Chapters 4-5

1. CHAPTER 4:
Federalism

2. FEDERALISM: DIVISION OF
POWER
 Federalism: a system of government where powers are
divided between national and state governments
 Federalism allows local action in matters of local concern, and
national action in matters of wider concern. It also sets up a
division of powers between national and state governments.

3. IDENTIFY NATIONAL/STATE
POWERS
 Expressed/enumerate
d power: power given
to the National
Government by the
Constitution
 Ex: lay/collect taxes, to
coin money, to regulate
foreign, interstate
commerce, to raise and
maintain armed forces,
and more.

4. IDENTIFY NATIONAL/STATE
POWERS
 Implied powers: implied or suggested powers
 Necessary and Proper Clause (i.e. regulation of labor-management
relations and building of hydroelectric power dams.

5. IDENTIFY NATIONAL/STATE
POWERS
 Inherent powers:
powers that belong to
the national
government because
it is the government of
a sovereign state
within the world
community
 Include regulation of
immigration because it is
suggested by the
expressed power to
regulate foreign trade.

7. IDENTIFY NATIONAL/STATE
POWERS
 Reserved powers which are not granted to the National
government nor denied to the States.
 States can forbid marriage under 18 without parental consent or
prohibit alcohol sales to those under 21.
 However, no state can enter into a treaty, alliance, or
confederation. States cannot print or coin money or deprive a
person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

9. EXCLUSIVE/CONCURRENT
POWERS
 Exclusive powers are given to the National government alone
and cannot be exercised by the states.
 Example: making of money, making of treaties, and laying
duties on imports.
 Concurrent powers are shared by both the National and state
governments. Such powers include the levying of taxes, defining
crimes and setting punishments, and condemning private property
for public use.

11. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN
FEDERALISM:
 Local government can
provide services,
regulate activities,
collect taxes, and do
many other things.
However, it can only do
these things because
the state has given it the
power to do so.
 When local governments
exercise their power,
they are actually
exercising State powers.
 Every state has a unitary
form of government– a
central government that
creates local units of
government for its own
convenience.

12. CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS IN
THE LAW OF THE LAND:
 The Constitution stands above all other forms of law in the
United States. Acts of Congress and treaties stand
immediately under it.
 The Supremacy Clause joins the national government and
the states into a single governmental unit, a federal
government.
 The Supreme Court acts as an umpire in the federal system.
It applies the Supremacy Clause to the conflicts involving the
state and federal governments.
 McCulloch v. Maryland helped to preserve the federal system
in the debate of the establishment of a national bank.

14. Obligations of the
Nation:
 The National Government
must “guarantee to every
State in this Union a
Republican Form of
Government.” Or a
representative form of
government.
 The National Government
must also provide protection
for each State against
invasion and internal disorder.
 The National Government is
also constitutionally bound to
respect the territorial integrity
of each of the States.

15. ADMITTING NEW STATES
 Only Congress has the power to admit new states
into the Union.
To make a new state:
1. To be admitted, an area must request statehood.
2. Then Congress can pass an enabling act to have
the people frame a Constitution.
3. After a Constitution is approved by the area, it is
sent to Congress. Then an act of admission
(creating a state) may be passed.
 Congress can set conditions before a state is admitted
(i.e. Utah had to outlaw polygamy (having more than
one spouse at a time).

17. AREAS OF COOPERATIVE
FEDERALISM
 Grants-in-aid programs: grant federal money or other
resources to the states.
 These grants often help them perform everyday activities.
 Congress can also give an annual share of the huge federal
tax revenue to the states known as revenue sharing.
 Your federal taxes are given to the states to use as they please.
 There are three types of federal grants:
1. Categorical grants are made for some specific, closely
defined purpose (i.e. school lunches or airport construction).
2. Block grants are made for much more broader defined
purposes, such as health care, social services, or welfare.
3. Project grants are grants made to states, localities, or
private agencies that apply for them (i.e. for scientific
research on cancer).

18. SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAMS:

19. INTERSTATE COMPACTS
 Interstate compacts: an agreement with foreign states
 Has to be done with the permission of Congress
 All 50 States have entered into the Compact for the Supervision
of Parolees and Probationers and the Compact on Juveniles,
allowing them to share important law-enforcement data.
 Other compacts’ subjects include coordination for the
development of such resources as fish, wildlife, water, and oil;
prevention of forest fires; combat pollution; provision for tax
collections; promotion of motor vehicle safety; and much more.

20. EXTRADITION
 Extradition is the legal process by which a fugitive from
justice in one State is returned to that State.
 This was designed to prevent a person from escaping justice by fleeing a
State.
 Ex: Dru Sjodin case--ND
 In Kentucky v. Dennison, the Supreme Court said that the federal
government cannot order a governor to return in a fugitive. (1861)
 In Puerto Rico v. Branstad, the Supreme Court overturned their
previous ruling and state that the government can indeed order a
government to extradite a fugitive. (Overturned Kentucky v.
Dennison in 1987)

21. EXTRADITION

22. PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES CLAUSE
 The Privileges and Immunities Clause means that no State
can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own
residents and those persons who happen to live in other
States.
 Each state must recognize the right of any American to travel
in or become a resident of that state.
 However, a state can require a person to live within the state
for some time before he or she can vote or hold public office
(reasonable distinction).

23. TUITIONRATESATSTATE
UNIVERSITIES:

24. POLITICAL
PARTIES:
Chapter 5

25. WHAT DO PARTIES DO?
Nominate candidates for office and work to
help their candidates win
Inform and activate supporters
 Campaigning, take stands on issues, criticize opponents,
advertisements
“Bonding Agents”
 Make sure candidates are qualified and perform well in
office

26. WHAT DO PARTIES DO?
Governing
 Partisanship: govern on
basis of support of party
and its political stands
Acts as Watchdog
 Party out of power
criticizes the party in
power (the party
controlling the executive
branch)

27. TRADITION
The framers didn’t
want political parties
but they were first
formed with the
Federalists and the
Anti-Federalists
The nation has always
had a two-party
system, and it will
continue to have one
because Americans
accept it

28. THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND THE
TWO-PARTY SYSTEM
 American election law is
written to discourage
minor parties
 Republicans and
Democrats work together
to preserve the two-party
system:
bipartisan
politics

29. THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM:
Single- Member districts: contests
where only one candidate is elected to
each office
“Winner Take All Elections”:
Plurality: the largest number of votes
cast for the office
We either vote for the person that is of the
same party in office, or we vote for the
person we think has the best chance to
replace them

31. AMERICAN IDEOLOGICAL CONSENSUS
Over time, Americans have come to share
many of the same ideals, principles, and
patterns of belief
 This causes American society and politics to simply
not permit more that two major parties
 This also causes the two major parties to be very
much alike, both trying to go down the middle to get
the most votes

33. MULTIPARTY SYSTEMS
Many European democracies:
 Consists of several major and many lesser
parties
Various parties are based on particular
interests
 Economic class, religion, etc.
Makes for a broader and more diverse
representation
Coalition: the power to govern to be shared
by many parties

35. ONE-PARTY (NO PARTY) SYSTEMS
Dictatorships: only one
party is allowed
1/3 of states still have a
modified one-party system
in which on major party
always wins

36. PARTY MEMBERSHIP PATTERNS
 Being a member of a party is voluntary
 Each party comprised of a cross section of the nation’s
population
 African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and union
members tend to be more Democratic
 White males, Protestants, and the business community
tend to be more Republican
 Decide which party by: family, major events, economic
status, age, education, and job

37. THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM IN
AMERICAN HISTORY

38. THE NATIONS FIRST PARTIES
Federalists:
 Alexander Hamilton
 Rich and well-born
 Wanted a stronger national
government
 Wanted a liberal
interpretation of the
Constitution

39. THE NATIONS FIRST PARTIES
Anti-Federalists
 Thomas Jefferson
 Sympathetic to the common
man
 Wanted a limited federal
government
 Wanted a strict interpretation
of the Constitution

40. THE FOUR MAJOR ERAS:
ERA OF THE DEMOCRATS, 1800-1860
Started with Jefferson in 1800
The were unopposed until the 1820s when the
party split into factions
The Whig party led by Henry Clay were the major
opponents until the Civil War
During the Democratic Era:
 Voting for white males was established
 Huge increase in the number of elected offices
 Spread of the spoils system

42. THE FOUR MAJOR ERAS:
ERA OF THE REPUBLICANS, 1860-1932
 Started with Abraham Lincoln in 1860
 After the Civil War, the Democrats only hold was the
“Solid South”
 In 1912 Republicans nominated Taft and not Theodore
Roosevelt so he went to the Progressive Party and the
vote was split so Democrat Woodrow Wilson won
 The GOP regained its ground winning the next 3
elections
 During the Republican Era:
 Voting for African Americans
 Voting for Women

44. THE FOUR MAJOR ERAS:
RETURN OF THE DEMOCRATS, 1932-
1968
 During the Great Depression people voted Democrat FDR
 FDR’s New Deal strengthened the Democratic Party and got them the
support of the African American community
 FDR won 3 terms until his death
 Eisenhower won for the Republicans from 1952-56
 JFK regained the Presidency for the Democrats in 1960
 During the Return of the Democrats:
 People want government to have a role in the nations economic and
social life
 Developed welfare programs
 Brought African Americans and other minorities to the Democratic side

45. THE FOUR MAJOR ERAS:
START OF A NEW ERA, 1968-PRESENT
 The Republicans regained power in 1968 with Nixon until the
Watergate Scandal in 1974
 In 1976 Jimmy Carter won for the Democrats after the Watergate
Scandal and pardon of Nixon hurt Gerald Ford
 Republicans won again in 1980 & 84 with Reagan and held it with
George Bush in 1988
 Democrats won in 1992 & 96 with Clinton
 Republicans got it back in 2000 & 04 with George W. Bush
 Democrats took control with Barack Obama in 2008

47. THE MINOR PARTIES:

48. IDEOLOGICAL PARTIES
Ideological Parties: Based on a
particular set of beliefs
Many built on Marxist thought
 Socialist, Socialist Labor, Socialist Worker, and
Communist parties
Libertarian Party
 Emphasizes individualism
Ideological Parties seldom win many votes

49. SINGLE-ISSUE PARTIES
Single-Issue Parties: Focus on only one
public-policy matter
Free Soil Party
 Opposed the spread of slavery in 1840-50s
American Party (“Know Nothings”)
 Opposed Irish-Catholic immigration in
the1850s
Right to Life Party
 Opposes abortion today
Most die away as events have passed them by

51. ECONOMIC PROTEST PARTIES
 Economic Protest Parties: created in periods of economic
disaster
 No clear-cut ideological base
 Proclaim their disgust for the major parties
 Greenback Party, 1876-1884
 Populist Party of the 1890s
 Disappear as the nation climbs out of
difficult economic periods

52. SPLINTER PARTIES
 Splinter Parties: Have split away from one of the
major parties
 Theodore Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party of 1912
 Most form around a person who failed to win the major
party’s nomination

53. GREEN PARTY
 Founded in 1996
 Began as a single-issue party concerned about the
environment, but has evolved to concerns about other areas
 Came to prominence in 2000 with Ralph Nader as its nominee
 Nader’s campaign built around:
 Environmental protection, universal health care, gay and lesbian rights,
restraints on corporate power, etc.

54. WHY MINOR PARTIES ARE IMPORTANT
 A strong third-party can play a “spoiler role”
pulling votes from one of the major parties
 Take clear-cut stands on controversial issues and
draw attention to issues the major parties ignore

55. DECENTRALIZED NATURE OF THE
PARTIES
Role of Presidency
 Party leader
 Uses media and power to make appointments and
other favors to his party
Impact of Federalism
 Goal of parties is to gain control of government by
winning elective votes
Role of the Nominating Process
 Nominations made within the party, and that can
lead to fighting among party members

56. NATIONAL PARTY MACHINERY
 National Convention
 Summer of election year to nominate
 Adopt the party’s rules and write the platform
 National Committee
 Handle the party’s affairs between national conventions
 National Chairperson
 Leader of the national committee
 Four year term
 Congressional Campaign Committees
 Work to reelect incumbents and unseat incumbents of the
other party
 Two year term (In Congress)

58. STATE AND LOCAL PARTY MACHINERY
 State Organization
 State central committee, headed by a State Chairperson
 Work to further the party’s interests in the State
 Local Organization
 Follow the electoral map of the State with a party unit for each district
 Mostly work only in months before the election

60. THREE COMPONENTS OF THE
PARTY
 1. The Party Organization
 Party’s leaders, activists and hangers-on
 2. The Party in the Electorate
 Party’s loyalists who vote the straight party ticket
 3. The Party in Government
 Party’s officeholders in executive, legislated, and judicial branches of
the government

62. FUTURE OF THE MAJOR PARTIES
 Political parties have been in a period of decline since
the 1960s:
 Drop in the number of voters identified as Democrats or Republicans
 Increase in split-ticket voting
 Making parties more open but having more internal conflict and
disorganization
 Technology of campaigning for office: use of TV and internet
 Growth of single-issue organizations