RM&IPR M5 notes.pdfResearch Methodolgy & Intellectual Property Rights Series 5
Presentation ncrast 2016
1. Prediction of Tensile Properties of
Novel Natural Fiber Based Fiber Metal
Laminates (FMLs) using FEM
Dheeraj Gunwant & P. L. Sah
Department of Mechanical Engineering
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar,
Uttarakhand
4. Fiber Metal Laminates (FMLs) are multi-layered materials
based on the stacked arrangement of Aluminum alloys and
Fiber reinforced composite materials.
- Ductility of Metals
- Specific properties of FRPs.
Fig.2. FML representation [Soltani et al., 2011]
Introduction contd…
- First commercial use in
1987 as GLARE
- Possess good properties
like blunt notch strength,
flame retardance etc.
5. Review of Literature
S.
No.
Authors Year Remarks
1. Krishnakumar et al. 1994 Deduced that the tensile strength of many FMLs is better
than different aerospace grade aluminum alloys with an
added advantage of weight reduction
2. Luciano & Barbero 1994 Presented analytical closed form relations for determining
properties of composite lamina from the properties of
constituents
3. Hagenbeek et al. 2003 Presented an analytical procedure for the calculation of
uniaxial stress-strain behavior of GLARE
4. Wu et al. 2005 Presented analytical modeling and numerical simulation of
the tensile properties of hybrid FMLs
5. Moussavi-Torshizi
et al.
2010 Studied the tensile properties of novel FMLs experimentally,
analytically and through finite element method. They used
the modified Classical Laminate Theory (CLT) to obtain the
stress-strain behavior of developed FMLs analytically
6. Soltani et al. 2011 Studied the stress-strain behavior of the available grades of
GLARE through Cohesive Zone Modeling (CZM) approach
in ANSYS
6. Objectives of Present Investigation:
FE modeling of an FML based on the Aluminum alloy AA
5086 and Epoxy reinforced with Jute Fibers in ANSYS
Validation of the modeling approach by an analytical
model available in the literature [Moussavi-Torshizi et al.,
2010]
Studying the effect of jute fiber volume fraction on the
tensile properties of the FMLs thus obtained
7. Materials and Methods:
Reinforcement:
Jute is an eco-friendly natural fiber owing to its biodegradability
and renewability
Possesses good strength and is cheaper in cost than the other
natural fibers.
Component Percentage
Cellulose 61-71%
Hemicellulose 13.6-20.6%
Lignin 12-13%
Ash 0.5-2%
Pectin ~ 0.2%
Wax ~ 0.5%
Moisture ~ 12.6%
Table 1: Mechanical properties [Sanjay et al., 2015] and Chemical composition
of Jute fibers [Khan et al., 2015]
Property Value
Tensile strength
(MPa)
410-780
Modulus of
Elasticity (GPa)
26.5
Elongation at
break (%)
1.9
Density (g/cc) 1.48
8. Epoxy has been used as the matrix material in the
present investigation.
Thermosetting resins; high tensile strength, high
stiffness, chemical-resistance, fire-resistance and low
cure shrinkage [Mohan, 2013], [Paluvai et al., 2014]
Wide spectrum of applications: floor coatings to
aerospace
Matrix:
9. Aluminum alloy (AA 5086):
Aluminum AA 5086 alloy (95.2% Al, 0.36% Fe, 0.02% Ti,
3.83% Mg, 0.23% Mn, 0.17% Si, 0.01% Zn, 0.01% Cu
and 0.15% Cr) has been used as the metal part in the
FMLs.
Applications in welded pressure vessels, tanks, drilling
rigs, TV towers etc.
Elastic Young’s
modulus (𝑬 𝒆𝒍) (𝑮𝑷𝒂)
Tangent modulus
(𝑬 𝒑𝒍) (𝑴𝑷𝒂)
Yield Strength
(𝑺 𝒚𝒕) (𝑴𝑷𝒂)
46.5 770 275
3.4 - -
Table 2: Mechanical properties of AA 5086 alloy and epoxy resin [Moussavi-
Torshizi et al., 2010]
10. Aluminum alloy (AA 5086):
The Aluminum alloy AA 5086 shows a bilinear elasto-
plastic behaviour which is characterized by the following
stress-strain diagram:
Fig.3. Bilinear elasto-plastic behaviour of AA 5086 alloy
11. Description of the Physical model:
Consists of alternate layers of aluminum and jute fiber
reinforced epoxy (JRE).
There are five layers of 0.2 mm each in 3/2 configuration
as shown in the figure below.
Fig.4. Physical arrangement of AA 5086 alloy layers with Jute
Reinforced Epoxy in 3/2 configuration
12. Finite Element Modeling:
Three general pathways of modeling FMLs have been
outlined by [Soltani el al., 2011]
Micro-scale
Meso-scale
Macro-scale
The dimensions of finite element model were chosen to
be 175mm x 25mm x 1mm based on the
recommendations of [Moussavi-Torshizi et al., 2010].
Shell 91 layered elements which is an eight nodes non-
linear element have been used to discretize the domain.
13. Finite Element Modeling:
Tensile load is applied on the vertical sides of the finite
element model in 20 substeps to capture the non-linear
behaviour of the FMLs.
The bilinear elasto-plastic behaviour of the AA 5086 layer
is incorporated using the Mises plasticity option in
ANSYS.
Fig.4. Description of the finite element model and loading
𝑃𝑃
14. Micromechanics:
Micromechanics relates the elastic properties of the
lamina with the individual properties of fiber and matrix
and their volume fraction
𝐶∗ = 𝑓(𝐶𝑓, 𝐶 𝑚, 𝑉𝑓, 𝑆, 𝐴)
[Luciano and Barbero, 1994] presented an analytical
closed form solution of for doing so without the need of
experimentation.
15. (a) Elastic Modulus (b) Shear Modulus
(c) Poisson’s Ratio
Fig.4. Variation of the different elastic
properties with fiber volume fraction of
jute fiber in epoxy matrix using
periodic microstructure approach
[Luciano and Barbero, 1994]
16. Mathematical modeling:
The mathematical model as provided by [Moussavi-
Torshizi et al., 2010] has been used in the present
investigation to validate the results of FEM
The mathematical model is a modification of the
Classical Laminate Theory (CLT) to consider the elasto-
plastic behaviour of the FML.
MATLAB codes were written to implement the
mathematical model and obtain the results.
18. Mathematical modeling:
Now, stress-strain behaviour for elasto-plastic part can be
given as:
𝝈 𝑭𝑴𝑳 = (𝝈 𝒚) 𝑨𝒍
𝒕 𝑨𝒍
𝒕 𝑭𝑴𝑳
𝟏 −
𝑬 𝒑𝒍
𝑬 𝒆𝒍 𝑨𝒍
+ 𝑬 𝑭𝑴𝑳 𝜺 𝑭𝑴𝑳 (𝟐)
The overall stress-strain behaviour of the FML can now be
estimated from equations (1) and (2)
20. Results and Discussion:
(a) Al/JRE (0.2)/Al/JRE (0.2)/Al (b) Al/JRE (0.4)/Al/JRE (0.4)/Al
(c) Al/JRE (0.6)/Al/JRE (0.6)/Al (d) Al/JRE (0.8)/Al/JRE (0.8)/Al
Fig.5. Tensile stress-strain behaviour of different FMLS
21. Fig.5. Variation of Elastic and Plastic moduli with fiber volume
fraction (𝑉𝑓)
Results and Discussion contd…
22. Fig.6. Variation of tensile strength with fiber volume fraction (𝑉𝑓)
(a) (b)
Vf Syt (FEA) (Mpa) Syt (Analyt) (Mpa)
0.2 183.99 184.04
0.4 194.90 194.91
0.6 206.04 205.84
0.8 216.98 216.77
Table 3: Variation of tensile strength with fiber volume fraction (𝑉𝑓)
Results and Discussion contd…
23. Fig.7. Variation of Elastic and Plastic moduli ratio with tensile
strength of FML (𝑆 𝑦𝑡)
Results and Discussion contd…
24. Summary and Conclusion:
In the present investigation, effort has been made to
predict the tensile properties viz. elastic and plastic
moduli and yield strength of novel Al and Jute fibers
based FMLs using Finite Element Method.
The results of the FEM are validated using already
published mathematical model.
A new approach for obtaining yield strength of FMLs from
the stress-strain curve is presented in good agreement
with the analytical method.
25. Summary and Conclusion contd…
Based on the statistical analysis of the results, following
linear regression equations are proposed for predicting
different parameters:
For elastic modulus of FML:
𝐸𝑒𝑙 = 9242.5𝑉𝑓 + 29263
For plastic modulus of FML:
𝐸 𝑝𝑙 = 9439.1𝑉𝑓 + 1768.7
For tensile yield strength of FML:
𝑆 𝑦𝑡 = 55.04𝑉𝑓 + 172.9
26. 1. Krishnakumar S. “Fiber Metal Laminates -- The synthesis of metals
and composites”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 9, No.2,
1994, pp. 295-354.
2. Wu G. and Yang J. M. “Analytical modelling and numerical simulation
of the nonlinear deformation of hybrid fibre–metal laminates”. Modelling
and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 13, 2005, pp.
413–425.
3. Kaw A. K. “Mechanics of Composite Materials”, 2nd edition, CRC press
Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
4. Hagenbeek M., Hengel C. V., Bosker O. J. and Vermeeren C. A. J. R.
“Static properties of fiber metal laminates”, Applied Composite
Materials, 2003, 10: 207-223,.
5. Moussavi-Torshizi S., E., Dariushi S., Sadighi M. and Safarpour P.
“A study on tensile properties of a novel fiber/metal laminates”,
Materials Science and Engineering A. 527, 2010, pp. 4920–4925.
6. Soltani P., Keikhosravy M., Oskouei R. H. and Soutis C., “Studying
the tensile behaviour of GLARE laminates: A finite element modelling
approach”, Applied Composite Materials, 2011, 18: 271–282.
References:
27. 7. Luciano R., Barbero E. J., “Formulas for the stiffness of composite
materials with periodic microstructure”, International Journal of Solids
and Structures. Vol. 31, 1994 No. 21, 2933-2944.
8. Khan J. A., Khan M. A., “The use of jute fibers as reinforcements in
composites”, Elsevier publications. 2015.
9. Sanjay M. R., Arpitha G. S. and Yogesha B., “Study on mechanical
properties of natural - glass fiber polymer hybrid composites: A
review”, Materials Today: Proceedings 2, 2015, pp. 2959 – 2967l.
Mohan P., “A critical review: The modification, properties and
applications of epoxy resins”, Polymer-Plastics Technology and
Engineering, Taylor and Francis publications, Vol. 52, 2013, pp. 107-
125.
Paluvai N. R., Mohanty S., Nayak S. K., “Synthesis and
modifications of epoxy resins and their composites: A review”,
Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, Taylor and Francis
publications, Vol. 53, 2014, pp. 1723-1758.
30. Fiber
Micromechanics of lamina
Mesomechanics of lamina
Homogenous orthotropic layer/lamina
Fig. Schematic of the analysis of laminates [Kaw, 2006]
Matrix
Analysis and design of
laminate
Structural element
Laminate
