Klasifikasi Parasit

1. Classification of Parasite

2. BASED OF
NATURE

3. FACULTATIVE PARASITE
Are organisms that are actually free-living
organisms, but because certain conditions
require these organisms to live as parasites
so that the nature of their parasitic life is not
absolute. For example, flies such as
Sarcophaga
Ex.The larval stage normally lives in
manure, but in the absence of manure, the
female flies are forced to lay eggs on the
wounded body so that when the larvae hatch
and cause myiasis, which is usually found
between the tracks or the back of the hooves
and even in the outer ear holes.

4. OBLIGATE PARASITE
Obligate parasites are all organisms that require a host to survive and
exist.All pathogenic organisms are obligate parasites.

5. INSIDENTAL/SPORADIS PARASITE
An incidental parasite is a parasite that for
some reason is in a host that is not natural.
Ex. Dipylidium caninum. This parasite is a
tapeworm in dogs known as cucumber seed
tapeworm, but by chance or "accident" it is
found in humans. The accident may occur as
follows: when a gravid segment escapes and
crawls out through the dog's anus, and is
eaten by the dog midge Ctenocephalus canis
or the human midge Pulex irritans, the
embryonated egg grows into a cysticercoid or
cryptocyst.

6. ERATICA PARASITE
A parasite that is present in a natural host but
located in an unnatural area.
Ex. Ascaris lurnbricoides. This parasite is a
nematode worm that normally resides in the
duodenum of humans and pigs. However, due
to circumstances such as hunger or
antiperistaltic movements of the intestinal
wall, the worm is pushed into the stomach or
enters the gallbladder via the bile duct.

7. SPURIOSA PARASITE
This term is actually not appropriate to
express parasite misdiagnosis. This occurs
during post-mortem diagnosis, for example
because before death the dog ate cow feces
containing Moniezia expansa worm eggs, then
at post-mortem examination the dog may be
diagnosed as infested with Moniezia expansa
worms.

8. By Time or
Degree of
Parasitism

9. Temporary parasites or non-periodic
parasites
Temporary parasites are organisms that have
to live part of their lives as parasites while the
rest of their lives as free-living organisms.
Ex. Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles females
live a small part of their lives as blood-sucking
parasites only during the hot nights, while
after that Anopheles females live freely.

10. Stationary parasites.
Stationary parasites are parasites that during one stage of their development or during their
life are always in contact with their host.
1. Periodic stationary parasites.
Included in this group are protelien parasites Ex. Gastrophilus sp. The larval stage of this fly
lives as a parasite in the horse's stomach, attaches and sucks the blood of the stomach wall and
after a month leaves the host with feces. Outside the host's body, it continues its development
and eventually becomes a free-living adult fly.
2. Permanent stationary parasites.
Permanent stationary parasites are organisms that are in constant contact with and live as
parasites on or within their hosts. An example of a parasite whose larval and adult stages are
permanent on or within a single host is lice.

11. Based on the
number of
hosts

12. Holoxenose parasites or monoxenose
parasites.
A holoxenose parasite is a parasite that
requires only one other organism as a host in
its life cycle. Examples of holoxenose
parasites are Eimeria tenella.

13. Heteroxenous parasites.
Heteroxenous parasites are parasites that
require more than one other organism as a
host in their life cycle.
Ex. Babesia motasi. Babesia motasi is a
protozoan that parasitizes the blood cells of
sheep. In its life cycle, the protozoan requires
ticks and sheep as hosts

14. Based on
Location or
Predilection

15. Ectoparasites or ectozoans.
Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the
surface of the host's body or in burrows in the
skin that still have free contact with the
outside world. Including this group are
temporary or non-periodic parasites or
known parasites come and go. Called parasites
come and go because parasites visit their hosts
only at certain times.
Ex. Stomoxys flies (horse, cow) are
temporary parasites because they visit their
host to live as parasites for a certain time to
suck blood.

16. Endoparasite or entoparasite or
entozoon.
Endoparasites are parasites that are located
within the body tissues of their hosts except
those that live on the body surface and in skin
burrows.
The gastrointestinal tract seems to be a
favored location for parasites to reside or
predilect. Parasites and various species of
nernatodes, trematodes and cestodes live in
the lumen or in the mucosa of the digestive
tract wall.

17. Based on Its
Effect on The
Host.

18. Endoparasite or entoparasite or
entozoon.
1. Pathogenic parasites. Parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, Theileria parva,
Trypanosoma evans, Babesia bigemina and Leishmania donovani can be classified as
parasites that have pathogenic effects on their hosts.
2. Less pathogenic parasites. Fasciola hepatica is less pathogenic to sheep while
Fasciola giganlica is less pathogenic to cattle. Haemonchus contortus and
Bunostomum hookworm can be classified as less pathogenic parasites.
3. Non-pathogenic parasites. Non-pathogenic parasites include Ascaris jumbricoides
in pigs and humans.

19. Types of Parasite

20. Types of Parasite

21. PROTOZOA
Definition :
Phylum protozoa is an animal whose body consists of one cell. The name
protozoa comes from the Latin meaning "first animal" (proto = beginning, zoon
= animal). This phylum animals live in moist or watery areas, for example in
fresh water, sea water, brackish water and soil, even in the bodies of other
organisms. There are protozoa that are free-living, commensals and parasites in
other animals. There are these animals that live individually and some are in
colonies. Generally reproduce by dividing, but there is also a conjugation, and
some are forming spores, food in the form of: bacteria, other single-celled
animals or the remains of organisms. There are saprozoic, holophytic, and
holozoic ways of taking food. Some of them use flagella, cilia, pseudopodia to
move, some even don't have locomotion.

22. PROTOZOA
Habitat and Ecology :
Protozoa live in all habitats that allow the animal to live. Protozoa require a wet
environment, for example in tub water, fresh water or other water, even in wet
soil to a depth of approximately 20 cm, in the human body or other liquid higher
animals. Each species has a role in the trophic structure or energy cycle. Some
protozoa contain chlorophyll.

23. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
1. Rhizopoda (Sarcodina )
 Move with pseudopodia (pseudo feet) which are protoplasmic extensions of cells.
Types of pseudopodia: lobopodia (blunt pouches), filopodia (needles/tube shapes),
aksopodia (unbranched needles/tubes), and reticulopodia (more than one branch).
 Plasmalemma body wall and shape change.
 Live in fresh water, sea water, wet places, and some live in the bodies of animals or
humans.
 Vegetative reproduction by orthodox binary fission.
 The genus that is most easily observed is Amoeba. Ectoamoeba is a type of Amoeba
that lives outside the bodies of other organisms (free living), for example Ameoba
proteus. Entamoeba is a type of Amoeba that lives in the body of organisms, for
example Entamoeba coli

25. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
2. Flagellata ( Mastigophora )
 Moves with flagella (whip feathers) which are also used as sensory organs and
aids to catch food.
 Body wall pellicle (pelicle) and relatively fixed shape.
 Reproduction vegetatively by longitudinal and generative binary fission in
colonial flagellates, for example : Volvox sp.
 Has a nucleus and chloroplasts with chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Fitoflagellates Autotrophic flagellates (chloroplasts), can photosynthesize. For
example: Euglena viridis. Heterotrophic flagellates (no chloroplasts).
Examples: Trypanosoma gambiens,Leishmania.

27. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
3. Ciliata ( Ciliophora )
 Tools of movement in the form of cilia (vibrating hair).
 The body wall is in the form of a pellicle, the shape is relatively fixed.
 Have more than one core and several core species. For example: Paramecium
aurelia.
 Vegetative reproduction by transverse binary fission. Generative reproduction
by conjugation in Paramecium caudatum and autogamy in Paramecium aurelia.
 Some ciliates are free-living and some are parasitic. Example of a free-living
ciliate: Paramecium caudatum.Parasite living ciliates:Balantidium coli.

29. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
4. Sporozoa
 Does not have a means of locomotion, the way this animal moves is by
changing its body position.
 The body wall is in the form of a pellicle, the shape is relatively fixed.
 It does not have a contractile vacuole because its life is parasitic, it is
saprophytic.
 Vegetative reproduction by multiple division with many new individuals.
Sexual reproduction in Plasmodium by alternating offspring.
 Sporozoa include: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falcifarum,
Plasmodium cynomologi, Plasmodium knowlest, Plasmodium gonderi, Plasmodium
berghei,Plasmodium gallinaceum,Monocystis lumbrici.

31. HELMINTHS (WORMS)
Definition :
Helminthology is the study of parasites in the form of worms. Based on
taxonomy, helminths are divided into two types, namely nemathelminthes
(roundworms) and platyhelminthes (flatworms). The adult stage of the worms
belonging to the nemathelminthes (class of nematodes) is round and elongated
inshape and in transverse sections the body cavity and tools are visible. These
worms have separate genitals. Adult worms which include platyhelmintes have
flat bodies, do not have a body cavity and are usually hermaphrodites. Diseases
caused by worms (helminthiasis), widely spread throughout the world, especially
in the tropics. This is related to weather factors and the socio-economiclevel of
the community.

32. CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS
1. Nematoda
Nematoda comes from the Greek, Nema which means thread.
Nematodes are worms whose shape is long, cylindrical (convex) without
segments and whose body is bilaterally symmetrical. The length of this worm
ranges from 2 mm to 1 meter. Nematodes found in humans are present in the
intestinal organs, tissues, and circulatory system. The presence of these worms
causes different clinical manifestations depending on the species and the organ
infested.

33. NEMATODA INTESTINALES

34. NEMATODA INTESTINALES

35. TISSUE/BLOOD NEMATODE

36. CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS
2. Trematoda
Trematoda comes from the Greek Trematodaes which means having a hole, the body shape
is flat dorso ventral like a leaf. The digestive tract has a mouth, pharynx, but not branched
intestines have anus, Suction tool (Sucker) is to attach to the host's body that's why it is also called
suction worms. When attached, this worm sucks food in the form of tissue or body fluids of its
host. Hermaphrodites, except for the family Schistosomatidae. There are direct (Monogenea) and
indirect (Digenea) life cycles. Trematodes or leafworms that are parasitic on animals can be divided
into three sub-classes, namely Monogenea, Aspidogastrea, and Digenea. Adult trematodes
generally live in the liver, intestines, lungs, kidneys and blood vessels of vertebrates, livestock, fish,
humans. Trematodes protect themselves inside their host by covering their body surface with
cuticle; their body surface is devoid of sila. Types of Trematodes Various kinds of animals can act as
definitive hosts for worms tromotodo

37. HEART TREMATODE
(Clonorchis sinensis)
Humans, cats, dogs, polar
bears and pigs are hosts for
the liver trematode parasite,
a disease that can called
Clonorchiasis.

38. PULMONARY TREMATODE
( paragonimus westermani )
Humans and animals that
eat sticky rice or rock
shrimp, such as cats,
badgers, dogs, tigers,
wolves and others are hosts
for this worm. in humans
this parasite causes
paragonomiasis

39. INTESTINAL TREMATODE
In the life cycle of the intestinal trematodes,
as in other trematodes, snails are needed as an
intermediate host I, where the miracidium
grows into sporocysts, continuing to become
redia and cercariae. The cercariae formed
from the redia then break free to leave the
snail's body and swim freely in the water. The
ultimate goal of the cercariae is intermediate
host II, which can be a type of freshwater fish
snail or aquatic plants. Humans get leafworm
disease by eating intermediate host IIwhich is
not cooked thoroughly.

40. BLOOD TREMATODE
The worms are flat in shape and live in
various bloodstreams. Usually these
worms enter the human body through
food or drink containing this worm
parasite and bathing in dirty water.

41. CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS
3. Cestoda
Worms in the cestoidea class are also called tapeworms because of their long,
flat body shape resembling a ribbon. These worms do not have a digestive tract or
blood vessels. Its elongated body is divided into segments called proglottids and these
segments when they are adults contain the male and female reproductive organs.

42. REFERENCES
• Darwanto, Tjahaya P, & Juni Priyanto. (2010). Atlas Parasitologi Kedokteran. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama
• Hadijaja, Pinardi, & Sri S. Margono (2011). Dasar Parasitologi Klinik edisi pertama. Jakarta:
FKUI.
• Jefrey H.C, Leach, R.M, 1983, Atlas Helmintologi dan Parasitologi Kedokteran, Jakarta: EGC
• Natadisastra, D dan R. Agus. 2009. Parasitologi Kedokteran: ditinjau dari organ tubuh yang
diserang. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta.
• Srisasi Gandahusada dkk, 2013, Parasitologi Kedokteran, Edisi ke 4, Badan Penerbit FKUI
Jakarta