture means to you. Be as speciļ¬c as possible.
5. Pull together some ideas about people. Youāre going to discover a lot about
people. Your new BFFs. You need ideas to help talk about individuals and
groups of people.
6. Decide how you would know some useful āchangeā had happened. (EX:
āThey allowed us to start a 2nd Scrum Team and ļ¬x these 3 impediments.ā)
7. Deļ¬ne the culture you want. Incremental-ize it.
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Some initial ideas - 2
1. Map the culture. Maybe: The white hats, the gray, the black hats.
2. Decide who needs changing / ļ¬xing. Prioritize.
3. Know your enemy.
4. āQ: How do you eat an elephant? A: One spoonful at a time.ā āØ
Make a list of small āfeatures.ā (Change backlog & roadmap!)
5. Fix a few people at a time. Maybe only one at a time.
6. Track progress.
7. Tell success stories.
8. Expect āfailuresā. Get back in the saddle. Learn from them.
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Mind games /// sympathy
ā¢ āSome people, if they donāt already know it, you canāt
explain it to them.ā Yogi Berra
ā¢ This means: Understand how they think. And explain
things in a way that suits their thinking, their basic
assumptions about....life.
ā¢ Seek ļ¬rst to understand, then to be understood.
(Based on the prayer of St. Francis)
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Let me be clear
ā¢ Be hard and be soft
ā¢ Be aggressive and be gentle
ā¢ Be masculine and be feminine
!
ā¢ Easy!
ā¢ No contradictions here!
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So, I brought you some friends...
ā¢ āDante, hereās Virgil. Virgil, hereās my good friend Dante. He wants to go on a
diļ¬cult journey. Help him to ļ¬nd the straight path.ā
ā¢ Some guides...for your journey.
!
ā¢ Yes, an interesting journey.
ā¢ Look at it this way: Youāll take āØ
some interesting pictures and āØ
have lots of stories to tell!
Francesca and Paolo..., Scheffer
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Bas Vodde & Geert Hofstede
ā¢ Bas is an Agile Coach & Trainer. Geert writes many books on culture, eg,
Cultureās Consequences.
ā¢ See Basās presentations here: http://www.odd-e.com/index.php?
page=pageIdeas
ā¢ Especially: āScrum doesnāt work in China?ā
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Dimensions
1. Power Distance. (High is ābadā)
2. Individualism versus Collectivism (former is ābadā)
3. Masculinity versus Femininity (latter is āgoodā)
4. Uncertainty Avoidance (High is ābadā)
5. Long-term Orientation vs Short-term (L-T is āgoodā, since it leads one to be
more adaptable)
6. Indulgence versus Restraint (Seems indulgence has more fun)
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Joeās Conclusions
1. Cultures are complex.
2. Most people canāt explain their culture.
3. Every culture sees agile a diļ¬erent way.
4. Every culture in some ways supports agile.
5. Every culture in some ways rejects agile.
6. Every culture has a paradoxical, contradictory mix of elements.
7. Your job: change the balance.
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What are we talking here?
ā¢ It probably is not brain surgery with a long sword aimed at their neck. āØ
Not a total transplant.
!
ā¢ More like opening the cranial lid, and putting you hands in -- and squishing
around in the wet stuļ¬ a bit. A tweak here, a push there... More subtle. But
soon you hear āem singing a new tune.
ā¢ Wear gloves. And wash afterward. Please. (Itās messy!)
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Side Conversation
1. You can. You really can.
Lots of stories, real stories, where people just like you did.
I believe in you.
You must believe that something is worth changing. And you must have
something to change toward. (Agile? Scrum? X?)
If you do....where there is a will, there is a way.
2. You are not alone.
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One issue: Honesty
ā¢ Reality: āNever tell the truth!ā
ā¢ Lies, damn lies, and statistics.
ā¢ CYA, the blame game, āperformance reviewsā
ā¢ The amount of dishonesty in corporations is... amazing.
ā¢ Failure? No, never happened to me!
ā¢ Itās not a lie; itās a report!
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One more time: where is culture?
ā¢ In each of the individuals, or in the group?
ā¢ Do we change one person at a time, or can we only change a āgroupā at a
time?
ā¢ Do we think of it as a virus that spreads throughout the bodies in the group?
And the group sustains it, even as we think we eliminate the virus in one
person?
!
ā¢ Joeās bias: Often it is best to ļ¬x one person at a time. (Start with yourself.)
ā¢ Joeās bias: Culture is like that part of the iceberg ābeneath the water.ā
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To be successful...
ā¢ You need structures and patterns you can act on.
ā¢ But you also need to see the problem and take action within a bigger, āknownā
context -- some meta-structure, some meta-patterns.
ā¢ We are making those visible too.
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Why? Knowledge Workers are different.
ā¢ Drive by Daniel Pink.
ā¢ Three Key Ideas:
ā¢ Autonomy - the ability to choose what and how tasks are completed
ā¢ Mastery - the process of becoming adept at an activity
ā¢ Purpose
ā¢ We have to āorganizeā things a diļ¬erent way now. People will produce more...
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Mary Lynn Manns & Linda Rising
ā¢ Fearless Change (book)
ā¢ āLeading Fearless Changeā (article)
ā¢ http://www.fearlesschangepatterns.com/
ā¢ A framework for thinking about change.
ā¢ 48 Patterns for change.
ā¢ Use one each day.
ā¢ Rinse and repeat.
ā¢ āLittle things are bigā (Yogi Berra)
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Step By Step (pattern)
ā¢ Relieve your frustration at the enormous task
of changing an organization by taking one
small step at a time toward your goal.
ā¢ You wonder what your plan should be for
introducing the new idea into your
organization.
ā¢ Use an incremental approach in the change
initiative, with short-term goals, while
keeping your long-term vision
āA journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step.ā Lao-tzu
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Fearless Change (book)
ā¢ Overview
ā¢ Experiences (real stories)
ā¢ Patterns
ā¢ Appendix
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List of Patterns
ā¢ See āFearless Change Patternsā hereā¦ āØ
http://agileconsortium.pbworks.com/w/page/1527357/Agile%20Articles
ā¢ 48 + 5 + 5 + 3 = 61.
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Stephen Denning
ā¢ The Leaderās Guide to Radical Management (book)
ā¢ http://www.stevedenning.com/site/Default.aspx
ā¢ http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2013/09/17/shift-index-2013-key-
innovation-ingredient-absent-worker-passion/
ā¢ http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/ āØ
the blog
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The Principles of Radical Management
ā¢ A shift in goal from making money for shareholders to
delighting customers through continuous innovation.
ā¢ A shift in the role of managers from controlling
individuals to enabling self-organizing teams.
ā¢ A shift in the way work is coordinated from bureaucracy
to dynamic linking.
ā¢ A shift in values from a preoccupation with eļ¬ciency to
a broader set of values that will foster continuous
innovation.
ā¢ A shift in communications from top-down commands to
horizontal communications.
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Jurgen Apello
ā¢ http://www.jurgenappelo.com/
ā¢ How To Change the World (book)
ā¢ Management 3.0 (book)
ā¢ Another guy from the Stoos group.
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ADKAR
ā¢ Awareness (of the need to change)
ā¢ Desire (to participate and support)
ā¢ Knowledge (of how to change and what change looks like)
ā¢ Ability (to implement change on a day-to-day basis)
ā¢ Reinforcement (to keep the change in place)
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Systems Thinking...
ā¢ Disturb the system (it will react in some way)
ā¢ Watch the ripples and learn
ā¢ If you change yourself, you change the system
ā¢ If you change several people, you have changed the system more
!
ā¢ Related: Use their own energy against them. You can ļ¬nd a leverage point to
ļ¬ip them.
ā¢ Complex Adaptive Systems.
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āHow do I deal with my crappy organization?ā
You have 3 choices (Jurgen says):
ā¢ Ignore it
ā¢ Quit your job
ā¢ Learn about change management
Joe: I like choice #3, but itās not always easy to do.
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You are in a marathon
ā¢ ...and thatās the good news
ā¢ Be patient, and you will win (if you deserve to)
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John Kotter
ā¢ http://www.kotterinternational.com/
ā¢ http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkotter/
ā¢ A Sense of Urgency (book)
ā¢ Leading Change (book)
ā¢ Buy-In: Saving your good ideas from getting shot down (book)
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The 8 Steps (Kotter)
1. Establishing a sense of urgency (70% fail)
2. Creating the guiding coalition
3. Developing a change vision
4. Communicating the vision for buy-in
5. Empowering broad-based action
6. Generating short-term wins
7. Never letting up
8. Incorporating Changes into the Culture
Note: But it is more subtle than that.
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A Sense of Urgency (Kotter book)
ā¢ āAim for the heartā (an experience)
ā¢ āUnderlying a true sense of urgency isāØ
a set of feelings:āØ
a compulsive determination āØ
to move, and win, now.ā
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Israel Gat
ā¢ http://blog.cutter.com/author/israelgat/
ā¢ The Concise Executive Guide to Agile (book)
ā¢ Key lesson: Speak their language
ā¢ A rational presentation.
ā¢ Idea: Sometimes all you need is for some naysayers to shut up.
ā¢ Related: There are lots of articles that also explain the beneļ¬ts of agile.
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Chapter 3: How to ļ¬t Agile into the fabric of your
company
ā¢ 3 sections:
ā¢ Heterogeneous Development Environments
ā¢ Performances Measures
ā¢ Linking Agile to Planning and Budgeting Processes
Very rational. No discussion of changing āculture.ā We are just rationally
changing processes.
It might work some places. Certainly his issues often must be addressed.
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Taiichi Ohno
ā¢ He is the key person behind "Lean" (the Toyota Way)
ā¢ He changed Toyota from the late 1940's until well into the 1980's.
ā¢ He was not ļ¬nished when he retired.
ā¢ Be patient.
!
ā¢ Read his books!
ā¢ He is subtle.
ā¢ He oļ¬ers nothing to attack.
ā¢ He speaks common sense (usually not very common).
ā¢ He attacks them where they are weakest.
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Taiichi Ohno
ā¢ Toyota Production System (book)
ā¢ Workplace Management (book)
ā¢ āAll we are doing is looking at the time line, from the moment the customer
gives us an order to the point when we collect the cash. And we are reducing
the time line by reducing the non-value adding wastes.ā
ā¢ āWhy not make the work easier and more interesting so that people do not
have to sweat?Ā The Toyota style is not to create results by working hard. It is
a system that says there is no limit to peopleās creativity.Ā People donāt go to
Toyota to āworkā, they go there to āthinkā.ā
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Lessons
ā¢ Key idea:
ā¢ Argue for a while.
ā¢ Usually the other person won't agree. (āPeople don't resist change, they
resist being changed.ā)
ā¢ So, agree to try an experiment (his idea or yours). And let the experiment
prove that an idea is better (in some way).
!
ā¢ Understand how Agile is like Lean.
ā¢ It is hard for any business person to resist Lean.
ā¢ If Lean ideas are in your culture, use that.
ā¢ Explain Agile in Lean terms.
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Peter Drucker
ā¢ He invented the term āknowledge workerā
ā¢ Why do you care?
ā¢ Because it changed the game.
ā¢ He wrote LOTS of books . And articles.
ā¢ āPeople who don't take risks generally make about two big mistakes a year.
People who do take risks generally make about two big mistakes a year.ā
ā¢ āCulture eats strategy for Breakfastā -- Peter Drucker (attributed)
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Some ideas
ā¢ āThe most important contribution management needs to make in the 21st
century is similarly (50x) to increase the productivity of knowledge work and
knowledge workers.ā
ā¢ āThe most valuable asset of a 21st-century institution (whether business or
nonbusiness) will be its knowledge workers and their productivity.ā
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Six major factors determine knowledge-worker
productivity
1. Knowledge-worker productivity demands that we ask the question: āØ
āWhat is the task?ā
2. Knowledge Workers have to manage themselves. They have to have
autonomy.
3. Continuing innovation has to be part of the work.
4. Knowledge work requires continuous learning.
5. Productivity: Quality is at least as important.
6. Knowledge-worker productivity requires that the knowledge worker is both
seen and treated as an āassetā rather than a ācost.ā (6a)
7. Requires that knowledge workers want to work for the organization (6b)
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Takeuchi & Nonaka
ā¢ They wrote The New New Product Development Game (HBR-1986) - they are
the godfathers of Scrum.
ā¢ They explain the mysteries of knowledge work well.
ā¢ Use their ideas.
ā¢ Use their many books and articles.
ā¢ āThe Knowledge Creating Companyā. Article, also book. (hbr.com)
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Dan Mezick
ā¢ Wrote: The Culture Game.
ā¢ The Open Agile Adoption Handbook (Oct 2013)
ā¢ Some insights:
ā¢ Culture can be hacked
ā¢ We want learning organizations
ā¢ Game your meetings (clarify the ārules of the gameā re meetings)
ā¢ Use a whole bunch of agile ideas to manage the culture change
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What is culture hacking?
ā¢ āCulture hacking is the active, intentional and iterative modiļ¬cation of existing
cultural norms...ā
ā¢ ā...with the intent to create a stronger culture of learning.ā
ā¢ āCulture hackers are...refactoring existing cultural code...so that the overall
system displays more robust performance.ā
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Agile Ideas to use in Change
1. Improve the meetings
2. Examine your norms (retrospective / feedback)
3. Be punctual
4. Structure your interactions
5. Announce your intent
6. Conduct frequent experiments
7. Manage visually
8. Inspect frequently (eg, do one āsprintāsā worth of change)
9. Get coached
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Other key insights
ā¢ Donāt just ask for āchangeā; deļ¬ne the change you want.
ā¢ He placesā¦ āhigh value on continuous organizational learningā
ā¢ Some similarity to āThe Knowledge Creating Companyā
ā¢ It is not just āchangeā or āstop doing thatā, but positive and clear.
ā¢ The future is not a new plateau!
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āOpen Agile Adoptionā
ā¢ First: Two Open Space events that time-box a ārite of passageā toward
āadoption.'
ā¢ Second: Multiple 'rites of passage', each to a new level of adoption,
productivity, success.
ā¢ Purpose: A more rapid and lasting Agile adoption. Leading to better overall
business results.
ā¢ Key: Invitation, engagement, collaboration.
ā¢ Adoption āsprintsā within the larger rite of passage.
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Goals
ā¢ More success for everyone.
ā¢ But we think one key cause is: Better adoption of agile by the culture.
ā¢ We think that is driven byā¦. (all these other things we are talking aboutā¦)
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Open Agile Adoption ā Your opinionsā¦
ā¢ What do you think so far?
ā¢ What sounds good?
ā¢ What puzzles or worries you?
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My recent learning
ā¢ It works! Or so I think so far.
ā¢ The Sponsor (person of authority) is important. Often 'the people' feel
powerless until the sponsor authorizes them to 'self-organize.'
ā¢ Self-organization can feel scary to some Sponsors. But usually less than you
expect.
ā¢ There is lots of work to 'set it up.' And you only want to inļ¬uence.
ā¢ They will self-organize. They won't do it perfectly. Expect 'good things', but
nothing speciļ¬c.
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RELATED: Talk to the Executives and Managers
ā¢ They need to change too.
ā¢ They need information about what Agile is.
ā¢ You need to inļ¬uence they way they think.
ā¢ You need them to change their behavior!
ā¢ So, what do you say to them?
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How do you know the cultural change is
happening?
ā¢ Letās discuss.
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Key Ideas
ā¢ Invitation
ā¢ By doing it together, they inļ¬uence each other.
ā¢ By doing Open Space, they become actors in the change. They are no longer
ābeing changed.ā
ā¢ Watch out for inļ¬uencing that is felt as āforcing.ā
ā¢ Tell stories (before and after). Fill the story āļ¬eld.ā
ā¢ Fix impediments! Fix impediments! Fix impediments!
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Recent learnings - 2
ā¢ Are you surprised that it will take more than one Open Space event?
ā¢ It takes time for the group to change! Frustrating. But, do we think Culture is
important?
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You can!
ā¢ Yes, it will be hard and frustrating some days. All good work is.
ā¢ You can do it! Even you. And you can get help.
ā¢ How do I know this?
ā¢ With a sense of humor, honesty, love, patience, perseverance, boldness (and
some intelligence) -- you can change the whole world. āØ
āØ
But for now, your job is simpler.
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āThe future aināt what it used to be.āāØ
āThe game isnāt over ātil itās over.ā
!
āTake it with a grin of salt.ā
!
Yogi Berra 74
You are in āthe
showā now.
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Closing
ā¢ I will make this slide deck available. āØ
!
ā¢ What one thing do you want to act on ļ¬rst?
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Joe Little
ā¢ Agile coach and trainer (CST).
ā¢ jhlittle@kittyhawkconsulting.com
ā¢ LeanAgileTraining.com
ā¢ 704-376-8881
ā¢ Contact me if I can help.
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