A diagrammatic summary of three presentations given for the UQU Medical Research Club "Your Journey Towards Research: Writing Research Proposal" held at King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah. May 17, 2012.
Presentations summarized include:
1. Research Methodology
2. Research Ethics
3. Statistics
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Diagrammatic Summary of Research Methodology, Ethics & Statistics
1. Diagrammatic Summary of
1. Research Methodology
2. Ethical Considerations
3. Statistical Considerations
“The Journey Towards Your Research Project:
Writing Research Proposal”
SohailBajammal, MBChB, MSc, FRCS(C), PhD(c)
Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics, Umm Al-Qura University
Director of CME & Research Administration, King Abdullah Medical City Makkah
bajammal
2.
3.
4. Doing
Research
Methodology
Research
EBM
Using
@bajammal
5. EBM
(evidence-based clinical practice)
Research Patients’
Evidence Preferences
Clinical
Expertise
Clinical
Circumstances
@bajammal Haynes et al. BMJ 2002;324:1350
6. Perspectives of Research
Think Broad!
Basic
Social
Science Health
Problem
Legal Economic
“Trauma”
Clinical
Diagnosis Therapy
Prognosis
@bajammal
8. Research Problem
Methodological, Ethical & Statistical
Research Question
Considerations at Each Stage
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Research Dissemination
@bajammal
9. Patho Physiology of Research
Research Study Plan Actual Study
Question Design Implement
Target Intended
Actual subjects
Population Sample
Errors Errors
Actual
Phenomena Intended
measurements
of interest variables
Truth in the Truth in the Findings in
Universe Infer Study Infer the Study
External Validity Internal Validity
@bajammal From Hulley et al. Designing Clinical Research. LWW
10. Research
Mixed-
Quantitative Qualitative
Methods
Descriptive Analytical
Cross-
Case report Case series Observational Experimental
sectional
Case-Control Cohort Study
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11. Sampling
Quantitative
Sampling
Non-
Probability
probability
Sampling
Sampling
Simple Multistage
Systematic Stratified Convenience Snowball
Random Cluster
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12. Case-Control Studies
Shisha Smokers
GO BACK IN TIME Cases
NOT Shisha Smokers (e.g., Lung Cancer)
Ask patients
Read files
Shisha Smokers
GO BACK IN TIME
Control
(e.g., NO Lung
NOT Shisha Smokers Cancer)
@bajammal
13. Prospective Cohort
Methodologically sound, but
Unethical
Shisha Lung Cancer
Follow Up
Smokers No Lung Cancer
NOT Shisha Lung Cancer
Follow Up
Smokers No Lung Cancer
@bajammal
21. Types of
Variables
Categorical Quantitative
(Continuous or
“Qualitative” Discrete)
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Nationality Stage I, II, III Temperature Pulse
Gender & IV cancer (0 is not zero) (0 is dead)
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22.
23. Measures of Central Tendency
Best measure of
Type of Variable
central tendency
Nominal Mode
Ordinal Median
Interval/ratio
Mean
(not skewed)
Interval/ratio
Median
(skewed)
@bajammal
24. Normal Distribution
MEAN
68 % of
observations 1 SD
2 SD
95 % of observations
99.7 % of observations 3D
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
STANDARD DEVIATIONS
Courtesy of Prof. Hassan Baaqeel
25. Choice of Statistical Tests
Parametric Non-Parametric
Tests Tests
Interval/Ratio 1. Ordinal
Goal (normal 2. Interval/Ratio Nominal
distribution) (skewed)
Comparison of 2
Unpairedt-test Mann-Whitney U
unrelated groups
Chi-square Test
Comparison of >2
ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis H
unrelated
Comparison of 2
Paired t-test Wilcoxon
related groups
Binomial Sign Test
Comparison of >2 Repeated measures
Friedman
related groups ANOVA
Correlation Pearson’s Spearman’s rho Chi-square Test
@bajammal
26. Hypothesis Testing (α&β errors)
Null Hypothesis: No association between predictor & outcome
Truth in the Population
Results in the
Study Sample Association Between No Association Between
Predictor & Outcome Predictor & Outcome
Reject null
Correct Type I error (α)
hypothesis
Fail to reject null
Type II error (β) Correct
hypothesis
@bajammal
Editor's Notes
An observational studyCompare two groups: CASES: a group with the outcome of interest (e.g., non-healed fractures)CONTROLS: a similar group without the outcome of interest (e.g., healed fractures)Determine how many patients within each group have the risk factor (e.g., smoking Shisha)
An observational studyYou follow a group of people with certain risk factors and another group without these risk factorsYou follow them for a period of time and look for the outcome of interest