Meta Berghauser Pont discusses the

1. Space, Density
and Urban Form
KTH, 27 October 2011
META BERGHAUSER PONT

2. 75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare

3. 40 dwellings per hectare
50 dwellings per hectare
60 dwellings per hectare

4. Grachtengordel Jordaan

5. Density of Amsterdam

6. Amsterdam
1650
Footprint
m2/inh
160
140
120
100 Density
inh/ha
80 600
500
60 (predominately) housing fabrics
400
parks
40 300
sports facilities
200 garden allotments
20
100 cemeteries
industrial and office areas
0 0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

7. Amsterdam
1880
Footprint
m2/inh
160
140
120
100 Density
inh/ha
80 600
500
60 (predominately) housing fabrics
400
parks
40 300
sports facilities
200 garden allotments
20
100 cemeteries
industrial and office areas
0 0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

8. Amsterdam
1900
Footprint
m2/inh
160
140
120
100 Density
inh/ha
80 600
500
60 (predominately) housing fabrics
400
parks
40 300
sports facilities
200 garden allotments
20
100 cemeteries
industrial and office areas
0 0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

9. Amsterdam
1939
Footprint
m2/inh
160
140
120
100 Density
inh/ha
80 600
500
60 (predominately) housing fabrics
400
parks
40 300
sports facilities
200 garden allotments
20
100 cemeteries
industrial and office areas
0 0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

10. Amsterdam
1958
Footprint
m2/inh
160
140
120
100 Density
inh/ha
80 600
500
60 (predominately) housing fabrics
400
parks
40 300
sports facilities
200 garden allotments
20
100 cemeteries
industrial and office areas
0 0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

11. Amsterdam
1984
Footprint
m2/inh
160
140
120
100 Density
inh/ha
80 600
500
60 (predominately) housing fabrics
400
parks
40 300
sports facilities
200 garden allotments
20
100 cemeteries
industrial and office areas
0 0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

12. Amsterdam
2000
Footprint
m2/inh
160
140
120
100 Density
inh/ha
80 600
500
60 (predominately) housing fabrics
400
parks
40 300
sports facilities
200 garden allotments
20
100 cemeteries
industrial and office areas
0 0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

13. Average occupation rate (inhabitants per dwelling unit) (G.W.B.) Urban footprint (m2 of city space per inhabitant)
1876: 30 m 2 1926: 50 m 2 1958: 80 m 2 1998: 120 m 2

14. Raymond Unwin (1909):
“Nothing gained by overcrowding!”
Unwin: < 12 dwellings per acre
Hoenig: spaciousness of at least 1

15. Raymond Unwin (1909): Jane Jacobs (1961):
“Nothing gained by overcrowding!” “American slums are not only an issue faced in the inner
cities, but also in the low-density, dull areas in the fringes”
Unwin: < 12 dwellings per acre Jacobs: > 100 dwellings per acre
Hoenig: spaciousness of at least 1 coverage over 60%

16. Urban Density and Energy Consumption
Urban Density
inhabitants per hectare
Urban Footprint
m2 per inhabitant

18. Measuring Density

19. Density Measures Year Use Norm

20. Density Measures Year Use Norm

21. Density Measures Year Use Norm

22. Density Measures Year Use Norm

23. Density Measures Year Use Norm

24. 75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare

25. FSI = 1.90 FSI = 1.90 FSI = 1.90
N
40 200

26. GSI = 0.25 GSI = 0.25 GSI = 0.25
N
40 200

27. OSR= 1.00 OSR= 1.00 OSR= 1.00
N
40 200

28. L= 3 L= 3 L= 3
N
40 200

29. FSI 1.00
GSI 1.00
L 1.00
OSR 0.00
1 2 3 4
FSI 1.00 FSI 1.00 FSI 1.00 FSI 1.00
GSI 1.00 GSI 0.50 GSI 0.33 GSI 0.25
L 1.00 L 2.00 L 3.00 L 4.00
OSR 0.00 OSR 0.50 OSR 0.67 OSR 0.75

30. known sought
FSI L=FSI/GSI
GSI OSR=(1-GSI)/FSI
FSI GSI=FSI/L
L OSR=1/FSI-1/L
FSI GSI=1-FSI*OSR
OSR L=1/(1/FSI-OSR)
GSI FSI=GSI*L
L OSR=(1/L)*(1/GSI-1)
GSI FSI=(1-GSI)/OSR
OSR L=(1/GSI-1)/OSR
L FSI=1/(OSR+1/L)
OSR GSI=1/(L*OSR+1)

31. 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4
FSI 1.00 FSI 1.00 FSI 1.00 FSI 1.00
GSI 1.00 GSI 0.50 GSI 0.33 GSI 0.25
L 1.00 L 2.00 L 3.00 L 4.00
OSR 0.00 OSR 0.50 OSR 0.67 OSR 0.75

32. 3
2
1
1 2 3
N
40 200

33. 1 2 3
1 2 3
N
40 200

34. 3
2 1
1 2 3
N
40 200

35. 3
2 1
1 2 3
130
180 150
220
65
70
N
40 200

36. Network density
1 2 3
N
40 200

37. 3 2
2 3
1
1
1 2 3
N = 0.012 N = 0.021 N = 0.023
b = 32.1 b = 14.4 b = 18.0
T = 0.35 T = 0.28 T = 0.37
N
40 200

38. Floor Space Index (FSI)
FSIx=Fx/Ax where
Fx = gross floor area (m2)
Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)
x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))
Ground Space Index (GSI)
GSIx=Bx/Ax where
Bx = footprint of (m2)
Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)
x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))
Network Density (N)
Nx=(Σli+(Σle)/2)/Ax where
li = length of interior network (m)
le = length of edge network (m)
Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)

39. Floor Space Index (FSI)
FSIx=Fx/Ax where
Fx = gross floor area (m2)
Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)
x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))
Ground Space Index (GSI)
GSIx=Bx/Ax where
Bx = footprint of (m2)
Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)
x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))
Network Density (N)
Nx=(Σli+(Σle)/2)/Ax where
li = length of interior network (m)
le = length of edge network (m)
Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)

40. Building Height (L)
Open Space Ratio (OSR)
Tare (T)

44. Urban types and
Density

50. Performance of
Density

51. Parking Performance

53. Daylight Performance
Kowloon City (Hong Kong)
FSI
DPI 10%
DPI 25%
Ciutat Vella (Barcelona)
DPI 50%
Jordaan (Amsterdam)
DPI 100% Siemenstadt (Berlin)
GSI

54. A3
A2
B3 B2 B1
A1

55. ‘Urbanity’

56. Representing Urban Types
Case Rotterdam

57. FSI
GSI

63. MXI

69. Density
Integration

71. Density
Integration

73. Stadionpark

74. Feijenoord

75. Stadshavens

76. Open Source Database
SpaceCalculator: http://www.permeta.nl/spacemate/index2.html
Amsterdam: http://www.gisdro.nl/FUNCTIEMIX/