2. 4 DEADLY PARASITES
Larva of a botfly
Leishmania
Lancet Liver fluke(Dicrocoelium dendriticum)
The Japanese lung fluke (Paragonimus
westermani)
3. Larva of a botfly
A botfly, also written bot fly, bott fly or bot-
fly in various combinations, is any fly in the
family Oestridae. The life cycles vary greatly
according to species, but the larvae of all
species are internal parasites of mammals.
Largely according to species they also are
known variously as warble flies, heel flies,
and gadflies. The larvae of some species grow
in the flesh of their hosts, while others grow
within the hosts' alimentary tracts.
4. Larva of a botfly
The Larva of a botfly grows inside a
mammal flesh, Eggs are deposited
on animal skin directly, or the
larvae hatch and drop from the
eggs attached to the intermediate
vector: the body heat of the host
animal induces hatching upon
contact or immediate proximity.
Some forms of botfly also occur in
the digestive tract after ingestion
by licking.
5. Larva of a botfly
•Botfly attacks a Mosquito and glues it’s eggs.
•Mosquito finds a human/sheep/deer
•Glue is broken due to immense heat from the
host skin(sheep/human/deer) eggs are then
dropped on the skin.
•Larva undetected forms a wound eventually
digging a hole in the flesh.
•There it remains for approximately 5-6 weeks
until it becomes engorged with flesh.
•At this stage, if left undetected, the maggot will
pop its way out of the small hole that it has eaten Botfly Larva emerging
inside of the host and fall to the ground where from Skin
they pupate into an adult botfly in about 20 days
time. Thus, the life cycle begins all over again.
6. Larva of a botfly
Life Cycle
Stays/feed
Eggs
s on flesh
dropped
for 5-6
on flesh
weeks
Maggots
Bot fly
pops and
seeks an
falls to the
intermedia
ground to
te host
pupate
After 20
days:Adult
Bot fly
7. Leishmania
Leishmania is the parasite responsible for the
disease leishmaniasis. it is spread through
sandflies
Leishmania inside a bone
marrow cell.
8. Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of the sandfly and
can cause skin disease and systemic disease. The systemic form can be
fatal, but treatment with antimony-containing compounds produces a high
cure rate.
9. Causes, incidence, and risk
factors
There are different forms of leishmaniasis.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects the skin and mucous membranes. Skin
sores usually start at the site of the sandfly bite. In a few people, sores
may develop on mucous membranes.
Systemic, or visceral, leishmaniasis affects the entire body. This form
occurs 2 - 8 months after a person is bitten by the sandfly. Most people
do not remember having a skin sore. This form can lead to deadly
complications. The parasites damage the immune system by
decreasing the numbers of disease-fighting cells.
11. Lancet Liver Fluke(Dicrocoelium
dendriticum)
The Lancet liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) is a parasite fluke that
tends to live in cattle or other grazing mammals.
The parasite spends its adult life inside the
liver of its host. After mating, the eggs are
excreted in the feces.
The first intermediate host, the terrestrial
snail consumes the feces, and becomes
infected by the larval parasites.
The snail attempts to defend itself by walling
the parasites off in cysts, which it then
excretes(either by coughing or vomiting it out)
and leaves it behind in the grass or substrate.
12. Lancet Liver Fluke(Dicrocoelium
dendriticum)
The second intermediate host, an ant. Ant’s favorite food is the snail slime.
uses the trail of snail slime as a source of moisture. The ant then swallows a
cyst loaded with hundreds of juvenile lancet flukes.
There, the fluke takes control of
the ant's actions by manipulating
it’s nerves. (Mind Control)
13. Lancet Liver Fluke(Dicrocoelium
dendriticum)
As evening approaches and the air cools, the infected ant is drawn away
from other members of the colony and upward to the top of a blade of
grass. Once there, it clamps its mandibles onto the top of the blade and
stays there until dawn. Afterward, it goes back to its normal activity at
the ant colony.
If the host ant were to be subjected to the heat of the direct sun, it
would die along with the parasite. Night after night, the ant goes back to
the top of a blade of grass until a grazing animal comes along and eats
the blade, ingesting the ant along with it, thus putting lancet flukes back
inside their host. They live out their adult lives inside the animal,
reproducing so that the cycle begins again.
15. The Japanese lung fluke Adult Form
(Paragonimus westermani)
Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic
infection caused by the lung fluke which
can cause a sub-acute to chronic
inflammatory disease of the lung.
It is one of the more recognized lung
flukes with the widest geographical
range. It was discovered by Coenraad
Kerbert (1849-1927) in 1878.
Egg form
