Distributed Generation by Roland Dsouza

1. Experiences in Electrical Engineering Distributed Generation Aluminium Cables Roland deSouza, FIEEEP Naveed Jabbar, AMIEEEP

2. Distributed Generation

5. Typical Categories of DG ≥ 10MW Large a) ≤ 1MW but > 500kW connected to distribution system voltage ≤ 15kV b) > 1MW but ≤ 10MW connected to distribution system voltage ≤ 15kV Mid-sized a) ≤ 500kW connected to distribution system voltage ≤ 15kV b) ≤ 1MW connected to distribution system voltage ≤ 15kV Small ≤ 10kW Micro Rating DG Classification

7. Modes of Power Generation

10. Two-directional Flows with DG Power flows in traditional network Power flows with distributed generation

12. Protection of DG Inter-connection ANSI # Function 21 Distance 25 Synchronizing 27 Under voltage 27N Neutral under voltage 32 Directional power 40 Loss of excitation 46 Neg. seq. current 47 Neg. seq. voltage 50 Instantaneous overcurent 50N Neutral overvoltage 51N Neutral instantaneous overcurrent 51V Voltage-restrained overcurrent 59 Overvoltage 59I Instantaneous overvoltage 59N Neutral overvoltage 60FL Voltage transformer fuse failure 67 Directional overcurrent 79 Reclosing 81 Frequency (under and over) 81R Rate of change of frequency 87 Differential LOM Loss of mains

13. Islanding

15. 4 MW Cogeneration Installation

18. Use of Aluminium Cables in Buildings & Industries

21. Cu/Al Cu Al Trends in LME Prices

22. Aluminium vs Copper 53 61….62 97…100 % Conductivity @+20oC IACS 23.0 23.8 16.6 10 -6 / o C Coef. Of thermal expansion 310 180..80 450..240 N /mm 2 Tensile strength (hard…annealed) 2.7 2.7 8.9 Kg/dm 3 Density AlMgSi Al Alloy E-Al Aluminium E-Cu Copper Unit Properties

23. Current-carrying Capacities 1.8 35 1.5 25 80 1.35 50 1.1 35 100 0.92 70 0.81 50 120 0.68 95 0.57 70 150 0.44 150 0.43 95 190 0.37 185 0.35 120 220 0.30 240 0.29 150 250 0.25 300 0.25 185 300 0.24 400 0.21 240 350 0.22 500 0.185 300 400 2.5 25 2.4 16 64 Voltage drop (mV/A/m) Size(mmsq) Voltage drop (mV/A/m) Size(mmsq) Aluminium Copper Amperes

24. Cost Advantages 582 189 35 771 25 80 803 253 50 1056 35 100 1054 373 70 1427 50 120 1573 472 95 2045 70 150 2118 713 150 2831 95 190 2677 884 185 3561 120 220 3231 1145 240 4376 150 250 3994 1485 300 5479 185 300 5378 1810 400 7188 240 350 6793 2220 500 9013 300 400 372 160 25 532 16 64 Rate(Rs./m) Rate(Rs./m) Size(mmsq) Rate(Rs./m) Size(mmsq) savings Aluminium Copper Amperes

25. Savings in Power Cabling Costs Rs.600 - 700/sft 100% Overall building electrical cost Rs.25 - 35/sft 4% - 5% Power cabling (Al size > 25mmsq) Rs.50 - 60/sft 8% - 10% Power cabling (Cu) Cabling cost (Rs./sft) Cabling costs (%)

27. Bi-metallic Lug Cu Al Filled with anti-oxidation sealing compound