Substance abuse

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Angellica Castillo

Health & Medicine

“Substance abuse is a problem no one
really talks about, abuse and neglect is
the number one cause of injury to
children in the country. More children
die of abuse or neglect than natural
causes.”
-Donna Miller-

Substance Abuse
in Children

The Direct and indirect effects
of alcohol and other
drugs on children lead to many
adverse health and safety risks
for the child, family, and
community.

 Addiction develops from a complex
interplay between the individual, the
agent (drugs and alcohol), and the
environment.
- Behavior, Affect, and Temperament
- Peer Group
- Genetics
- Sex (Gender)
- Community Environment

 Protective factors are characteristics within
the individual, the family, and the
environment that advance one’s ability to
resist adverse outcomes.
 Protective factors for the pediatric
population include growing up in a
nurturing home with open communication
with parents and positive parental support.

 Positive self-esteem, self-concept,
self-control, assertiveness, social
competence, and academic
achievement all promote resistance
to drug use.
 In addition, regular church
attendance and a sense of morality
have been shown to be protective
against drug abuse.

 Prevention efforts prior to 1970
were based on an information-
deficit approach. The assumption
was that children lacked adequate
knowledge regarding the effects of
drug use. Thus, prevention efforts
involved the dissemination of
information.

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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Children and Youth Services Review journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/childyouth Service needs of children exposed to domestic violence: Qualitative findings from a statewide survey of domestic violence agencies☆ Kristen A. Berg1, Anna E. Bender, Kylie E. Evans, Megan R. Holmes⁎, Alexis P. Davis2, Alyssa L. Scaggs, Jennifer A. King Center on Trauma and Adversity at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Intimate partner violence Child maltreatment Family violence Intervention Trauma-informed care A B S T R A C T Objective: Each year, more than 6% of all U.S. children are exposed to domestic violence and require intervention services from agencies that serve affected families. Previous research has examined detrimental biop- sychosocial consequences of domestic violence exposure during childhood and the importance of effective prevention and intervention services for this population. However, less research has explored diverse intervention professionals’ own perspectives on the needs of the domestic violence-exposed children they serve. Method: This study employed an inductive approach to thematic analysis to investigate intervention professionals’ reflections and advice regarding the service, policy, and research needs as well as overall strategies to better protect children exposed to domestic violence. Results: Respondents articulated four primary themes of (a) building general education and awareness of the effects of domestic violence exposure on children; (b) the need for trauma-informed care; (c) the salience of cultural humility in serving affected families; and (d) essential collaboration across service domains. Respondents discussed these themes in the context of four key systems of care: the clinical or therapy, family, school, and judicial systems. Conclusions: Future research should integrate the voices of affected children and families as well as examine models for effectively implementing these recommendations into practice settings. 1. Introduction More than a quarter of children are projected to witness domestic violence (also known as intimate partner violence) in the United States by the time they reach age 18, with an estimated 6.4% of all children exposed each year (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, & Kracke, 2009). Domestic violence exposure induces substantial economic burden nationwide, incurring over $55 billion in aggregate lifetime costs, including increased healthcare spending, increased crime, and reduced labor market productivity (Holmes, Richter, Votruba, Berg, & Bender, 2018). Children who have been exposed to domestic violence are at higher risk for a range of behavioral and mental health problems compared with non-exposed children (e.g., Fong, Hawes, & Allen, 2019; Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Vu, Jouriles, McDonald, & Rosenfi ...

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Theory Two Prenatal Exposure to Drugs - The Beginning One of the largest groups of at-risk children are those who were prenatally exposed to their mother's drug and alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Commonly abused drugs of choice include heroin, crack-cocaine, marijuana, and prescription drugs such as tranquilizers and stimulants. Substance exposed infants experience after-effects that can slow development as well as psychological and behavior problems. In other words, these children are virtually doomed from birth unless proper diagnosis and intervention aid them in their development as children. Intervention programs for mothers and their babies can be challenging and very expensive. Some of the drug babies are placed in foster care, which is also costly with dwindling resources of foster care families willing to take on these cases. Add to this the costs associated with special education and other family social services, and the aftercare costs for these youths can be astronomical. Alcohol Abuse Another group, and by far the most common, of at-risk children headed for negative developmental outcomes are those whose parents abused alcohol. Alcohol is so common in American society these days that it is not considered a drug. Beer, wine, and liquor are all central nervous system depressants and will have lasting effects on a developing fetus. Infants exposed to this dilemma are at a greater risk in developing behavior problems and poor social skills that can persist into childhood. Children whose parents abuse alcohol are also at a higher risk for family related problems such as incest, child neglect and abuse, and domestic abuse. Children victim to these behaviors are ashamed of their families and tend to keep these behaviors a secret from other adults such as counselors and teachers. Some of the associated behaviors by children affected by family problems may include: · Truancy · Failure in school · Lack of friends and withdrawal from classmates · Delinquent behavior - acting out with violence · Abuse of drugs or alcohol themselves · Depression or suicidal thoughts or behaviors Again, early intervention to break this cycle of family behaviors can give these children a better chance at life in becoming successful and productive adults. Theory one Role of Genetics One of the biggest questions facing behavioral scientists today is whether genetics plays a role in formulating a propensity for criminal behavior and specifically for juveniles, delinquent behavior. While many studies have shown and even identified specific genes that have a tendency toward aggressive behavior, social scientists believe that social influences can either heighten the effects of these genes or can hinder their effectiveness. The gene is the basic unit of heredity. Each gene either by itself or in combination with others controls specific characteristics associated with each individual. Sets of genes determine the nature and amount of growth of every portion ...

Theory Two Prenatal Exposure to Drugs - The BeginningOne of .docx

Theory Two Prenatal Exposure to Drugs - The BeginningOne of .docx

Theory Two Prenatal Exposure to Drugs - The BeginningOne of .docx

Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9 Children of the Substance Abuse Wars Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid BSHS/435 October 3, 2016 Dr. Vanessa Byrd Children of the Substance Abuse Wars Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013). Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another. Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008). Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chil ...

Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9.docx

Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9.docx

Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9.docx

Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6 Children of the Substance Abuse Wars Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid BSHS/435 October 3, 2016 Dr. Vanessa Byrd Children of the Substance Abuse Wars Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013). Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another. Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008). Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chi ...

Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docx

Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docx

Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docx

Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Types of Maltreatment  Physical abuse – nonaccidental injury inflicted by a caregiver  Sexual abuse – the use of a child for the sexual gratification of an adult  Psychological maltreatment ◦ Includes emotional abuse and emotional neglect  Neglect – act of omission ◦ Physical neglect ◦ Medical neglect ◦ Educational neglect Types of Factors  Potentiating: increase risk for maltreatment  Compensatory: buffers, decreases risk ------------------------------------------------------  Transient – temporary ◦ Temporary unemployment, loss of a loved one  Enduring – ongoing; chronic ◦ Chronic unemployment; untreated mental health issues ------------------------------------------------------ Applied to each level of analysis http://faculty.weber.edu/tlday/1500/systems.jpg Levels of Analysis of Each Instance of Maltreatment  Macrosystemic: broad cultural values and beliefs in the larger society  Exosystemic: social structures that form the immediate context in which families and individuals function (e.g., neighborhood, school)  Microsystemic: environmental setting that contains the developing person (e.g., family, classroom)  Ontogenetic: factors within the child Macrosystemic Issues  Acceptability of violence ◦ Levels of violent crime, presence of weapons ◦ Levels of violence in media ◦ Acceptance of corporal punishment  Sexualization of children  Individualism ◦ Focus on nuclear family both fully responsible for and controlling of children ◦ Geographical isolation of families with children  Values/definitions of work Exosystemic Issue: Poverty  Poverty as a stressor: inadequate resources, feelings of disempowerment (becomes a microsystemic issue)  Poverty places individuals in less safe environments, requiring more parental effort to protect  Poverty places individuals in resource scarce environments  Increasingly poor urban areas are places to which people are not committed - less sense of community Microsystemic Issues  History of abuse in parents  Mental illness in parents  Substance abuse in parents  Domestic violence  Problematic parenting practices  Lack of social support Mental Health Issues in Parents  Mental illness impacts childrearing  Mental health issues increase risk of substance abuse, especially in women  Personality disorders are thought to be most common mental health problem ◦ Core component of an individual’s way of perceiving the world ◦ Often go unrecognized as mental illness among child welfare workers History of Child Abuse in Parents  Child abuse in parents may result in mental health issues (depression, PTSD)  Attachment impairment  Lack of modeling of appropriate parenting behaviors Substance Abuse  Direct physical effects on fetus ◦ Critical issue: should prenatal maternal substa.

Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Types of Maltr.docx

Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Types of Maltr.docx

Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Types of Maltr.docx

Child abuse and maltreatment for merge

Child abuse and maltreatment for merge

Child abuse and maltreatment for merge

2 Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Introduction Delinquency and the practice of juvenile justice occur not in a vacuum but in a social context. This does not mean that individual factors such as biological makeup and psychological functioning do not play a role in delinquency or the operation of juvenile justice. Nor does it imply that individuals do not make choices, often conscious choices, to engage in delinquent behaviors. However, it recognizes that individuals and the choices they make cannot be adequately understood without considering the social contexts in which they live and act. Social context also helps shape our views of juvenile crime and the operation of juvenile justice through the portrayal of delinquency and juvenile justice in the media. In fact, much of what most people (including many policy makers) know about juvenile crime and juvenile justice comes from the news media. However, the social context of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice comprises more than the media. In the United States, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are influenced by a variety of factors found in the political economy of the United States and in communities, families, schools, peer groups, and other important socializing institutions. How political and economic arrangements and socializing institutions such as families, schools, communities, and peers influence delinquency is a primary focus of theory and research in the field of criminology. Indeed, courses in criminology, juvenile delinquency, and criminological theory focus attention on how factors such as economic inequality, school failure, residence in high-crime neighborhoods, child-discipline practices, child abuse, association with criminally involved peers, and many other factors are related to delinquency. Explanations of illegal behavior that refer to such factors compose a significant body of criminological theory. Moreover, theories are important, as Stephen Pfohl has noted, because they “provide us with an image of what something is and how we might best act toward it.”1 The development of good theories of delinquency, then, could be used to develop policies that reduce or prevent it. They can also be used to develop effective responses to youths involved in the juvenile justice process. The following reading is intended to help you can a better understanding of the relationship between social context and delinquency and how various risk factors within this social context influence youths’ behavior. Individual Factors and Delinquency Many individual factors have been found to be related to delinquent behavior. These factors are often referred to as risk factors because their presence increases the likelihood of delinquency or involvement in the juvenile justice process. These risk factors consist of biological, genetic, or psychological charac.

2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docx

2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docx

2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docx

2 Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Introduction Delinquency and the practice of juvenile justice occur not in a vacuum but in a social context. This does not mean that individual factors such as biological makeup and psychological functioning do not play a role in delinquency or the operation of juvenile justice. Nor does it imply that individuals do not make choices, often conscious choices, to engage in delinquent behaviors. However, it recognizes that individuals and the choices they make cannot be adequately understood without considering the social contexts in which they live and act. Social context also helps shape our views of juvenile crime and the operation of juvenile justice through the portrayal of delinquency and juvenile justice in the media. In fact, much of what most people (including many policy makers) know about juvenile crime and juvenile justice comes from the news media. However, the social context of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice comprises more than the media. In the United States, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are influenced by a variety of factors found in the political economy of the United States and in communities, families, schools, peer groups, and other important socializing institutions. How political and economic arrangements and socializing institutions such as families, schools, communities, and peers influence delinquency is a primary focus of theory and research in the field of criminology. Indeed, courses in criminology, juvenile delinquency, and criminological theory focus attention on how factors such as economic inequality, school failure, residence in high-crime neighborhoods, child-discipline practices, child abuse, association with criminally involved peers, and many other factors are related to delinquency. Explanations of illegal behavior that refer to such factors compose a significant body of criminological theory. Moreover, theories are important, as Stephen Pfohl has noted, because they “provide us with an image of what something is and how we might best act toward it.”1 The development of good theories of delinquency, then, could be used to develop policies that reduce or prevent it. They can also be used to develop effective responses to youths involved in the juvenile justice process. The following reading is intended to help you can a better understanding of the relationship between social context and delinquency and how various risk factors within this social context influence youths’ behavior. Individual Factors and Delinquency Many individual factors have been found to be related to delinquent behavior. These factors are often referred to as risk factors because their presence increases the likelihood of delinquency or involvement in the juvenile justice process. These risk factors consist of biological, genetic, or psychological charac ...

2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docx

2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docx

2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docx

ALTRUISM IN SOCIETY CAMPAIGN AND PRESENTATION 2 ALTRUISM IN SOCIETY CAMPAIGN AND PRESENTATION 9 Altruism in Society Campaign and Presentation Running head: ALTRUISM IN SOCIETY CAMPAIGN AND PRESENTATION 1 Altruism in Society Campaign and Presentation Introduction The aim of the paper will be to analyze child abuse. The history of the social problem, impact, persuasion campaigns, altruistic behavior and impact of the intervention methods will also be provided. Child abuse has become a common social phenomenon that is worth addressing. Unless the intervention strategies and persuasive elements are utilized, minimizing the incidences of child abuse will be a major challenge. Nature and history of your issue The society is grappling with the increased rates of child abuse. The phenomenon has been attributed to a rise in poverty levels and domestic violence. Child abuse takes different forms, which include inflicting pain through beating, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and child labor. The history of child abuse can be traced to the 18th century, especially during the industrial revolution (Bragg, 2003). Children were perceived as the source of cheap labor, therefore, were high demand in industries. Today, through concerted efforts of various government and human rights activists, the explicit forms of child abuse have been on the decrease. However, issues of child neglect, emotional abuse, and child labor remain a significant challenge. According to the 2013 National Statistics on Child Abuse (NSCA), it was estimated that about 1,520 children below the age of 18 died of child abuse. The NSCA report indicated that close to 3.1 million children in the country were victims of maltreatment. As a result, the children received preventative services from various Child agencies in the U.S. close to 80% of the cases were related to child neglect. The report indicated that 2% of the children were victims of sexual abuse while 18% suffered physical abuse. Additionally, the report noted that both parents caused most of the violations. In 2014, there was a rise in the number of children receiving emotional support from the Child Protective Services compared to the previous. Despite the child abuse campaigns, statistics indicated that cases of child neglect were still on the rise. In 2014, the victims of sexual abuse were more compared to those of physical abuse. It was reported that more than 205,438 were victims of sexual abuse compared to 60,897, who were the victims of physical abuse. Contrary to the belief that strangers propagate ill-treatment of children, specifically sexual assault, studies provide a different perspective. It is reported that most of the abuses are committed by people who are close to the children, including their parents and close relatives (Sherman &.Holden, 2009) Demanding careers and poverty are some of the major issue factors contributing to child abuse. As mentioned before, neglect has been on the rise. Thi.

ALTRUISM IN SOCIETY CAMPAIGN AND PRESENTATION2ALTRUISM IN SOCIE.docx

ALTRUISM IN SOCIETY CAMPAIGN AND PRESENTATION2ALTRUISM IN SOCIE.docx

ALTRUISM IN SOCIETY CAMPAIGN AND PRESENTATION2ALTRUISM IN SOCIE.docx

Treatment options for_juveniles_final

Treatment options for_juveniles_final

Treatment options for_juveniles_final

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childhood trauma.pptx

childhood trauma.pptx

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The stall stigma coalition

The stall stigma coalition

Running head: CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1 CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 8 How to Respond to Criminal Behavior among the Youth Student’s Name Institution Introduction Criminal behavior has been a major area of focus to most psychologists. This is especially due to the age old debate between nature and being well nurtured. It is the main responsibility of most parents to know the genetic makeup of their children, for the sake of responsible parenting and also, in order to determine the outcome of their behaviors and norms they chose to embrace. Research has been conducted regarding this debate for quite a while, and has proven that both genes and the general environment have a big role to play when it comes to the criminality of an individual(Levine, 2003). The behaviors adopted by children and the youth should be put into consideration, considering that this is what has an impact on the safety of the society and the nation at large. Poor upbringing for the youth hasa great role to play especially in determining the kind of negative behaviors they chose to embrace later in their lives. This paper shows the findings in research on aspects of criminal justice and at the same time, a presentation of the varying opinions on how to respond to criminal behavior among the youth. Crime during the transition to adulthood Transition from childhood to adulthood is a complexperiod especially for the youth. In most cases, it becomes difficult for the youth to engage in various systems and they tend to be more conscious of their aging. Whereas most of the youth gradually transform from childhood to adult hood, this is the major stage in life which should be taken more seriously and in most cases, be prioritized in the society (Florez, 2008). Families should give the youth a chance to express their views on different aspects. Through survey data, it was identified that more than 732 youth are transitioning from out of home care to adulthood across for major states. Based on research aspects, offences committed are attributed to the youth in various countries. Foster youth, just like their peers, tend to engage in less crime over a period of time. Those who lack mentorship are more exposed to criminal elements and tend to participate more in criminal behavior (Ashford, 2009). However, foster youth also remain more prone to arrest just like their peers. The transition from childhood to adulthood should be well handled to ensure that children are raised in lawful environments and at the same time, are provided with basic resources and counseling to help them in the future. Causes of criminal behavior among the youth The youth are affected by violence. This includes all children especially between the ages of 12 and 16, who are more exposed to violence and are twice as likely as adults to be victims of such situations. Homicide is known to be the third leading cause of loss of life for people between the ages of 15 and 25. The increase in rates of rape, vic ...

Running head CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR1CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR8.docx

Running head CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR1CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR8.docx

Running head CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR1CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR8.docx

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Ppt on child abuse

Ppt on child abuse

ORIGINAL ARTICLE School-Based Group Interventions for Children Exposed to Domestic Violence E. Heather Thompson & Shannon Trice-Black Published online: 6 March 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract Children exposed to the trauma of domestic violence tend to experience difficulties with internalized and externalized behavior problems, social skills deficits, and academic functioning. Mental health practitioners in the school setting, including school counselors, school psychologists, and school social workers, can address developmental concerns that impede development through group counseling interventions that include both structured activities and play therapy. The school environment offers an ideal setting in which to work with child survivors of trauma, as all students have accessibility to school mental health resources. This article outlines the primary objectives and corresponding pro- cedures for a developmentally- appropriate group interventions for elementary-aged children who have been exposed to the trauma of domestic violence. Keywords Domestic violence . Children . Counseling Nearly four million children in the United States struggle with a diagnosable mental disorder that significantly hinders various areas of functioning which impacts their ability to be successful at school (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1999). Less than 20% of those children will get the mental health services they need (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2000). Many of the urgent mental health needs of children are first recognized and addressed in the school setting (Farmer et al. 2003; Salmon and Kirby 2008). Recent research indicates the importance of providing mental health services for children within their schools in order to help them succeed academically and socially (Baker et al. 2006; Farmer et al. 2003). School mental health professionals often provide preven- tive and responsive interventions to student needs (American School Counselor Association [ASCA] 2005; National Association of School Psychologists 2010). In fact, the ASCA (2005) recommends that school counselors spend at least 80% of their time in direct contact with students. Based on this, schools counselors often are faced with the wide- reaching problem of domestic violence which affects approximately 15 million children each year (McDonald et al. 2006). Children who reside in homes marked by domestic violence are exposed to various forms of aggression which may include repeated physical assaults, mental humiliation and degradation, threats and assaults with guns and knives, threats of suicide and homicide, and destruction of property (McClosky et al. 1995). Investigation of the negative effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence reveals a link between witnessing violence in the home and a wide array of adjustment problems. Child-witnesses of domestic violence often experience chaotic, distressing events, of which .

ORIGINAL ARTICLESchool-Based Group Interventions for Child.docx

ORIGINAL ARTICLESchool-Based Group Interventions for Child.docx

ORIGINAL ARTICLESchool-Based Group Interventions for Child.docx

alfred4lewis58146

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5 · Preventing Delinquency after Divorce Artresah Lozier, Chalyne Arvie, Lynette Twilley CPSS/417 September 21, 2019 Gary ZarchyThe Goal of our Program - - - - X This skill-based program will help parents learn different skills to help their children during the divorce or separation process. As parents confront the challenges of divorce, they often use their children to manipulate and or control one another around personal, financial, or social issues. These are things that will often increase the stress and anxiety experienced by the child. This in return can increase risk for behavior problems, depression, delinquency, substance use, teen pregnancy, school failure/dropout, and suicide. Risk Factors that can push your child to becoming delinquent.What are some Risk Factors? · Going from a two parent household to a one parent household · Depression · Lack of a role model · Lack of trust · Responsibility shift · Teen pregnancy How are these linked to Juvenile Delinquency? · When there is only one parent they tend to work more, resulting in them being around less leaving juveniles unsupervised · Depression often leads to drugs, and substance abuse which results in criminal behaviors · Lack of a role model or lack of relationship with same parent lead to social issues · Lack of trust will result to turning to the wrong crowd or unhealthy relationships which can result in violence and criminal behavior · When parents separate/divorce juveniles can feel responsible feeling they need to do more and are only able to through criminal behavior · Teen pregnancy can lead to criminal behavior as a result of lack of education and need to supply to their baby All About or Program References: Videon, Tami M. Journal of Marriage and Family, May 2002, Vol. 64 Issue 2, pg. 489-503 5 · Preventing Delinquency after Divorce Artresah Lozier, Chalyne Arvie, Lynette Twilley CPSS/417 September 21, 2019 Gary ZarchyThe Goal of our Program - - - - X This skill-based program will help parents learn different skills to help their children during the divorce or separation process. As parents confront the challenges of divorce, they often use their children to manipulate and or control one another around personal, financial, or social issues. These are things that will often increase the stress and anxiety experienced by the child. This in return can increase risk for behavior problems, depression, delinquency, substance use, teen pregnancy, school failure/dropout, and suicide. Risk Factors that can push your child to becoming delinquent.What are some Risk Factors? · Going from a two parent household to a one parent household · Depression · Lack of a role model · Lack of trust · Responsibility shift · Teen pregnancy How are these linked to Juvenile Delinquency? · When there is only one parent they tend to work more, resulting in them being around less leaving juveniles unsupervised · Depression ...

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5· Preventing Delinquency after DivorceArtresah Lozier, Ch.docx

5· Preventing Delinquency after DivorceArtresah Lozier, Ch.docx

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Substance abuse

1. “Substance abuse is a problem no one really talks about, abuse and neglect is the number one cause of injury to children in the country. More children die of abuse or neglect than natural causes.” -Donna Miller-

2. Substance Abuse in Children

3. The Direct and indirect effects of alcohol and other drugs on children lead to many adverse health and safety risks for the child, family, and community.

4.  Addiction develops from a complex interplay between the individual, the agent (drugs and alcohol), and the environment. - Behavior, Affect, and Temperament - Peer Group - Genetics - Sex (Gender) - Community Environment

5.  Protective factors are characteristics within the individual, the family, and the environment that advance one’s ability to resist adverse outcomes.  Protective factors for the pediatric population include growing up in a nurturing home with open communication with parents and positive parental support.

6.  Positive self-esteem, self-concept, self-control, assertiveness, social competence, and academic achievement all promote resistance to drug use.  In addition, regular church attendance and a sense of morality have been shown to be protective against drug abuse.

7.  Prevention efforts prior to 1970 were based on an information- deficit approach. The assumption was that children lacked adequate knowledge regarding the effects of drug use. Thus, prevention efforts involved the dissemination of information.