3. History…
- The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative created to
fund the research
- Richard Feynman -The theoretical capability was
envisioned as early as 1959 by the renowned physicist
Grand father of nanotechnology
- K. Eric Drexler popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in
the 1980's-building machines on the scale of nanometers
Father of nanotechnology
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4. Nanotechnology
The branch of technology that deals with dimensions a
tolerances of 0.1 - 100 nm. It is the engineering of
functional
systems at the molecular scale.
Technology devoted to manipulation of atoms &
molecules leading to construction of structures in the
nanoscale size range retaining unique properties
Nanobiotechnology
Branch of nanotechnology with biological & biochemic
application or uses.
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5. – Lighter
– Stronger
– Faster
– Smaller
– More Durable
Nanotechnology …nanoparticles
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6. APPLICATON
•PHYSICAL SCIENCES
• ELECTRONIC
• SPACE RESEARCH
FUEL CELLS-SOLAR CELLS
• ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION- WATER, AIR,
TOXICANT DETECTOR
• FABRICS
• SPORTING GOODS
• MEDICINE - REPRODUCTION Willie et al .,(2008)
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8. BIOMATERIALS FOR CELL CULTURE
Stem cells are a natural choice for cell therapy due to their
pluripotent nature and self-renewal capacity .
Creating reserves of undifferentiated stem cells and
subsequently driving their differentiation to a lineage of
choice in an efficient and scalable manner is critical for the
ultimate clinical success of cellular therapeutics.
Novel opportunities and challenges offered by
Nanobiomaterials in tissue Engineering
Engineered tissues are functional equivalents which can
mimic key
biological responses Fabrizio Gelain et al .,
(2008)
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9. A number of scaffolding materials, including synthetic and
naturally-
derived biomaterials, have been utilized in tissue engineering
approaches
to direct differentiation.
Monolithic polymers. Hwang et al., (2008)
Nanosized zinc oxide.
Poly-L-lactic acid/hydroxyapatite electrospun
nanocomposites
Quantum dots (QD)
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)
Lober et al ., (2008)
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10. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, consisting of cell-seeded
polymer scaffolds, offer a unique medium for toxicology
studies because they can be engineered to mimic specific
biological systems.
Hydrogel scaffolds will be tuned mechanically, chemically, and
structurally to mimic native tissue.
Model neural cells or neural progenitor cells will be
encapsulated within tailored hydrogels, exposed to
nanoparticles.
Cell health and differentiation will be quantified using absorbance or
fluorescence based methods and immunocytochemical methods.
Kavita et al., (2008)
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12. SPERM ISOLATION
- Swim-up technique
- Density gradient separation
Trounson and Gardner,
(2000)
D/A:
- Sperm morphological damage
- DNA damage
- Production of oxygen-free radicals or
multiple
- Injuries Laborious and time consuming
Aitken and Clarkson,
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13. PRINCIPLE
Motile sperms have the ability to actively propel themseles
across contacting surface areas and deviate from the initial stream
line into the media stream for collection, whereas nonmotile sperm
and cellualr debris remain in the initial stream and exited the
device.
Fabrication of micrifluidic device
-Photolithography and etching of silioc and glass .
-Poly(methyl)methacrylate
-Fluorinated ethylene propylene
-Pol(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS)-
Nontoxic,
Easy to mainpulate,
Transparent, insulating
Permeable to gases, seals easily
Sahlin et al.,
(2002)
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14. MICROFLUIDICS IN
OOCYTE
Handling of oocyte results poor
development.
More hormone and growth factors
required.
In-vivo structure needed
Oocyte monitoring
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15. Loading and unloading was carried out with relative ease
via a funnel-shaped inlet well and standard pipetting
techniques. The microfluidic channel measured 500 mi.m
wide 3400 mi.m deep,
As the oocyte flowed along the microchannel, it passed
through these conditioning areas, forcing the attached
cumulus cells to the poles of the cell.
The oocyte was manoeuvered to removal ports, two thin
channels placed at 90° to each other .
Beebe, (2002)
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16. EMBRYO CULTURE SYSTEMS
In-vitro oocyte maturation and subsequent fertilization in
pigs within an integrated PDMS microfluidic device
(channeldimensions 1000 microm wide & 3250 microm
deep).
The overall total number of sperm used for IVF within the
microfluidic device is <1500 based on the volume of the
microchannel.
Successful fertilization was noted following24 h of co-
incubation within the collection well.
Volumes of 5±10 ml containing a range of 500±4000 sperm
per oocyte were used in the capillary tubes.
Overall fertilization rates between controls and capillary
tubes were
similar (78 and 66% respectively)
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Beebe et al ., (2002).
17. METABOLOMICS
EMBRYO METABOLOMICS
Embryonic metabolism – normal wellbeing and development
Several key energetic substrates (glucose, pyruvate, and
lactate) using microfluorometric enzymatic assays.
Perform serial measurements of glucose, pyruvate, and
lactate in triplicate with submicroliter sample volumes
within 5 min. Non-invasive, simple.
The current architecture allows for automated analysis of 10
samples and intermittent calibration over a 3h period.
O'Donovan ,
(2006)
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18. ADVANTAGES
Microfluidics may ultimately provide an
alternative to ICSI for oligospermic males.
Volumes 5-10 microlitre with sperm conc 500-
4000- fert. Rate (76 %).
By mimicking in-vivo conditions of fertilization,
decreasing volumes for insemination, reduces
polyspermy
Allows delivery of high concentrations of
sperm but low absolute numbers, males with
insuffcient sperm for traditional IVF may be
treatable with insemination in a
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microenvironment
19. They are versatile and portable, Provide fresh media without
manipulation,
Uses low amt. of samples and eagents
Provides faster reaction and response time
Less handling of semen samples
Atrauamtic to the sperms
Small and self-contained
Following, oocyte can be directed to asecondary site for
cumulus removal, evaluation for fertilization and embryo
culture,,
D/A
Rate of flow slow-20-40 microliter/ hour- too long to
process the semen sample.
Goal- integration of miniaturization and integration-
channel for the oocyte and the collection stream of sorted
sperm would result in automatic coincubation of the of the
oocyte with motile sperms Jerome A
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21. Using nanotechnology, it may be possible to achieve
- Improved delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs
- Targeted delivery of drugs in a cell- or tissue-specific
manner
- Transcytosis of drugs across tight epithelial and
endothelial barriers
- Delivery of large macromolecule drugs to intracellular
sites of action
- Co-delivery of two or more drugs or therapeutic
modality for
combination therapy
- Visualization of sites of drug delivery by combining
therapeutic
agents with imaging modalities
- Real-time read on the in vivo efficacy of a therapeutic
agent
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23. Testosterone
(TST) release from the PLGA nanoparticles was dependent
on the particle size rather than thedrug contents. It release
from the PLGA nanoparticles prepared by the solvent
diffusion
Progesterone
Loaded lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles for transmucosal
delivery.
Drug concentrations 2-20 mg/100ml,
Size ranged between 200 to 300 nm
Estrogen
efficiently 40 to 69%.
Poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) particles, containing
estrogen
The preparation method consists of emulsifying a solution
of polymer and drug in the aqueous phase containing
stabilizer. Size-100 nm.
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24. GENE DELIVERY
Gold colloids functionalized with amino acids provide a
scaffold for effective DNA binding with
equent condensation.
Particles with lysine and lysine dendron functionality
formed particularly compact complexes and provided
highly efficient gene delivery without any observed
cytotoxicity.
Biodegradable polymers
Magnetic nnopaticles
Poly(beta-amino esters), Chitosan, Photochemical
internalisation (PCI)
Ghosh, (2005)
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25. NANOPUMP These used to deliver hormones
This phenomenon is called electro-osmotic flow, which
pumps the solution out of the delivery device through
nano-channels and out through the nano-pores.
AD:
Constant delivery at specific times,correct dosage.
Direct into system,can be refilled easily.
D/A: No control of dosage, eletrolyte form.
Papalouca, (2007)
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27. PROSTATE CANCER BIOMARKERS
Detection of cancer protein biochips consisting of micro- and nanoarra
whereby pegylated quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies (Abs
of prostate specific antigens (PSA) were used for the detection of clinic
biomarkers such as PSA.
Gokarna A et al., (2008)
Imaging Ovarian Cancer
Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA
nanoparticles that encapsulate diethylenetriaminepentacetic
acid Gd (III) dihydrogen salt hydrate (Gd-DTPA), a clinically
approved magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent.
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(2007)
28. STEM CELL IMAGING.
• Iron oxide nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide
particles (SPIO), are ,QD are applied, because of their high
sensitivity for cell detection and their excellent biocompatibility.
•SPIO particles are composed of an iron oxide core and a dextran,
carboxydextran or starch coat, and function by creating local field
in homogeneities.
•This procedure demonstrates labeling of stem cells with
nanoparticles for a non-invasive in vivo tracking of the stem with
MR imaging.
Henning et al., (2008)
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30. Biosensors are known as: immunosensors,
optrodes, chemical canaries, resonant
mirrors,glucometers, biochips, biocomputers,
The name “biosensor” signifies that the device
is a combination of two parts: (i) a bio-
element, (ii) a sensor-element .
Biosensors can be of many types such as:
(i) Resonant biosensors, (ii)Optical-Detection
biosensors, (iii) Thermal-Detection biosensors, (iv)
Ion-Sensitive FET SFET) biosensors, and (v)
Electrochemical biosensors.
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31. NANOPARTICLE AS AN DIAGNOSTIC
The detection limit of hCG in urine by this method is 50
mIU/mL.
The results of the examination of performance
characteristics, accuracy, specificity and sensitivity were
100%, 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively. With respect to
precision analysis, precision was equal to 100%.
The cost of the gold nanoparticle (about US$0.01 per test in
Thailand) is 150 times cheaper than the urine strip
Rojrit Rojanathanes et al .,
(2008)
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32. Toxicity
More serious for I/V injected
nanoparticles
Oxidative stress and apoptosis
e.g., carbon nanotubes
Cadmium toxicity- Cadmium selenide
QDs
Cell death via apoptosis or necrosis
or both Polymeric micelles
Cytotoxic to immune cells
Idiosyncratic reaction
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33. Ethical Questions.
Creation of autonomous (“living”)
agents
Blurring of frontiers between “beings”
and “things”
- “allowed to mankind” ?
- “acceptable to society” ?
- controllable at long term ?
- potential for infectious spread of
self-replicating?
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