3. Lymphatic vessels
• Flow toward heart
• Pick up excess tissue fluid and return it to blood
• Extremely permeable
• Lymph goes from lymph capillaries to lymphatic
collecting vessels
• Right lymphatic duct drains right arm, right side of
head, and thorax
• Thoracic duct receives the rest of body’s lymph
4. Lymph nodes
• Remove foreign material from lymphatic stream and
produce lymphocytes
• Cluster
7. • First line of Defense
• Surface Membrane: barrier for pathogens
• Produces protective secretions
• Second line in Defense
• Cells and Chemicals: phagocytes, natural killer
cells, inflammatory cells, and chemical substances
9. Inflammatory response
• Nonspecific response that’s triggered
• Process
• Neutrophils enter blood
• Move through capillary walls to worst area
• Neutrophils gather and remove foreign material
10. Phagocytes
• Macrophage or neutrophil
• Lysosome fuses with phagocytes and digest
pathogens
• Eat away foreign material
11. Antimicrobial Proteins
Complement
• Plasma protein
• Proteins bind to foreign
material
• Enhance inflammatory and
immune responses and
phagocyes
Interon
• Proteins
• Interfere with viruses being
able to multiply
13. Adaptive body defenses
• Immune system: response to threats
• Third line of defense
• Two parts
• Humoral immunity
• Cellular immunity
• Three most important parts
• Antigen specific
• Systemic
• Memory
14. antigens
• Substance initiates our immune system
• Large complex molecules
• Strongest are proteins
• Provoke an immune response then bind with
proteins
• Incomplete antigens can’t provoke a response
unless it binds with other protein
15. Cells of adaptive defense
system
Two Parts: Lymphocytes and Antigen-
Presenting Cells (APCs)
16. Lymphocytes
• Develop in red bone marrow
• Becoming B or T cells depend on immunocompetent
• T cells oversee cell-mediated immunity
• B cells provide humoral immunity
17. Anti-presenting cells
• Present antigens to cells
• Develop from monocytes
• Called dendrites or macrophages
• Live in lymphoid organs
18. Humoral immune response
Primary Humoral
Response
• Antigens bind to receptors
• Causes multiplication of
cells
• Clump of cells
• Clone members that
become plasma members
secrete antibodies
Secondary Humoral
Response
• B cells that don’t become
plasma cells become
memory cells
• In charge of immunological
memory
• Much faster because
they’ve taken care of the
same antigens before
19. Antibodies
• Made by activated B cells or plasma-cell offspring
• Bind with specific antigens
• 5 major classes:
• IgM
• IgA
• IgD
• IgG
• IgE
20. Antibody Structure
• Four amino acid chains
• Two identical heavy and two identical light
• T or Y shaped
• Variable region at one end and constant region at
the other
• Variable region forms an antigen-binding site
• Constant region determine antibody function and
class
21. Antibody function
• Functions: complement
fixation, neutralization, precipitation, and
agglutination
• Complement: binds to antibodies attached to cellular
targets and triggers lysis
• Neutralization: antibodies bind to specific sites on
bacterial exotoxins. block harmful effects
• Precipitation: antigens cross-link involve soluble
molecules
• Agglutination: cross-link involves cell-bound
antigens and causes clumping
22. CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED)
IMMUNE RESPONSE
• T cells must be activated by binding with antigens
that macrophages present it to
• T cells are differentiated to effector T cells and
memory T cells
• Cytotoxix T cells: kill virus-infected, cancer, or
foreign graft cells
• Helper T cells: “managers/directors”
• Regulatory T cells: stop immune response when
finished
23. Development
• Lymphatic vessels break off from veins
• Immune response develops around birth
• Ability of cells to recognize foreign antigens is
genetically determined
24. Diseases
1. Anaphylactic
Shock
• Allergic response
• Allergens directly enter
blood
• Immunoglobin has an
exaggerated response
• Symptoms: swelling, low
blood pressure, hives, and
dilated blood vessels
• Epinephrine needs to be
injected to thigh
2. Rheumatoid
Arthritis
• Inflammatory disorder
• Affects small joins in hands
and feet
• Causes painful swelling
• Immune system accidently
attacks your own body and
tissue
• No cure
• Medications can reduce
pain
25. Technologies
1.Xenographs
• Transfer of living
cells, tissues, or organs
from one species to
another
• Used for cancer treatments
fatal diseases, and prolong
life
26. 2.
Lymphoscintigraphy
• Image technology
• Radioactive substance
flows through lymp ducts
and lymph nodes
• Scanner or probe follow
substance on a computer
screen
• Finds sentinel lymph node
