2. RESEARCH - DERIVED FROM THE French word “cerchier”
meaning to seek or search
Con - trolled
Crit - ical
Em - pirical
Sy - stematic
investigation of a hypothetical proposition related to natural
phenomenon.
Must be conducted to affirm or deny a hypothesis
PHENOMENON – anything that affects human lifeEx.
disease, signs & symptoms, procedures,
HYPOTHESIS – educated guess, scientific guess, tentative
statement of a supposed answer.
Ex. Not known yet if true of false, right or wrong
3. Nagel, 1961. - Basic research (or pure research)
“knowledge for knowledge’s sake”
Wysocki, 1983 - basic research is to generate and
refine theory.
Abdellah & Levine, 1979 - Applied research (or
practical research) generate knowledge that will
directly influence or improve clinical practice .
Purpose
Ma - ke decisions
So - lve problems
Pre - dict or control outcomes in real-life practice
situations.
4. Purpose of Nursing Research
GENERAL – to develop new knowledge and technology to improve the practice of
nursing and the provision of services for the attainment of health for the people
ULTIMATE GOAL – to improve quality of life
Specific Purposes of Nursing Research
EXPLORE
to obtain richer familiarity with the phenomenon
DESCRIBE
to obtain complete and accurate information about a phenomenon
EXPLAIN
to provide conceptual analysis grounded in observation or human
behavior
EXPERIMENT
to test hypothesis about relationships
TEST
to determine responses to a proposed method, procedure, product
PREDICT
to estimate the probability of a specific outcome
5. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN NURSING
RESEARCH
Beneficence
Freedom from Harm
Freedom from Exploitation
Benefits from Research
Risk/Benefit Ratio
Respect for Human Dignity
Right to Self-Determination
Right to Full Disclosure
Justice
Right to Fair Treatment
Right to Privacy – anonymity and confidentiality
Informed Consent
Vulnerable Subjects
External Reviews/Committees
6. PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS NURSING PROCESS RESEARCH PROCESS
Data collection Assessment Knowledge of the world
Problem definition Data collection of nursing
Plan Data interpretation Clinical experiences
Goal setting Nursing diagnosis Literature review
Identifying solutions Plan Problem and purpose
Implementation Goal setting identification
Evaluating and revising process Planned interventions Methodology plan
Implementation Design
Evaluation and modification Sample
Methods of
measurement
Data collection
Data analysis
Implementation
Outcomes,
communication of
findings, and use findings
in practice
7. 4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
S - ystematic – follow step by step process.
From identification of problem
to conclusion.
E - mpirical– proper objective. To collect data
facts & evidence to support hypothesis.
C - ontrolled – proper planning/ direction.
Research design.
C - ritical investigation – fact finding
investigation.
8. PURPOSE OF ASIENTIFIC NURSING
RESEARCH
D – descriptive purpose. Gain richer familiarity
regarding a phenomena. Observation. 100%
known to RN.
E – exploratory purpose. 50% still unknown to
RN.
E – experimental purpose. Perform manipulation
Perform intervention. What to find out cause
& effect.
D – developmental purposes. For improvement of
system of care.
9. F NIGHTINGALE
Birthplace. Italy
Training ground: Germany
Greatest contribution: environmental
theory & training of RNs in Crimean
War
School: St. Thomas School of
Nursing
10. 10 MAJOR STEPS
Iden - tification or formulation of research problem
f Review - of related literature
t Concept - ualization of conceptual/ theoretical
framework
f Formula - tion/ Adapting hypothesis
Choo - sing the a - ppropriate design
s Choo - sing s Sam - ple from pop
s Condu - cting final study or pilot study
u Coll - ection of data base
Ana - lysis & interpretation of data base
n Disseminat - ing the conclusion & recommendation.
11. SOURCES (CLIENT) OF GOOD
PROBLEM
C – concepts
L – literatures
I – issues
E – essays
N – nursing problems
T – theories
12. CHAR OF GOOD PROBLEM
G – general applicability – result should be helpful or
applicable to all.
basic/ Pre – for personal knowledge
Applied – focus is solving problems of others
Re – researchable – collectable & abundant data
F – feasible or measurable
- time - money/ cost - participants - instruments
- experience - proper ethics of good researcher
I – important
N – novelty – original to avoid plagiarism.
S – significant
13. ETHICS OF A PROPER RESEARCHER
S – scientific objective always (good faith)
C – consent
I – integrity
E – equitable (appropriate acknowledgments)
liable for
N – noble – Respect 3 basic rights of research
sample
T – truthfulness
I – importance of topic to nursing profession
C – courage to look for data.
14. Legal owner of chart: Hospital
Legal owner of data in the chart: Patient
Plagiarism – illegal replication: no consent &
acknowledge
3 rights of sample/ pt
Right not to be harmed
Right to self determination – get consent & right to
withdraw consent
Right to privacy
anonymity – privacy of identity of informant
confidentiality – name given but privacy of info/ data
15. Variables – anything that is subject t change on
manipulation.
Independent variable – target population
IV – stimulus intervention
Dependent variable – response
DV – response measured
Independe Target Dependent
nt variable Population Variable
(stimulus) (Organism) (Response)
Place of Filipino RNs Financial income
work Reviewers early review Jan
16. Review of related literature
Purpose: for proper formulation of conceptual &
theoretical framework.
Theory – relationship bet concepts
Conceptual framework. Illustration showing
relationship between variables
Paradigm- diagrammatic presentation / illustration of
conceptual framework.
Source of review literature
Conceptual Sources – authors & conceptualists
( DOH book, Lippincott, Mosbys)for general use, can
be sold. 2. Research sources – researchers cant be sold.
