1. Passenger Car and Heavy-Duty
Diesel Oil Performance Demands
and Evolutions
– An Asian Perspectives
Indonesia Fuel & Lubes Conference 2007, Jakarta
Monday 26th & Tuesday 27th November 2007
Jason Chong
Product Manager, Engine Oil

2. Contents
§ Market drivers
§ Evolution of lubricant
requirements
§ The Asian marketplace

3. Market Drivers

4. Engine Oil Market Drivers
There are 3 main factors affecting the engine oil
market:
1. Changing emissions legislation
2. Increased fuel economy requirements
3. Durability under severe operating conditions

5. Global Need to Focus on Air Quality
§ Widespread analysis indicates that urban air pollution in Asia
has and will continue to cause ill health.
§ Global estimates indicate that annually 220,000-570,000
deaths are associated to airborne particulate matter.
§ Other direct and indirect effects of
particulates and oxides of carbon,
nitrogen and sulfur are affecting
the global environment.
§ Globally, there is a range of emissions
limits.

6. Global Emission and Lubricant Structure
North America Europe Asia
EPA driven EU driven Country specific
Passenger car ACEA: Strong 2- wheeler
motor oil - ILSAC Passenger car – market
GF-4 A/B,C
§ Fuel economy § Diesel oil/ motor oil Euro norms are a
§ Durability § Durability common base
§ Fuel economy
Heavy-duty diesel Heavy-duty diesel - E API focused
- API CJ-4 § SCR and DPF
§ DPF focus § Durability Japan
§ Durability GF-4, DL-1, DH-2

7. Overview of Legislation Introduction - AP
E1 - Euro 1 E3 - Euro 3
E2 - Euro 2 E4 - Euro 4
Vietnam E1
Thailand E1 E2 E3 E4
Taipei
Sri Lanka
Singapore E1 E2 E4
China E1 E2 E4
Philippines E1
Nepal E1
Malaysia E1 E2
Indonesia E2
India E1 E2 E3 E4
Hong Kong E1 E2 E3 E4
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Australia E2 E3 E4
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

8. Fuel Economy
Over the last 10 years the use of fuel-efficient
engine oils has increased dramatically
§ Demand for increased
fuel-efficient engine oils is
driven by:
§ Lower CO2 emissions
(Kyoto Protocol)
§ Lower fuel consumption
§ Lower cost of ownership

9. Durability
The performance demanded from engine oils
has increased dramatically over the past
decade
§ Increased oil drain intervals
§ Driven by reducing waste oil
§ Lowering cost of ownership
§ More severe operating conditions
§ New engine designs
§ New aftertreatment systems
§ New types of fuel (e.g., biodiesel)
§ Engine oils are required to function
under increasingly severe operating
conditions

10. Evolution of Lubricant
Requirements

11. Evolution of Hardware vs Emissions
Emissions legislation has led to new engine
designs and aftertreatment systems
Particulates
Engine Design
Turbochargers and
intercoolers
Fuel changes Euro I
De-NOx CAT Euro 2
Retarded injection, piston design changes
SCR EGR
Euro 3
OXICAT
CRT Euro 4
Aftertreatment NOx

12. Emissions
Impact on engine design
Euro 4 emissions legislation is leading new
engine designs and aftertreatment systems
Typical design solution Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
Gasoline Engine design PFI PFI PFI + GDI
Aftertreatment
TWC TWC TWC
system
Diesel Engine design IDI IDI + DI DI
EGR or
Aftertreatment
- EGR EGR/DPF or
system
SCR
KEY Engine design types Aftertreatment system types
PFI Port fuel injection gasoline TWC Three-way catalyst
GDI Direct injection gasoline EGR Exhaust gas recirculation
IDI Indirect injection diesel DPF Diesel particulate filter
DI Direct injection diesel SCR Selective catalytic reduction

13. Emissions
Impact of engine oils on aftertreatment devices
A mix of data is currently being published
regarding the impact of engine oils on
aftertreatment devices
Aftertreatment device Fluid-related constraint
Ash Phosphorus Sulphur
Diesel Particulate Filter DPF ü - -
Three-way Catalyst TWC - ü -
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst DOC - ü ü
Lean NOx Catalyst LNC - - ü
NOx Adsorber NOx - - ü
Selective Catalytic Reduction SCR - ? ?

14. Impact of Elemental Restrictions
Chemical composition ranges of
heavy-duty diesel lubricants
Sulphated Ash Phosphorus Sulphur
Pre Euro 1.8% 1100-1300ppm >5000ppm
(ACEA E3 or CCMC D5)
Typical Euro 3 1.2% 1100-1300ppm >5000ppm
(ACEA E5)
Typical Euro 4
(ACEA E6) 1.0% <800ppm <3000pm
To meet the severity needs of today’s
engines, these restrictions will have a major
impact on lubricant formulation strategies

15. Increased Complexity
Throughout the “Food Chain”
Pre-Euro Euro 4
Along with hardware, engine
specifications are becoming
increasingly complex

16. Euro 4/5 Passenger Car
Performance Demands
Formulating
OEM desires:
requirements:
• Lower viscosity
• Fuel economy grades only if fuel
dilution and wear
• Emissions concerns addressed
• Reduced sludge • Lower SAPS
• Increased piston • Improved performance
deposit performance from:
• anti-oxidants
• Turbo-charger • detergents
performance • dispersants
• Biodiesel compatibility

17. Euro 4/5 Heavy-Duty Diesel
Performance Demands
OEM desires: Formulating
• Aftertreatment requirements:
compatibility • Lower SAPS
• Fuel economy
• Improved soot dispersancy
• Soot handling
• Improved soot-related
wear
• Corrosion control
• Improved oxidative
• Increased piston
stability
deposit performance
• Improved corrosion
• Turbo-charger
inhibition
performance
• Improved deposit
• Biodiesel compatibility
performance

18. The Asian Marketplace

19. A Highly Fragmented Market
AP HD Performance Tiers
100%
90% Wide range of
80%
70% performance,
60%
50% from CC to CI-4
40% PLUS and DH1/2
30%
20% in Japan
10%
0%
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Vi
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S.
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Ph
CC/CD/CF CF-4 > CG-4
AP PC Performance Tiers
SF is still 100%
dominant in 90%
80%
developing 70%
60%
markets, with 50%
40%
SL/SM/GF-4 30%
in 20%
10%
Japan/Korea 0%
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Vie
Th
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<SF SG/SH >SJ

20. A Highly Fragmented Market
Viscosity Grade Profile HDDO – Asia Pacific
100%
80% Monogrades are still a
staple in hotter climates
60%
40%
20%
0%
ia
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Jap
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Monogrades 15W-40 10W-30/10W-40
20W-40/20W-50 Other Multigrades
Viscosity Grade Profile PCMO – Asia Pacific
100%
Regional 80%
preferences 60%
dominate 40%
20%
0%
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Au
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Monogrades 20W-40/20W-50 15W-40
10W-30/10W-40 5W-20/5W-30 Other Multigrades

21. Different Fuel Quality Levels
2007 Diesel Sulfur Limits in Asia

22. Biodiesel Industry: Total Biodiesel Demand
- Asia Pacific 2006-2011
Note: All figures are rounded; the base year is 2005. Source: Frost & Sullivan

23. Different Operating Conditions
The more the
merrier

24. Different Needs Leading to Potentially
Different Vehicle Markets
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Europe USA Asia Pacific
Passenger Car Light Commercial Vehicle Heavy Trucks Buses

25. Henceforth…
§ Right product for the Right application is
important
§ For example, although diesel fuel sulfur has
reduced over time, there still need to be a focus
on TBN
§ Detergent is used not just to neutralize fuel
and oxidation related acids. It has other
functions such as piston cleanliness.
§ Concerns over alternate fuels.
§ Possibly different service intervals

26. Summary
§ Engine Oils will be required to deliver performance in
ü Extended durability
ü Fuel Economy
ü Emissions
§ Convergence of these drivers results in an increase in
the performance requirements for an engine oil
§ In Asia, a highly fragmented market will require
proper formulation of lubricant to achieve the desired
performance , taking in account all of the
requirements with regards to acid control, shear
stability, materials compatibility and compatibility
with any exhaust after-treatment

27. Thank you for your interest and attendance