I gave a lecture to Government officials and Telco/ISP people from Asian developing countries. About the Internet Goverance. Hosted

1. Development and
Governance of
the Internet
Where we came from and where we are going to?
Challenges and Opportunities
BHN APT Seminar
Jan 28, 2013
Izumi Aizu
iza@anr.org

2. 2
Suggestions
 Think hard!
 Make your own memo
 Prepare comments & questions
 Don’t hesitate to ask questions or
make comments any time

3. 3May 22 2010
Telecom or Internet?
Telecom
Network
Internet
Services
Internet
Telephony
Fixed Line
Services
Mobile/wireless
Services
YouTube
Facebook
Twitter
Amazon
Blog
Skype
www
Email

4. Four Questions
1. Why did you get involved with
Telecom/Communication?
2. What is your professional goal?
3. Which one do you think is more
important, Telecom network or Internet
services? And why do you think so?
4. Have you heard the term "Internet
Governance"? If so, what is your
understanding of Internet Governance?
What is the problem?
4

5. Wahyu Winarto, Indonesia
Why did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?
Because I got scholarship from PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia
(incumbent telecommunication company in my country) in 1992,
then I started to join PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia since 1997.
What is your professional goal?
I want to be a Professional HR Practitioner, specially in
Telecommunication industries.
Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or
Internet services? And why do you think so?
In my opinion, at this time, internet services become very much
important because of emergent of digital economy, but digital
economy can only has significant contribution to GDP if there are
sufficient telecom network.
Have you heard the term "Internet Governance"? If so, what is your
understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?
No, I haven't, but in my perception, it's related to how to govern the
internet. In Indonesia we have such law. It's Law of Electronic
Information & Transaction.
5

6. O.Babakulov, Uzbekstan
Why did you get Telecommunications / Communications?
Because, I have grown fond of technology. And then, the modern
trends in the global market, there is innovation in the field of
information and communication technologies, and their effective
use in more efficient management and technological processes in
enterprises, the creation of new and expansion of existing markets
for goods and services in different areas. Telecommunication
services are increasingly intertwined with the concept of the Internet
and its availability promotes more intensive exchange of information
and knowledge between people, leading to a society based on
knowledge. Consequently, the development of telecommunications
services, including the Internet contributes to higher living
standards.
Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or
Internet services?Why do you think so?
Because the telecommunications and Internet related to many.
Internet - without telecommunication networks represent is difficult.
I think so.

7. Aminur Rahman, Bangladesh
Why did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?
Now is the age of Telecom/ICT. ICT plays the key role in today’s
economy. No matter what industry people are in, it’s unlikely that it
is untouched by the advent of Telecom/ICT – which is mostly the
preserve of techies. Telecom/ ICT jobs can be very rewarding. After
all, it’s the hot growth sector of the 21st century. Things are
changing constantly. Technology is ever improving. Business
models are rushing to keep pace with technological developments,
which sometimes can be highly disruptive. If this is the kind of
challenge that one enjoys and the kind of environment that he
wants to thrive in, then he should consider a career in Telecom/ICT.
Moreover, an EEE graduate dreams to innovate and serve in his
own field. Considering the described matters I got involved with
Telecom/ICT.
What is your professional goal?
My professional goal is to be a resource personal in Telecom/ICT
sector. Especially, I want to be a professional in the
management/administration of ICT in a broader sense.

8. Aminur Rahman, Bangladesh, 2
3. Which one do you think is more important, Telecom
network or Internet services? And why do you think so?
Now a days people talk which is more important, telecom
network or internet services? I say both of them are
important.
As telecom network is obviously necessary for enter into
the server to retrieve information, internet services are
necessary to make peoples’ life easier using those data
communication. Internet services have no meaning if
there is no network to use those services. On the
contrary, telecom network has no uses if there is no
internet services. Now people do not want to talk only,
they like to use online services using telecom network
and internet services. In some extent, services are more
desirable to people rather they bother what network they
are using.

9. 4. Have you heard the term "Internet Governance”?If so, what is your
understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?
Yes, I have heard the term “Internet Governance”. Internet governance
is the development and application of shared principles, norms, rules,
decision-making procedures, and programs that shape the evolution
and use of the Internet. This article describes how the Internet was and
is currently governed, some of the controversies that occurred along
the way, and the ongoing debates about how the Internet should or
should not be governed in the future. Internet governance should not
be confused with E-Governance which refers to technology driven
governance.
The definition of Internet governance has been contested by differing
groups across political and ideological lines. One of the main debates
concerns the authority and participation of certain actors, such as
national governments, corporate entities and civil society, to play a
role in the Internet's governance. A Working group established after a
United Nations-initiated World Summit on the Information Society
(WSIS) proposed the following definition of Internet governance as part
of its June 2005 report:
Internet governance is the development and application by
Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective
roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures,
and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.
Aminur Rahman, Bangladesh, 3

10. Gayan Munasinghe, Sri Lanka
1. Electronic and telecommunication was my favorite
subject/topic from my school life to date. Therefore I
selected Telecommunication sector as my carrier
2. Updating my knowledge on new telecommunication
based technologies to serve the society as possible as
I can
3. Telecommunication is the most important. It is the
infrastructure to deliver the internet services. There is
no internet services at all when there is not a Network.
4. I have heard little bit about internet governance. It
says about the requirement of Common way of
communication among all the users in the global
intranet.
10

11. Vongketh Phitsarath, Laos
Why did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?
I can face many new difference things, new opportunities & challenges, learning
of new knowledge of technologies and can communicate with new peoples.
What is your professional goal?
To make a positive impact in the company though my expertise and ethics. I also
look forward to develop myself in leadership areas and can leading my team to
new innovations and growth
Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet
services? And why do you think so?
Internet service is more importance. It’s the greatest development in the domain
of communication industry while it functions as a valuable resource of
information. To communicate with unlimited people in the same time. A wide
variety of entertainment including video games, music, movies, chat room, news
and others can be accessed through the Internet. Business transactions that
entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another such as e-
commerce. To community by discussions, express their views and gather
valuable knowledge. Beside that it’s more comfortable such as A variety of
services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking,
buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When
you avail these services offline, they become more expensive.
Have you heard the term “Internet Governance”? No, never

12. Anna Marie Fernando,
The Philippines
Why did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?
I got involved in Telecom/Communication when:
a) I worked for the Philippine National Economic
Development Agency (the economic think tank
government branch of our country) and
b) I worked for the Philippine Long Distance
Telecommunications Company (the dominant telco player
in the Philippines to date).
I wanted to get involved in Telecom/Communication
because I think it's a economic infrastructure for nation
building. As an enabler of a lot of possibilities, I think
Telecom/Comms will also provide good learning
opportunities for me.
What is your professional goal?
To have a successful career and find meaning in the work I
do.

13. Anna Marie Fernando, The Phillipines, 2
Which one do you think is more important, Telecom
network or Internet services? And why do you think so?
Both since I think lines between Telecom and Internet is
blurring as the ICT sector evolves.
Have you heard the term "Internet Governance"? If so,
what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What
is the problem?
Yes, in my reading for the BHN CyberLaw Subject. In my
understanding, Internet Governance is about establishing
standards and regulations that would promote usage
while serving the interest of the consumers. However, I
think there's a huge debate on this one because it's
difficult to strike a balance between the 2 (e.g. internet
regulation on internet libel vs. right to freedom of speech,
etc.)

14. 14
In the beginning…
 Few people believed that ordinary people
will use computers
 Very few people believed that people will
use computers to communicate
 In the Telecom world…Internet was
regarded as “dirty”, “not secure”, not
suited to serious business
 Governments, Telco, ITU, Business,
Academia - all main stream people were
against the Internet

15. Introduction
The user is the center
PC enabled people to control computers
“Counter-culture” from West Coast
“Hackers”, Steven Levy”
“Tools for Thought”, Howard Rheingold
Linking computers made users more powerful
“Virtual Community”, H. Rheingold
Internet empowering people & society
Free communication, action, inter-action
“Smart Mobs”, H. Rheingold

16. ITR at WCIT/ITU
• ITR: International Telecommunications
Regulation
an International Treaty, revised since 1988 version
• WCIT: World Conference on International
Telecommunication, held in Dubai, Dec 2012

17. New global telecoms treaty agreed in Dubai
World Conference on International
Telecommunications forges solid new framework
for tomorrow’s hyper-connected world
News Release by ITU
 Dubai, 14 December, 2012 – After two intensive weeks of negotiations, delegates from
around the world have agreed a new global treaty that will help pave the way to a hyper-
connected world that will bring the power of information and communication technologies
(ICTs) to people everywhere.
 Over 2,000 delegates were registered for the conference, which was held by ITU at the
request of its 193 Member States to renegotiate the International Telecommunication
Regulations (ITRs), the binding global treaty facilitating global interconnection and
interoperability of information and communication services, their efficient operation and their
widespread public availability.
 The treaty sets out general principles for ensuring the free flow of information around the
world. New provisions in the text place special emphasis on future efforts to assist
developing countries, on promoting accessibility to persons with disabilities, and on
asserting all people’s right to freedom of expression over ICT networks.
 Other pioneering new provisions include a Resolution to create a single, globally
harmonized number for access to emergency services, new text mandating greater
transparency in the prices set for mobile roaming, and new provisions to improve the
energy efficiency of ICT networks and help combat e-waste.
 Tough issues that provoked considerable debate at the conference included network
security, unsolicited bulk content such as spam email, the definition of entities providing
services under the terms of the treaty, the principle of non-discriminatory access of
countries to each other’s networks, and whether or not to include language on freedom of
expression in the Preamble text of the treaty.

18. A true success?
Chairman Mohamed Nasser Al Ghanim (UAE) succeeded in breaking a
seeming deadlock on Thursday, after discussions late into the night on
Wednesday 12th failed to make headway on the few remaining sticking
points. Coming back to the meeting on Thursday evening after a tense
start to negotiations earlier that day, Mr Al Ghanim presented a new
‘consolidated package’ containing all agreed compromise texts that had
been negotiated painstakingly section by section over the past two
weeks at Committee, Ad Hoc Group and informal group level.
ITU Secretary-General Dr Hamadoun Touré called the signing of the
treaty this afternoon a “momentous occasion and historic opportunity to
bring connectivity to the two thirds of the world’s people who are still
offline.”
Speaking to assembled delegates at the closing ceremony this afternoon,
he said: “As you look back today on your very intensive, very long days
of work, you can hold our heads up high – proud that you have
triumphed over adversity and delivered the goods.” He added that he
regretted that some countries have so far declined to ratify the treaty,
and hoped ITU will continue to work constructively with those nations
going forward.

19. Or a true failure?
WCIT collapses: US, UK, allies refuse to sign treaty
after Africa wins floor vote
commsday.com
 The International Telecommunications Union and World Conference on International
Telecommunications was in crisis as we went to press at 6am AEST, with the United
States, the United Kingdom and several of their allies declaring that they would refuse to
sign the proposed International Telecommunications Regulations.
 The crisis erupted last night when the African bloc attempted to have its preferred form of
words over the rights of member states to access telecommunications networks accepted
in the treaty. The US and other allies saw the language as an unambiguous attempt to
open the ITRs up to governance and content regulation.
 Iran took the unprecedented step of calling for a vote, against the oft-stated intentions of
the ITU to forge a consensus on the ITRs. The vote was won 77-33 by the African bloc with
6 abstentions.
 The US then immediately declared it would not sign the treaty. Ambassador Terry Kramer
said “It’s with a heavy heart and a sense of missed opportunities that the US must
communicate that it’s not able to sign the agreement in the current form.”
 “The Internet has given the world unimaginable economic and social benefit during these
past 24 years. All without UN Regulation.”
 “We candidly cannot support an ITU Treaty that is inconsistent with the multi-stakeholder
model of Internet governance. As the ITU has stated, this conference was never meant to
focus on Internet issues. However, today, we’re in a situation where we still have text and
resolutions that cover issues on spam and also provisions on Internet governance … the
United States continues to believe that Internet policy must be multi-stakeholder driven.
Internet policy should not be determined by Member States, but by citizen, communities,
and broader society. And such consultation from the private sector and civil society is
paramount. This has not happened here.”

20. Countries voted for ITU ITR

21. ITR Signatories
Non-signatories

22. Member States signed for ITR
AFGHANISTAN ALGERIA AZERBAIJAN ANGOLA SAUDI ARABIA ARGENTINA
BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BARBADOS BHUTAN BOTSWANA BRAZIL
BELIZE BENIN BRUNEI
DARUSSALAM
BURKINA
FASO BURUNDI CAPE VERDE
CAMBODIA CENTRAL
AFRICA CHINA COMOROS REPUBLIC OF
CONGO COTE D'IVOIRE
CUBA DJIBOUTI DOMINICA EL SALVADOR EGYPT GABON
GHANA GUATEMALA GUYANA HAITI IRAN INDONESIA
IRAQ JAMAICA JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KOREA KYRGYZSTAN
KUWAIT LEBANON LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYA LUCIA
MALAYSIA MALI MAURICE MEXICO MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA NEPAL NIGER NIGERIA OMAN PANAMA
PAPUA NEW
GUINEA PARAGUAY QATAR RUSSIAN
FEDERATION RWANDA SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH SUDAN SRI LANKA
SUDAN SWAZILAND TANZANIA THAILAND TOGO TUNISIA
TRINIDAD AND
TOBAGO TURKEY UGANDA UKRAINE UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES URUGUAY
UZBEKISTAN YEMEN VENEZUELA VIET NAM ZIMBABWE
www.itu.int/osg/wcit-12/highlights/signatories.html

23. States not signed for ITR
ALBANIA ANDORRA ARMENIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELARUS
BELGIUM COLOMVIA BULGARIA COSTA RICA CANADA CHILE
CROATIA CYPRUS
CZECH
REPUBLIC
DENMARK ESTONIA FINLAND
FRANCE GAMBIA GEORGIA GERMANY GREECE HUNGARY
INDIA IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAPAN KENYA
LATVIA LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG MALAWI MALTA
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
MOLDOVA MONGOLIA MONTENEGRO NORWAY NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL SERBIA
SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND
UNITED
KINGDOM
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA

24. Debate on
Internet Governance
24

25. It all began with
the World Summit on the Information
Society (WSIS)
 Summit: United Nation’s high-level event with
Head of States to discuss matters of mutual
concerns, mostly global emerging issues
 WSIS – proposed by ITU, adopted by GA
 1st phase 2003 - in Geneva, 2nd 2005 in Tunis
 Objective:
 Close the digital divide in developing countries
 Take advantage of digital economy for further
development
 Address new issues of information society

26. “Internet Governance”
became the hottest issue
 Emerged during prep process in 2002, the hottest of all
issues
 Developing countries wanted to change the international
system around ICANN
 “Internet is a global public resource that requires
governments to manage”, calling for formal intervention
of governments in the management of the Domain Name
System, under the UN System by international
intergovernmental body
“Replace ICANN with ITU”, “UN to take over ICANN”
 USA and many Western countries argued for “No regulation” by
governments, let private sector to manage Internet resources
 Long and winding debate continued among governments
as well as business and civil society participants in the
preparatory process

27. 2014/4/23 27
What is “Internet Governance”?
1. Governance of Internet infrastructure
 Domain Name System, IP number allocation
 Standardization process (IETF vs. ITU etc.)
 Access – to close digital divide
2. Governance of Social activities over Internet
 Illegal & harmful content (for minors)
 Spam, cyber security
3. Governance of Information Society
 E-commerce, digital economy
 Digital culture
 Social inclusion – no one should be left behind

28. 28
Working Definition of Internet Governance:
“Internet governance is the development
and application by Governments, the
private sector and civil society, in their
respective roles, of shared principles,
norms, rules, decision-making procedures,
and programmes that shape the evolution
and use of the Internet.”
from the WGIG Report

29. Why it became so hot?
 Facing new challenges with changing realities
 From research network to global Public & Economic infrastructure
 Uneven framework with USG holds discretionary power
 Historical legacy became political concern
 Inadequate current systems
 “North” dominates the “South” – less participation in ICANN process
from developing countries – appeal made by G8 DOT Force with no
result
 From governments to civil society
 Lack of proper understanding about Internet and ICANN
(history, role and functions)
 Distrust created by politically motivated actors
 ITU to regain control over “telecom”
 “Politics” inside UN system
 Internet empowers the users/individuals/citizens

30. Politics behind
Anti-US, anti globalization
 against US dominance in military,
technology & economy
 Demonstration against WEF, IMF, WTO, G8
Summit…
US invasion to Iraq after 911
Competition for world hegemony for
digital economy

31. Working Group on Internet
Governance (WGIG) – 2004-05
 Outcome of WSIS negotiation on IG
 40 members, from South and North,
governments, civil society and private sector
 Open and closed meetings
 Sep 04, Nov 04, Feb, Apr, Jun & July 05
 Online consultations
 Contributions, questionnaire and forum
 Webcast and real-time captures

32. 2006～
Internet Governance Forum（IGF）
A “Product” of WSIS
Multi-stakeholder set-up
Gov, Biz, Civil Society – on
equal footing
MAG（appointed by SG)
5-year mandate, with scheduled
review
Greece, Brazil, India, Egypt,
Lithuania, Kenya, Azerbaijan
Indonesia (2013)
http://www.intgovforum.org//

33. IGF Improvement
after 5 years
UN GA agreed to continue IGF for another 5
years with improvements
EcoSoc, CSTD - formed WG to make report on
IGF Improvement in 2011 (after negotiation)
 CSTD WG Report finalized in Mar 2012
 Adopted at CSTD, May 2012
Improve Outcome Shaping, Outreach, Support
Developing countries’ participation
No major change in nature and structure of IGF
 Just adopted at UN GA, Dec 16?

34. Global Multistakeholder Meeting on
the Future of Internet Governance
34May 22 2010

35. Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the
Future of Internet Governance
Proposed by ICANN, co-hosted by
Government of Brazil
Background:
 Snowden revelation on USG monitoring
 Dilma Rousseff, President of Brazil, UNGA
speech criticizing the US
 ICANN needs new framework
 ITU Plenipotentiary Conference, Oct 2014
35May 22 2010

36. 2014/4/23 WSIS - Politics of Internet
Management
36
Conventional regulatory framework
(at ITU)
 Governments to regulate; business and technologist
participate and form international organization (ITU)
 Civil Society/individual users have no role
 Inter-national, but not Global
Governments
Int’l Orgs
Technologist
Industry
Civil Society

37. 2014/4/23 WSIS - Politics of Internet
Management
37
Internet governance old model：
private sector self management
（IETF, ICANN, W3C, Unicode Consortium)
 Self-management led by technologists
 Engineers, pioneers form “private club” to manage
 Looks global, but lacks legal and political legitimacy
 Not scalable, little civil society involvement
Int’l
Orgs
Governments
Technologists
New industry
Traditional
industry
Civil Society
Self- management

38. 2014/4/23 38
New Model: Multi-stakeholder
governance
 Net governance cannot exclude users
 Not “consumers” or “mass”, but Netizens who have power
 All stakeholders to get involved with proper balance
 Minimize government involvement, support participation from
civil society and developing countries
Government
Civil Society
(Netizens)
Technologists
Industry
Multi-stakeholder
Governance
Int’l Orgs

39. 39
My Commitment to
Internet Governance
 ’80s – promoting PC Networking
 ’90s – promoting the Internet
 Principle
 People to People Communication is the base
 For the better society
 User centric perspective
 Practice
 ’96 organized “Netizen Forum” – mailing list discussion, TV live debate
 Promoting Internet in Asia ’97-2000 ARN in Malaysia
 ’98 – SG for APIA, participated in IFWP
 Bring voices from Asia, users and citizens into ICANN formation process （MAC、
AtLarge)
 ’99 – promoted Global Internet Y2K Campaign
 ’00 – participated in G8 DoT Force representing NPOs from Japan
 ’03-05 participated in WSIS, from Civil Society
 ’04 - IGTF WGIG process
 Network Security, IPv4 depletion, NGN issues

40. Development of Internet
History to learn

41. May 22, '10 41
Early history of Computer Networking
Internet was not the only game
ARPANET 1969 ARPA, US DoD JC Lickrider
Com 1970s Uppsala U. /Stockholm U. Jacob Palme
Community Memory 1972 Berkrey, US Mark Szpakowski
UUCP 1977 Bell Lab
CBBS 1978 Generated many “hobbyists” Christensen/Suess
UseNet 1979 U. North Carolina/Duke U. Source of “Netizen”
Electronic Information
Exchange System (EIES) 1979 Computer Conferencing, NJIT Murray Turoff
The Source 1979 Online Utility
CompuServe 1980 Forum
TCP/IP 1982 CNRI Vint Cerf/ Bob Khan
Confer U Michigan/MTS Bob Parnes
CoSy 1983 U. of Guelph, Canada Alastair Mayer
Fidonet 1983 Linking BBS globally Jenkins?
Well 1985 Whole Earth Review S. Barnd etc
BITNET 1981 City U. of NY / Yale U. I. Fuchs / G. Freeman
World-wide Web 1980-90 CERN Tim Berners-Lee
Mosaic 1993 NCSA Marc Andreesen

42. May 22, '10 42
Some Pioneers
 Vannever Bush: “As you may think”
 Douglas Engelbart: ARC, NLS, Mouse, Word Processor,
Computer Conference
 J.C.R. Licklider/ Robert Taylor: “Computers for
communications”
 Vint Cerf/Robert Kahn/Dave Farber/Larry Landwieber/Jun
Murai/Kilnam Chon/Jon Postel/Steve & Dave
Clocker/Daniel Karrenburg – Built 1st Internet
 Rick Adams- UUNet – 1st Commercial ISP
 Frank Burns/Lisa Kimball/Jeff Shapard/Joi Ito –
MetaNet/ENA (Electronic Networking Association)

43. Internet became the main stream
1992
“Information Super Highway” Al Gore Presidential campaign
INET92 in Japan
1993
National Information Infrastructure (NII)
UN online
1994
Global Information Infrastructure (GII)
APII/KII, proposed by President Kim of Korea at APEC
Mosaic/Netscape, Yahoo
Japanese PM office, US Whitehouse online
1995
NSF backbone quietly retired, Commercial Internet to bloom
NRI, Iran’s first ISP online
Amazon.com, eBay, Vatican, Canadian Gov online
1996
“Internet Boom” in Japan, NTT:OCN started
E*Trade IPO
1997 Clinton “E-Commerce” strategy
1998 ICANN est.

44. May 22, '10 Internet History & Governance 44
“ICT for Development”
1991- Networking Training Workshop at INET etc,
1992 Sustainable Development Network Program (SDNP), by
UNDP as outcome of Earth Summit
1993 Asia Pacific Networking Group (APNG) (APCIRN ’91)
1995 “GII Summit” by G7, Brussels, EU: “Information Society”
1995 PAN Asia Networking /IDRC Singapore
Mongolia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Sri-Lanka, China…
1996 Information Society and Development, South Africa
1996 Acacia, IDRC
1996 Multimedia Super Corridor (Malaysia)
SingaporeONE (Singapore)
1997 APDIP by UNDP
2000 Okinawa Summit, IT Charter, DoT Force
2001 DoT Force Genoa Action Plan

45. 45
Global trend around
“Information Society”
1993 NII – Clinton/Gore
1994 GII – Gore proposed at ITU Development Conf
1995 G8 Information Society Summit
Japan – promoted “Advanced Info Society”
1996 MSC/Singapore One spread to Asia
1997-98 IFWP – ICANN Governance became the issue
1999 Y2K, Dot Com boom
2000 G8 Okinawa Summit – “New Economy” recognized
Digital Divide - DoT Force、“e-Europe”
2003 WSIS Geneva
2004 WGIG
2005 WSIS Tunis
2006 Internet Governance Forum （IGF）started

46. 46
My encounter to Internet (1)
1985 Asked Jun Murai to talk about “Academic Network” in
a study group meeting
1986 Established Institute for Networking Design,
promoting PC Networking
1987 Organized Networking Forum in Tokyo and Oita
1988 Jun Murai presented in Networking Forum in Sendai
1990 Found the strange use of Email
Jeff Shapard of TWICS introduced the Internet at
ENA Symposium, but I could not understand it
well. He criticized Japanese networkers as living
in “Denshi Shimaguni”

47. 47
My encounter to Internet (2)
 1992 Contributed an article to Global Networks from MIT Press,
used Mailing List among authors
 INET92 in Kobe, NTT rejected Internet, Clinton/Gore won the
campaign, GLOCOM connected to Internet via 192K 接続 IIJ est.
 1993 Clinton/Gore started, “NII” announced over the Net, NTT
request to explain Internet, IHNS est. MIC connected to Internet,
GLOCOM Web started, wrote to Nikkei Keizai Kyoshitsu, INET San
Francisco, visited Mike Nelson at White House, GLOCOM faced
crisis, NTT shift to Multimedia, gave presentation to Japan Inc, no
good understanding
 1994 Gore announced “GII”, Executives visited White House, IIJ
got license, ODN presentation Multi Media Joint Trial (Oita) APNG
Beijing Conf, 「進化するネットワーク」 published
 1995 Kobe Great earthquake, NTT Break-up debate InfoCom
Policy SG proposals
 1996 Netizen Forum, Live TV Debate NTT “Brake-up” report
GLOCOM Forum, NTT started OCN 2nd visit to White House, Multi-
media Asia in Malaysia with MSC

48. Internet History & Governance 48
How global are we?
From Nepal to Cairo to Jerusalem, to Kuala Lumpur...

49. 49
Evangelizing the Internet in Japan
Promoting the PC Networking (Pasokon
Tsushin) since 1986
Shift from PC Networking to Internet, 1992
 Stand-alone to network of networks
 Local to Global, Closed to Open, Physical to
Logical
US – going ahead with “digital” industry
 Japan is getting behind – most people did not take
this seriously – until 1995
Spoke with “Japan Inc.”
 Toyota, DDI, NEC, Hitachi, JAL, Ajinomoto, Seibu…

50. 50
1992
Jan-Apr - “Global Authoring Network” for the book “Global
Networks” (Linda Harasim ed. MIT Press 1994)
Apr? - Prof. Ishida came asked for participation to INET ’92
Jun - 8 members of GLOCOM went to INET ’92 in Kobe
 real encounter with the Internet – many from Africa!
 GLOCOM decided to link Internet – 1/3 of annual budget
Jul – proposed “Internet” to NTT, strongly rejected
Nov – Bill Clinton elected as US President
 Watched the ballots counted in Cambridge w/ Mitch Kapor
 NY Times – “Now Japan’s Turn to Play Catch-up”
Nov - GLOCOM linked to Internet with 192k leased line
 Using is believing, really!

51. 51
1998 - 2012
1998 IFWP Process, ICANN established
1999 Y2K Campaign
2000 G8 Summit in Okinawa
2001 G8 DOT Force
2002 WSIS PrepCom
2003 G8 Summit in Okinawa
2004 G8 DOT Force
2005 WSIS – Tunis
2006 IGF - Athens
2007 IGF - Rio de Janeiro
2008 IGF - Hyderabad, India
2009 IGF - Egypt
2010 IGF - Lithuania
2011 IGF - Nirobi, Kenya
2012 IGF – Baku, Azerbaijan WCIT – Dubai, UAE

52. 52
US Government
Involvement
 97.7 “Global Framework on E-
commerce” announced
 98.2 Green Paper
hearings & coordination – solicited
global inputs
 98.6 White Paper
 98.9 Approve “newCo”?
 98.11 Hand-over beginning

53. 53
ICANN 1997-2012
1997 – IAHC process
1998 – White Paper, Green Paper, ICANN
1999 – DNSO, MAC…
2000 – Global Election, G8 DoT Force
2001 – AtLarge Study, 9/11
2002 – “Reform”
2003 – ICANN 2.0 w/ ALS/RALO/ALAC WSIS I
2005 – WSIS II
2006 – IGF started
2008 – ALAC completed – ICANN 3.0?
2009 – AtLarge Summit, New TLD, AoC
2010 – IDNccTLD introduction
2011-12 – New gTLD introduction

54. 54
Lessons Learned
Using is Believing – still valid
Be part of history, not outside
Value of human networking
Japan as closed society – hard to break
History repeats
 How to prevent same mistakes?

55. Thank you
See you online!
Izumi Aizu
<iza@anr.org>