Introduction To Anthropology, Online VersionPaulVMcDowell
This document introduces cultural anthropology and defines its key concepts. It discusses how anthropology is the comparative study of human culture and consists of four subfields: cultural anthropology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and linguistics. It defines culture as the shared and learned beliefs, knowledge, and customs of a group that are expressed through symbols. The main characteristics of culture are that it is learned, based on symbols, shared, patterned/integrated, and adaptive.
Modernism valued master narratives of history and progress through science. It saw a unified self and social order. Postmodernism rejects totalizing theories and master narratives in favor of local narratives and fragmented identities. It sees culture as pluralistic and questions concepts like authenticity, originality, and the hierarchy of high versus low culture. Postmodernism embraces play, irony, hybridity and indeterminacy over modernism's earnestness and determinism.
Claude Levi-Strauss was a renowned 20th century French anthropologist and philosopher known for establishing structuralism. He studied myths from diverse cultures and found they shared more similarities than differences, with humans making sense of the world through binary oppositions. Levi-Strauss emphasized the importance of binary structures in myth systems and language. He believed that underlying all meaning-making and social life were reconciliations of common binary opposites, showing that patterns of human thought are fundamentally the same across societies.
Functionalism was an anthropological theory that challenged theories of unilinear evolution and historical particularism. It focused on understanding the role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary societies rather than seeking origins. There were two strands represented by Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown. Malinowski focused on present-day fieldwork and believed customs developed to fulfill universal biological needs. Radcliffe-Brown viewed historical explanations as conjectural and advocated examining the role of cultural practices in modern societies. He believed anthropology should be synchronic rather than diachronic.
Positivism originated in Europe as a philosophy that believes true knowledge is only about observable facts that can be empirically verified through the senses. It is associated with the scientific method. Auguste Comte was a key proponent of positivism and proposed humanity progresses through theological, metaphysical, and positivist stages of understanding natural phenomena. In the positivist stage, phenomena are explained factually rather than through theological or metaphysical causes. Social sciences differ from natural sciences by studying complex human behaviors and societies as well as cultural contexts. They emphasize social structures, culture, and the decisions and interactions of individuals.
Sociology is the study of human social life, groups, and societies. It examines how people interact and form relationships within social groups and how these relationships shape human behavior and experience. Sociologists study social behavior scientifically and systematically to understand how individuals are influenced by living in groups and being part of society. They investigate social structures like institutions, social groups, and social order to explain how order is created, maintained, and reproduced in human societies.
Sociologists inevitably have values that influence their work, from choosing research topics to interpreting data. While early positivists aimed for value-neutrality, Weber argued values guide topic selection and interpretation but should be kept out of data collection. Later theorists rejected being value-neutral, arguing sociologists should openly commit to improving society. Critics note that funding sources and career concerns also influence research in value-laden ways. Postmodernists take a relativist view that no perspective can claim absolute truth, seeing all accounts as reflecting their own values.
Introduction To Anthropology, Online VersionPaulVMcDowell
This document introduces cultural anthropology and defines its key concepts. It discusses how anthropology is the comparative study of human culture and consists of four subfields: cultural anthropology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and linguistics. It defines culture as the shared and learned beliefs, knowledge, and customs of a group that are expressed through symbols. The main characteristics of culture are that it is learned, based on symbols, shared, patterned/integrated, and adaptive.
Modernism valued master narratives of history and progress through science. It saw a unified self and social order. Postmodernism rejects totalizing theories and master narratives in favor of local narratives and fragmented identities. It sees culture as pluralistic and questions concepts like authenticity, originality, and the hierarchy of high versus low culture. Postmodernism embraces play, irony, hybridity and indeterminacy over modernism's earnestness and determinism.
Claude Levi-Strauss was a renowned 20th century French anthropologist and philosopher known for establishing structuralism. He studied myths from diverse cultures and found they shared more similarities than differences, with humans making sense of the world through binary oppositions. Levi-Strauss emphasized the importance of binary structures in myth systems and language. He believed that underlying all meaning-making and social life were reconciliations of common binary opposites, showing that patterns of human thought are fundamentally the same across societies.
Functionalism was an anthropological theory that challenged theories of unilinear evolution and historical particularism. It focused on understanding the role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary societies rather than seeking origins. There were two strands represented by Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown. Malinowski focused on present-day fieldwork and believed customs developed to fulfill universal biological needs. Radcliffe-Brown viewed historical explanations as conjectural and advocated examining the role of cultural practices in modern societies. He believed anthropology should be synchronic rather than diachronic.
Positivism originated in Europe as a philosophy that believes true knowledge is only about observable facts that can be empirically verified through the senses. It is associated with the scientific method. Auguste Comte was a key proponent of positivism and proposed humanity progresses through theological, metaphysical, and positivist stages of understanding natural phenomena. In the positivist stage, phenomena are explained factually rather than through theological or metaphysical causes. Social sciences differ from natural sciences by studying complex human behaviors and societies as well as cultural contexts. They emphasize social structures, culture, and the decisions and interactions of individuals.
Sociology is the study of human social life, groups, and societies. It examines how people interact and form relationships within social groups and how these relationships shape human behavior and experience. Sociologists study social behavior scientifically and systematically to understand how individuals are influenced by living in groups and being part of society. They investigate social structures like institutions, social groups, and social order to explain how order is created, maintained, and reproduced in human societies.
Sociologists inevitably have values that influence their work, from choosing research topics to interpreting data. While early positivists aimed for value-neutrality, Weber argued values guide topic selection and interpretation but should be kept out of data collection. Later theorists rejected being value-neutral, arguing sociologists should openly commit to improving society. Critics note that funding sources and career concerns also influence research in value-laden ways. Postmodernists take a relativist view that no perspective can claim absolute truth, seeing all accounts as reflecting their own values.
Anthropology is the study of what it means to be human. It takes a holistic approach across four fields: archaeology studies how humans shape their material environments; physical anthropology examines human biological diversity and evolution; linguistic anthropology analyzes human language and communication; and cultural anthropology describes human cultures and learned knowledge systems. Together, these four fields seek to understand all aspects of human existence and behavior.
This short document repeats the phrase "Hello Presentation with notes" three times, suggesting a very basic presentation was created with only an introductory title slide repeated multiple times and no other substantive content.
Economic sociology is a new field of study under the wide umbrella of Sociology and it simply concerns about the Social economy; area which can not be purely studied by neither Sociology nor Economics. This will hope fully help the students of Sociology, economics as well as economic sociology students if any.
Robert K. Merton was an American sociologist who was influential in the development of structural functionalism. He criticized some of the basic functionalist postulates, such as the idea that all social structures serve positive functions. Merton developed concepts like manifest and latent functions to analyze intended and unintended consequences. He also analyzed the relationship between culture, social structure, and anomie or the disjunction between cultural goals and socially approved means of achieving them. Merton's strain theory argued this imbalance produces tension and unsatisfied aspirations. While influential, structural functionalism was also subject to criticisms around its ahistorical nature, inability to deal with social change and conflict, and for making assertions not grounded in empirical evidence.
Sociology 2 origins of sociology foundersJalil Thebo
This document summarizes the key founders and early thinkers in sociology. It discusses Auguste Comte who coined the term "sociology" and advocated for the scientific study of social behavior (positivism). It also mentions Herbert Spencer who applied evolutionary ideas to society (social Darwinism) and Karl Marx who viewed society as defined by class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Additionally, it outlines Emile Durkheim's work on social integration and order as well as Max Weber's focus on the relationship between Protestantism and the rise of capitalism. The document also notes the sexism of the early field in ignoring the contributions of Harriet Martineau, one of the first female sociologists.
Claude Lévi-Strauss was a founder of structuralism in anthropology. He sought to understand the underlying patterns and structures of human thought by studying myths, kinship systems, and other cultural phenomena. He was inspired by structural linguistics and believed that relations within cultural systems form structures, just as phonemes form structures in language. Lévi-Strauss analyzed kinship systems and argued they are representations of alliances between groups rather than facts, with incest prohibitions allowing the circulation of women between groups. He also broke myths down into fundamental units called mythemes and studied their universal structures. Structuralism aimed to establish anthropology as a true science of mankind and understand culture through universal laws governing relations within systems
1) Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and its origins, development, organizations, and institutions.
2) It aims to search for patterns of relationships between people for betterment of individuals in relation to society.
3) Sociology involves the study of relationships between human beings, human behavior, and the factors that influence behavior like biology, physical environment, and social factors.
Political theory vs. political ideology2Abir Chaaban
1. Political theory aims to study facts and trends in society and develop universal concepts to describe, explain, and evaluate human life, as well as predict future patterns. It includes both empirical and normative approaches.
2. Contractual theories of sovereignty emerged to address the problem of legitimacy during conflicts, proposing people consent to a sovereign's authority in exchange for security and order.
3. In Lebanon, Arab nationalism, Syrian nationalism, and Phoenicianism developed as competing ideologies following World War I, each promoting a different vision of national identity and sovereignty.
Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human behavior and social groups. The document outlines the origins and key concepts of sociology. It notes that Auguste Comte was the first to define sociology and regard himself as a sociologist. Comte viewed sociology as the scientific study of social dynamics and statics. The document also discusses the importance and uses of sociology, particularly in nursing. It states that sociology improves understanding of society and social problems, and is useful for social planning, international understanding, and teaching. In nursing, medical sociology examines disease in social contexts and how social factors influence health. Sociology helps nurses understand their patients' social environments and lives.
The document discusses the origins and development of sociology as an academic discipline. It notes that sociology emerged in the late 18th and 19th centuries as philosophers and thinkers sought to understand and explain the major social changes resulting from the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution. Early sociological approaches modeled natural science methodology. Sociology continues to evolve with contributions from thinkers worldwide seeking to understand social life through various research methods and theoretical perspectives.
1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of patterns of human social behavior and interaction. It examines how people live in interdependence and interact in groups.
2. Anthropology is the study of human beings, their physical characteristics, social relationships and culture. It has branches that include physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and cultural anthropology.
3. Cultural anthropology specifically studies concepts of culture and how social heritage and customs are transmitted between generations through language and symbols. It includes the subdivisions of ethnography, ethnology, and social anthropology.
Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It examines human cultures, societies, languages, and how humans have evolved over time. There are four main branches of anthropology: cultural anthropology studies existing cultures; archaeology studies past cultures through artifacts; biological anthropology studies human evolution and genetics; and social anthropology examines how humans behave in social groups. Anthropology takes a holistic perspective by considering biological, social, linguistic, and cultural factors that influence human behavior and development.
Born in Berlin on March 1, 1858 Germany.
Received his PHD from the university of Berlin
German Sociologist, Author, and philosopher. Best known as a micro sociologist
Close acquaintance of Max Weber (1864-1920).
Despite being a popular lecturer and being supported by Weber, he was consider an outsider academically.
Only in 1914 did Simmel obtain a regular academic appointment, and this appointment was in Strasbourg, far from Berlin
Died on September 28, 1918.
George Simmel was a German sociologist born in 1858 who received his PhD from the University of Berlin. Despite being a popular lecturer supported by Max Weber, he was considered an outsider academically. Simmel focused on social interactions and published works on topics like the metropolis and mental life, philosophy of money, poverty, and the stranger. He took a dialectical approach to sociology looking at social relations, conflicts, and contradictions. Simmel viewed the individual in modern society as being in trouble due to things people produce taking on a life of their own externally coercing the actor.
Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human social life. Sociologists study people as they form groups and interact with one another. The groups they study may be small, such as married couples, or large, such as a subculture of suburban teenagers. Sociology places special emphasis on studying societies, both as individual entities and as elements of a global perspective.
The document discusses interpretive sociology and the study of culture. It outlines that interpretive sociology focuses on how meaning and interpretation shape social life, as opposed to external observable factors. Culture is a central factor for interpretations, as it involves shared meanings and values. While Weber advocated for value-neutral sociology, he recognized that meaning and cultural systems matter. The study of culture draws from fields like anthropology, literary studies, and history. It treats culture as a system of shared meanings that shape identity and social practices.
Habermas’ Theory of Communicative Action IITabea Hirzel
This document summarizes and critiques Jurgen Habermas' theory of communicative action. It discusses Habermas' views on understanding, rupture, crisis, translation, and transformation. It also presents alternative perspectives that truth is intersubjective rather than universally understood, and that rupture is an inherent part of life rather than something to be solved through knowledge. The document critiques Habermas' view of crisis as caused by lack of rationality, and presents an alternative view of morality as existential-ontological rather than deontological. It concludes by noting remarks on Hegel and a quote from Marx about force deciding between equal rights.
Symbolic interaction theory analyzes society by addressing how people interpret and act based on the meanings imposed on objects, events, and behaviors through symbols. It views society as socially constructed through human interpretation and interaction. Key founders like George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley influenced the theory by emphasizing how people develop a sense of self through imagining how they appear to others and interacting through symbols.
The document discusses the concept of economics and exchange from an anthropological perspective. It provides examples of exchange systems from different cultures around the world, including the Hxaro exchange of the Ju/'hoansi people, Potlatch ceremonies of Native North Americans, and the Kula ring of Trobriand Islanders. These examples show that economic systems are cultural phenomena that serve social and relationship purposes beyond just meeting basic needs. The document also examines the cultural aspects of economics through a case study of the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo.
Anthropology is the study of what it means to be human. It takes a holistic approach across four fields: archaeology studies how humans shape their material environments; physical anthropology examines human biological diversity and evolution; linguistic anthropology analyzes human language and communication; and cultural anthropology describes human cultures and learned knowledge systems. Together, these four fields seek to understand all aspects of human existence and behavior.
This short document repeats the phrase "Hello Presentation with notes" three times, suggesting a very basic presentation was created with only an introductory title slide repeated multiple times and no other substantive content.
Economic sociology is a new field of study under the wide umbrella of Sociology and it simply concerns about the Social economy; area which can not be purely studied by neither Sociology nor Economics. This will hope fully help the students of Sociology, economics as well as economic sociology students if any.
Robert K. Merton was an American sociologist who was influential in the development of structural functionalism. He criticized some of the basic functionalist postulates, such as the idea that all social structures serve positive functions. Merton developed concepts like manifest and latent functions to analyze intended and unintended consequences. He also analyzed the relationship between culture, social structure, and anomie or the disjunction between cultural goals and socially approved means of achieving them. Merton's strain theory argued this imbalance produces tension and unsatisfied aspirations. While influential, structural functionalism was also subject to criticisms around its ahistorical nature, inability to deal with social change and conflict, and for making assertions not grounded in empirical evidence.
Sociology 2 origins of sociology foundersJalil Thebo
This document summarizes the key founders and early thinkers in sociology. It discusses Auguste Comte who coined the term "sociology" and advocated for the scientific study of social behavior (positivism). It also mentions Herbert Spencer who applied evolutionary ideas to society (social Darwinism) and Karl Marx who viewed society as defined by class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Additionally, it outlines Emile Durkheim's work on social integration and order as well as Max Weber's focus on the relationship between Protestantism and the rise of capitalism. The document also notes the sexism of the early field in ignoring the contributions of Harriet Martineau, one of the first female sociologists.
Claude Lévi-Strauss was a founder of structuralism in anthropology. He sought to understand the underlying patterns and structures of human thought by studying myths, kinship systems, and other cultural phenomena. He was inspired by structural linguistics and believed that relations within cultural systems form structures, just as phonemes form structures in language. Lévi-Strauss analyzed kinship systems and argued they are representations of alliances between groups rather than facts, with incest prohibitions allowing the circulation of women between groups. He also broke myths down into fundamental units called mythemes and studied their universal structures. Structuralism aimed to establish anthropology as a true science of mankind and understand culture through universal laws governing relations within systems
1) Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and its origins, development, organizations, and institutions.
2) It aims to search for patterns of relationships between people for betterment of individuals in relation to society.
3) Sociology involves the study of relationships between human beings, human behavior, and the factors that influence behavior like biology, physical environment, and social factors.
Political theory vs. political ideology2Abir Chaaban
1. Political theory aims to study facts and trends in society and develop universal concepts to describe, explain, and evaluate human life, as well as predict future patterns. It includes both empirical and normative approaches.
2. Contractual theories of sovereignty emerged to address the problem of legitimacy during conflicts, proposing people consent to a sovereign's authority in exchange for security and order.
3. In Lebanon, Arab nationalism, Syrian nationalism, and Phoenicianism developed as competing ideologies following World War I, each promoting a different vision of national identity and sovereignty.
Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human behavior and social groups. The document outlines the origins and key concepts of sociology. It notes that Auguste Comte was the first to define sociology and regard himself as a sociologist. Comte viewed sociology as the scientific study of social dynamics and statics. The document also discusses the importance and uses of sociology, particularly in nursing. It states that sociology improves understanding of society and social problems, and is useful for social planning, international understanding, and teaching. In nursing, medical sociology examines disease in social contexts and how social factors influence health. Sociology helps nurses understand their patients' social environments and lives.
The document discusses the origins and development of sociology as an academic discipline. It notes that sociology emerged in the late 18th and 19th centuries as philosophers and thinkers sought to understand and explain the major social changes resulting from the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution. Early sociological approaches modeled natural science methodology. Sociology continues to evolve with contributions from thinkers worldwide seeking to understand social life through various research methods and theoretical perspectives.
1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of patterns of human social behavior and interaction. It examines how people live in interdependence and interact in groups.
2. Anthropology is the study of human beings, their physical characteristics, social relationships and culture. It has branches that include physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and cultural anthropology.
3. Cultural anthropology specifically studies concepts of culture and how social heritage and customs are transmitted between generations through language and symbols. It includes the subdivisions of ethnography, ethnology, and social anthropology.
Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It examines human cultures, societies, languages, and how humans have evolved over time. There are four main branches of anthropology: cultural anthropology studies existing cultures; archaeology studies past cultures through artifacts; biological anthropology studies human evolution and genetics; and social anthropology examines how humans behave in social groups. Anthropology takes a holistic perspective by considering biological, social, linguistic, and cultural factors that influence human behavior and development.
Born in Berlin on March 1, 1858 Germany.
Received his PHD from the university of Berlin
German Sociologist, Author, and philosopher. Best known as a micro sociologist
Close acquaintance of Max Weber (1864-1920).
Despite being a popular lecturer and being supported by Weber, he was consider an outsider academically.
Only in 1914 did Simmel obtain a regular academic appointment, and this appointment was in Strasbourg, far from Berlin
Died on September 28, 1918.
George Simmel was a German sociologist born in 1858 who received his PhD from the University of Berlin. Despite being a popular lecturer supported by Max Weber, he was considered an outsider academically. Simmel focused on social interactions and published works on topics like the metropolis and mental life, philosophy of money, poverty, and the stranger. He took a dialectical approach to sociology looking at social relations, conflicts, and contradictions. Simmel viewed the individual in modern society as being in trouble due to things people produce taking on a life of their own externally coercing the actor.
Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human social life. Sociologists study people as they form groups and interact with one another. The groups they study may be small, such as married couples, or large, such as a subculture of suburban teenagers. Sociology places special emphasis on studying societies, both as individual entities and as elements of a global perspective.
The document discusses interpretive sociology and the study of culture. It outlines that interpretive sociology focuses on how meaning and interpretation shape social life, as opposed to external observable factors. Culture is a central factor for interpretations, as it involves shared meanings and values. While Weber advocated for value-neutral sociology, he recognized that meaning and cultural systems matter. The study of culture draws from fields like anthropology, literary studies, and history. It treats culture as a system of shared meanings that shape identity and social practices.
Habermas’ Theory of Communicative Action IITabea Hirzel
This document summarizes and critiques Jurgen Habermas' theory of communicative action. It discusses Habermas' views on understanding, rupture, crisis, translation, and transformation. It also presents alternative perspectives that truth is intersubjective rather than universally understood, and that rupture is an inherent part of life rather than something to be solved through knowledge. The document critiques Habermas' view of crisis as caused by lack of rationality, and presents an alternative view of morality as existential-ontological rather than deontological. It concludes by noting remarks on Hegel and a quote from Marx about force deciding between equal rights.
Symbolic interaction theory analyzes society by addressing how people interpret and act based on the meanings imposed on objects, events, and behaviors through symbols. It views society as socially constructed through human interpretation and interaction. Key founders like George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley influenced the theory by emphasizing how people develop a sense of self through imagining how they appear to others and interacting through symbols.
The document discusses the concept of economics and exchange from an anthropological perspective. It provides examples of exchange systems from different cultures around the world, including the Hxaro exchange of the Ju/'hoansi people, Potlatch ceremonies of Native North Americans, and the Kula ring of Trobriand Islanders. These examples show that economic systems are cultural phenomena that serve social and relationship purposes beyond just meeting basic needs. The document also examines the cultural aspects of economics through a case study of the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo.
12 January 2015, Monday
6:30 pm – 7:30 pm
Theater T4, Meng Wah Complex, HKU
By Prof. Glyn HUMPHREYS,
Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, UK
Distinguished Visiting Scholar, The University of Hong Kong
http://sol.edu.hku.hk/understanding-self-self-bias/
Writerly Web: Writing as an Open Web Interface (Mozilla Drumbeat)Arthit Suriyawongkul
1) The document discusses the idea of a more "writerly web" where open writing and user-generated content is encouraged through various interfaces and conventions.
2) It explores different aspects of a writerly web including read/write interfaces, user comments, formatting options, linking, embedding media, and human-to-human communication through hashtags and retweets.
3) While some human-machine interactions are less generative, lowering the barriers to participation can still help accelerate a more generative and open web where people can readily copy, reproduce, and build on each other's writing.
The document discusses the relationship between typography and writing. It argues that typography is the shaping of writing and is key to conveying information in both writing and web design. Several principles of typography for web design are outlined, asserting that web design is 95% typography and interface design is the remaining 5%.
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of social structure and human social behavior, with a focus on groups rather than individuals. The sociological perspective looks at behavior through this lens. Key terms defined include perspective, social structure, and sociological imagination. The document outlines how sociology is a social science that studies patterns of group behavior and seeks social rather than individual explanations for events. It discusses the influence of social groups and conformity, and the importance of developing sociological imagination to understand social forces that shape lives.
Georg Simmel's 1903 work "The Metropolis and Mental Life" analyzes how life in cities differs from life in smaller towns. Simmel argues that the pace of life is faster in cities due to the intensity of external stimuli, requiring city dwellers to develop a rational and blasé attitude. In cities, individuality and uniqueness are valued over shared human qualities. The metropolis also provides a place for conflicts to occur and intensifies consciousness.
The document summarizes different approaches to economic anthropology - formalism, substantivism, and culturalism. It then provides examples of in-depth interviews conducted with a religious person, laborer, and economist. The religious person and laborer support substantivism, believing in reciprocity and social relations over individual choice. The economist supports formalism due to his job requirements, but personally believes in substantivism. In the end, the author supports substantivism, noting that social relations, giving back to society, and connecting with one's environment are important aspects of economic systems.
Economic Anthropology: Systems of ExchangePaulVMcDowell
There are three main ways that goods and services are distributed in societies: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange. Reciprocity involves the direct exchange of goods between two parties, and can take several forms from generalized reciprocity between close kin to balanced reciprocity which calculates value and timing of repayment. Redistribution involves goods and services flowing to a central authority who then reallocates them in a different form. Market exchange involves many buyers and sellers exchanging goods through pricing mechanisms. How these systems of exchange are implemented depends on social and political factors within each society.
1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior.
2. Auguste Comte developed the idea and coined the term "sociology".
3. Serafin M. Macaraig was the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate in Sociology.
4. He published a book titled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938.
5. Father Valentin Marin introduced sociology in the Philippines with the opening of a criminology program at the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas in the 1950s.
Social groups consist of people who share a common identity and goals. Social organizations are highly structured groups that perform complex tasks to achieve goals efficiently. There are different types of social groups including primary groups based on intimate relationships and secondary groups based on more impersonal ties. Formal organizations use rules, hierarchies, and procedures while informal groups provide relaxation and social well-being. Bureaucracies are large, formal organizations with division of labor, hierarchies of authority, written rules, impersonal relationships, and employment based on technical qualifications.
Globalization is a process that involves the worldwide integration of economies, technologies, and cultures. It began accelerating in the late 20th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology. While globalization has led to increased economic opportunities through expanded trade and investment, it has also contributed to cultural and economic homogenization. It has impacted systems of governance, urban development, labor markets, and gender norms around the world. Both supporters and critics of globalization make arguments around its effects on issues like sovereignty, inequality, and cultural diversity.
This document defines and describes different types of social groups. It begins by defining a social group as two or more individuals who interact and influence each other. The main types of groups discussed are in-groups and out-groups, primary and secondary groups, quasi groups, gemeinschaft and gesellschaft, and reference groups. In-groups are those individuals identify with, while out-groups are those they do not identify with. Primary groups involve close personal relationships, while secondary groups are more impersonal. Quasi groups lack structure and awareness. Gemeinschaft describes close-knit communities, while gesellschaft describes more impersonal societies. Reference groups are those individuals compare themselves to.
A social group is formed when two or more people are aware of each other's presence. There are different types of social groups including transitory groups, recurrent groups, formal groups, and informal groups. Groups can also be primary groups, which involve strong emotional attachment between members, or secondary groups, which focus more on the purpose of the group than interpersonal relationships.
This document provides a summary of a talk on decolonising economics using collections from the BLDS digital archive. It discusses three main points:
1. Examples of postcolonial science from Somalia, including a large interdisciplinary project on camels that documented indigenous knowledge.
2. Repositories in the BLDS archives that could provide alternative epistemologies and intellectual genealogies challenging Western social sciences, including journals publishing African authors.
3. Using case studies and sources like the Rhodesian Journal of Economics to deconstruct narratives of capitalist expansion and privilege non-Western voices, in line with the goals of decolonising economic knowledge.
Origins of Modern Money: Insufficiency of GoldAsad Zaman
This is part of a series of lectures on Islamic Economics - for the full set, see: bit.ly/IslamicEcon2023. This lecture explains the origins of the modern monetary system in 18th Century England. Gold was insufficient for the rapidly increasing needs of commercial and industrial activity. As a result, credit money, only partially backed by Gold, was created. This proved extremely useful tool to finance the industrial revolution, as well as wars. It also led to shift in emphasis from gold as money to commercial activity as the backing and basis for money. This lecture provides many details about theory of money which are not available at all in conventional economics courses.
Foundations Of Social And Behavioral Sciences Theory1. Discuss.docxshericehewat
Foundations Of Social And Behavioral Sciences Theory
1. Discussion Question: How does capitalism lead to creative destruction? What is nihilism in a Marxist context?
2. Reading Reflection: Solid ONE-page reflection paper about your thoughts on the reading. This could include a brief summary and your opinion. There are not many guidelines or format (e.g., APA, MLS style) for these weekly reading reflection assignments. But please use 12-point font, Times New Roman, and don't get ridiculous with the margin settings.
Reading: Structure and Agency in Everyday Life Introduction to Symbolic Interactionism (file uploaded)Lecture: Lecture: Marx and the Cultural Geography of Modernity (file uploaded)
Marx and the Cultural Geography of Modernity
Week 4 & 5, Lecture 6
Outline
• Karl Marx, life and times
• The Communist Manifesto
• What capitalism is
• Creative Destruction
• Nihilism
• Social differentiation, spatial diffusion, and cultural de-fusion
Karl Marx
• 1818-1883
• Born in what is now Germany,
lived most of his life in England
• University of Bonn, Berlin and
Jena--studied law, philosophy
and history
• Writer in Germany, France and
eventually England
• Early and Later Marx writings
Karl Marx
• The Communist Manifesto
• Published in 1848 (“The Year of
Revolution”)
• A pamphlet written for the
Communist League (a group of
German workers in France)
• Later became a general
statement for international
communism
The Communist Manifesto
• “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”
• The present society is a result of the struggle between the bourgeoisie (the
owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (those who own only
their labor)--this is capitalism
• This has led to a situation of “naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation”
in which the labor of workers is used to enrich capitalists
• but...
The Communist Manifesto
• Capitalists must compete against each other, and thus:
• “The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the
instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and then
the whole relations of society. Conservation of old modes of production in
unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all
earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionizing of production,
uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty
and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed,
fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and
opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before
they can ossify. All that is sold melts into air, all that ...
The document discusses the cultural aspects of economics and exchange. It examines how value is created through branding and consumption in modern capitalist societies. Commodification of human relationships through money and commodity fetishism is also analyzed, where social relationships become abstracted and mediated by monetary exchange rather than direct interaction. Finally, the cultural differences between patron-client networks and bureaucratic rational systems of organizing social relationships are compared.
The document discusses the cultural aspects of economics and exchange. It begins by examining non-Western examples of exchange systems and then analyzes modern capitalist economies as cultural systems as well. It explores how value is created through branding and consumption. The document also compares patron-client networks to rational bureaucracies as different cultural systems for organizing relationships and discusses how human relationships can become commodified in modern economic cultures.
The document discusses the history and characteristics of major cities throughout history. It begins by examining 18th century Paris as the original modern metropolis, noting its organized boulevards and role as a center of consumer goods from France's colonies. It then discusses modern megacities like New York City, Tokyo, and how their populations and global influence far exceed 18th century Paris. The document reviews several classical sociological theories of urbanization including Tonnies' concepts of gemeinschaft and gesselschaft bonds, Simmel's idea of the "blasé attitude" in metropolitan residents, and the Chicago School's view of cities developing in zones based on inhabitants' adaptation. It notes both criticisms of and positives identified in these early
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PowerPoint presentation on urbanization, urbanism (city) life and the metropolis in a globalizing world. Covers the rise of mega-cities and some sociological aspects of urban life; with many pictures, themes and key social theorists.
The document discusses ancient economic thought from the Hebrews and Greeks. It provides an overview of key economic ideas from these early civilizations, including Plato's concept of the ideal state. For the Hebrews, it outlines their simple economic philosophy and notes characteristics like a lack of individualism. For the Greeks, it examines Plato's view of the division of labor and origin of the city-state. Plato proposed a rigid social hierarchy and strict regulation of all activities in his ideal state. The summary then focuses on specific aspects of Plato's ideal state model, including his concept of money, interest, and regulated trade and commerce.
This document discusses several theorists' perspectives on secularization and the development of modernity. Weber and Marx viewed ideas and economic struggles as generating modernity. Gauchet and Taylor analyzed how secularization developed endogenously from Christianity. Lough examined how the emergence of isolated value in the 14th century and its retreat into the sublime related to the rise of capitalism and increasing deaths for the state. Asad and Masuzawa questioned whether secularism and concepts of belief were universal. The document raises questions about the interrelationships between capitalism, theology, politics, and changing conceptions of religion and belief over time in generating modern forms of religiosity.
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{writeup; http://bit.ly/AZcrypto} There are two different questions: How to apply Islamic rules to crypto currency within the Capitalist society in which we live? This is entirely different from how to construct an Islamic society, and what would the role of crypto currency be within such a society. I am concerned in this talk with the second question. An Islamic society is based on principles of generosity, cooperation and social responsibility - these are diametrically opposed to greed, competition, and individualism which form the basis of capitalist society. Whereas money is central to a capitalist society and is able to purchase lives of human beings, money plays only a secondary role in an Islamic society. Within money categories, crypto is a privately created money which would be either illegal or useless in a Islamic society. Various kinds of community created money, backed by government guarantees, and used for enhancing lives and welfare of people, would be permissible - It may be possible to adapt crypto for this use, but this would require rethinking and re-engineering.
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This document outlines the key points of a sociology lesson plan that discusses different types of societies and social change. It introduces (1) hunter-gatherer societies, (2) horticultural and pastoral societies, (3) agrarian societies, (4) industrial societies, and (5) post-industrial societies. It then analyzes social change through the classical sociological perspectives of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim and discusses how their theories may still apply today. Finally, it prompts reflection on these topics after viewing a documentary on contemporary social issues.
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Summary of miryang transmission tower dispute thiiocks kim
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
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Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
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The Culture of Money (@Yonsei U.)
1. The Culture of Money &
the Morality of Exchange
Heonik Kwon
(University of Edinburgh)
2. Money in Anthropology
• Premodern versus modern society
• Stateless vs state society
• Community vs Society (F. Tonnies)
• Stone-age economics (M. Sahlins)
• Gift economy vs commodity economy
• Moneyless society vs monetary
economy
7. Two views of Kula
• Malinowski: Kula ring as network of gift
exchange
• Mauss: PNG shells as another form of
money
• Gift economy versus money economy,
or money in the gift
12. Gift & Money
• Money in the gift & the gift in money
(O’Henry)
• The spirit of exchange (Mauss)
• Inalienability
• Embeddedness
• Total social fact
• Parts and whole
13. Parts and Whole
• How different is anthropology from
economics in approaching economy?
• How different is economy in
anthropology from that in economics?
• Economics and kinship
• Economics and religion
• Economics and politics
• Embeddedness of economics in
society (and culture)
16. Weber
• Ghost in the spirit of capitalism:
“The tradition of medieval monastic
asceticism prowls the culture of modern
capitalist economic order.”
17. Simmel
Money in society:
“[Modern] money is a pure instrument
of human relations and freedom.”
Money beyond society:
“[Modern money], by virtue of its
perfect mobility, forms the bond that
combines that combines the largest
extension of the economic sphere with
the growing independence of persons.”
18. Monetary exchange promotes the
parallel process of previously
independent communities becoming
mutually dependent and dependent
persons becoming independent from
traditional communal bondage.
J. Parry and M. Bloch, Money and the Morality
of Exchange (1989)
24. Money’s two sides & the
polarization of modern ideas
• State & Markets
• Political authority & Exchange value
• Politics & Economy
• Sovereignty & Universality
• Keynesians & Monetarists (Keith Hart)
• Statist side & Pro-market side
• German & Anglo-saxon
• Socialism & the free market ideology
25. The end of the Cold War and
Money’s pursuit of “absolute
freedom”
26. Ethnography of the money
world
• Once again the question of
embeddedness (of money in society)
• Mauss’ “total social fact”
• Money in kinship, money in religion,
and money in political life
29. • “War is the most prodigal of all human
activities.” Adam Smith, The Wealth of
Nations
• “There is no enmity in cemeteries.” A
Vietnamese proverb.
39. Money, culture and history
• Weber and the cultural history of
capitalism
• Simmel and the instrumentality of
modern money
• Mauss and the morality of exchange
• Money for the living and money for the
dead
• Two sides of the coin
42. J. Boggs
• Because money and art have no
intrinsic value, they rely on our personal
and collective trust to sustain the value
we assign them. Our relationship to art
is subject to the same societal
conditioning as our relationship to
money.