This document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems and the process of human reproduction from conception through birth. It describes the internal and external organs involved in reproduction for both sexes. It then explains fertilization, implantation, fetal development through each trimester, and concludes with a brief overview of the birth process and a newborn baby. Key stages covered include ovulation, formation of the umbilical cord and placenta, fetal movement and development of organs, and the three stages of labor.

3. Obstetrics in Broad Perspective We have come a long way from ‘ Stand By’ the pregnant woman  Support Normal Delivery  Prevent Abnormal Delivery  Predict onset of Adverse Effects

4. Structure of reproductive organs Giving birth to another life is reproduction. Human reproduction is unique. Organs Concerned with Reproduction Male & Female External Genital Organs Internal Genital Organs

11. Uterine Support Transverse cervical & Uterosacral Ligaments Spokes of a bicycle wheel Lavator ani Structures passing through Rectum, urethra and uterine cervix Controls urinary continence & defecation Three layers of uterus The endometrium The myometrium & The perimetrium

12. Vagina that receives the male sperm during intercourse 9 Cm long Ovulation mature oocyte is released from the primordial follicle. once a month.

13. Reproductive cycle menstrual bleeding ovum travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus

14. Structure of male reproductive organs Testes suspended inside a sac called the scrotum by a spermatic cord Functions of the Testes produce sperm cells and secrete male sex hormones

19. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE PELVIS Male Bony Pelvis Female Bony Pelvis

20. Female Pelvis with Fascia and Ligaments

22. Fertilization

26. Amnion Membranous sac which surrounds & protects the embryo . umbilical cord Lifeline between the fetus and the placenta in the uterus Later stage in the development of the umbilical cord Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion.

27. Formation and structure of the umbilical cord – By the end of the third week of development the embryo is attached to placenta via a connecting stalk Beginning of the umbilical cord Development of the umbilical cord Development of the yolk sac & the duct

28. Cross section of normal umbilical cord Fetus at ~53 days Umbilical cord protects the fetal vessels that connect the placenta & fetus Fetus and placenta from a 17 week gestation

48. Hormonal Changes Hormones are chemically diverse substances (e.g. steroids; peptides), which are released into the bloodstream in response to some stimulus, and activate cells. The main hormones are Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Oestrogen Progesterone Prolactin Relaxin Oxytocin Prostaglandin

49. Uterus , Cervix and Breasts The anatomical, physiological and biochemical adaptations that take place in women during the short span of human pregnancy are profound.

53. New Born A healthy new born cries vigorously as soon as he is born, kicking his limbs actively, giving the greatest joy to the tired mother.

55. Doppler Waves

64. Combining the knowledge from the west and the east, it means that, the best type of diet for a pregnant woman is a Satvic , simple wholesome vegetarian diet. The ingredients could include all (less polished) cereals and lentils, plenty of vegetables (cooked and raw), fruits, butter milk instead of curd or milk, moderate quantity of oils and not solid fats, plenty of water and malted drinks; replace coffee and tea by herbal tea; avoid stored and tinned foods , aerated drinks, foods with preservatives and colouring agents; select grains and vegetables grown organically. Quantity of the items are to be calculated according to the, state of the mind, body weight, the level of physical activity, and the degree of weight gain as the pregnancy advances. Obtaining carbohydrates from unprocessed sources like nuts, fruits and whole-grain breads is healthier than the alternative for pregnant women. Don’t eat just before or while you’re exercising , though. The ideal eating pattern is 2 to 3 hours before yoga exercises and immediately afterwards.

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