11. Role of impr oved seed
• It serves as a carrier of new technologies
• It serves a basic tools for secured food
supply crop yields
• It serves as mean of security in less
favorable production area
• It act as medium for rehabitation of
agriculture in case of natural disaster
( Feistritzer, 1975 )
12. Where & when it is needed?
• Problematic seed
• High value of seed
• Specific planting technique
• Biotic stresses
• Direct seeding
• Adverse climatic conditions
13. History
• Recorded references in Vedas and Bible
Ex. Beejamruta,
• Coated and pelleted seeds traced in Egyptian
pyramids
• China farmers use to coat paddy seeds with
mud balls while sowing in flooded fields
• Our ancestors use to practice it
– Application of ash, mud or cow dung slurry on
seeds
16. Seed hydration technology / Seed hardening
It is process of soaking the seeds in water or dilute
solution of growth regulating compounds to induce early
germination, better root growth and seedling growth and
also enhances the yield potential of the crop variety.
TYPES OF HYDRATIONS
1.Pre-hydration [ a). Seed fortification b). seed infusion ]
2.Priming [a). Osmo conditioning b). Halo priming c). Bio priming
c). Hydro priming d). Solid Matrix Priming or matriconditioning
]
17.
18. PHYSIOILOGY INVOLVED IN HYDRATION
POST-GERMINATION
UPTAKE OF WATER
GERMINATION
TIME
(Bewley, 1997)
19. Seed fortification
It is pre hydration technique were seeds are
soaked either in water or dilute solution of
bioactive chemicals such as micro nutrients,
growth regulators, vitamins and seed protectants.
Seed infusion
It is a method of impregnation of seeds with
bioactive chemicals through organic solvents
instead of water this technique of infusion which
helps to avoid the damage caused to the seed due
to soaking in water. hence this method is highly
suitable to the seeds that suffer from soaking or
seed coat injury (pulses).
(Halmer, 2006)
20. Advantages of Pre hydration
Faster water Imbibition
Imbibition causes swelling of seeds
Pre hydration promotes early germination and good
crop stand.
Disadvantages of Pre-hydration
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
21. Table 1: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Brinjal.
Treatment
Control
Water
Cowpea extract 2%
Horse gram extract 3%
Bone meal extract 2%
Gelatin 1000ppm
KH2PO4 1%
KNO3
2%
ZnSO4
0.1%
FeSO4
0.2%
NaSO4
0.1%
MnSO4 0.2%
IBA 100ppm
SA 200ppm
Mean
S.Ed
C.D (P=0.5)
Germination
%
58.05
58.69
61.34
60.00
60.66
66.42
64.89
67.21
60.00
60.66
60.00
62.72
60.00
65.65
62.02
1.439
3.087**
Dry matter production
( Mg seedligs-10 )
11.28
11.41
11.83
11.70
11.82
12.51
12.40
12.67
11.77
11.90
11.62
11.88
11.79
12.45
11.93
0.053
0.114**
Vigour index
807
833
890
872
899
1051
1017
1078
883
899
866
939
878
1033
925
17.72
38**
(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)
22. Table-2:
Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Tomato
Treatment
Control
Water
Cowpea extract 2%
Horse gram extract 3%
Bone meal extract 2%
Gelatin 1000ppm
KH2PO4 1%
KNO3
2%
ZnSO4
0.1%
FeSO4
0.2%
NaSO4
0.1%
MnSO4 0.2%
IBA 100ppm
SA 200ppm
Mean
S.Ed
C.D (P=0.5)
Germination %
61.34
63.43
65.65
64.15
65.65
68.02
67.21
68.86
64.15
64.89
64.15
65.65
64.15
67.21
65.65
1.017
2.18**
Dry matter production
(Mg seedligs-10 )
11.59
12.32
12.54
12.39
12.53
12.86
12.75
12.96
12.43
12.47
12.54
12.68
12.51
12.87
12.53
0.0511
0.1095**
Vigour
index
887
980
1034
1004
1034
1106
1084
1128
1001
1017
1010
1046
1007
1094
1031
15.49
33.23**
(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)
23. Table-3: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Chilli
Control
54.33
Dry matter production
( Mg seedligs-10 )
11.11
Water
56.16
11.55
797
Cowpea extract 2%
Horse gram extract 3%
58.05
11.74
846
56.79
11.70
819
Bone meal extract 2%
58.05
11.79
843
Gelatin 1000ppm
KH2PO4 1%
60.00
12.55
946
60.00
12.52
939
KNO3
2%
61.34
12.64
967
FeSO4
0.2%
56.79
11.79
826
NaSO4
0.1%
54.16
11.93
823
IBA 100ppm
54.16
11.90
815
SA 200ppm
60.66
12.57
955
Mean
58.05
11.98
859
S.Ed
1.457
0.059
16.81
C.D (P=0.5)
3.17**
0.12**
36.64**
Treatment
Germination %
Vigour index
734
(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)
24. Seed Priming
It is a presowing treatment in which seeds are
soaked in osmotic solution that allows the seeds
to imbibe water and go through the first stages
of germination but does not permit radicle
protrusion through the seed coat
It is based on the principle of controlled
Imbibition, to a level that a permits pre
germination metabolism to proceed, but prevents
actual emergence of radicle
( Bradford, 1986 )
25. Hydro priming (drum priming)
It is achieved by continuous or successive addition of
limited amount of water to the seeds is the cheap and
useful technique that is practiced by incubating seeds for a
limited time in warm water.
Halo primingHalo priming involves the use of salts of chlorides,
sulphates, nitrates etc.
Osmopriming (Osmoconditioning)
It is the standard priming technique. Seeds are incubated in
well aerated solutions with a low water potential, and later
washed and dried.
(Halmer, 2006)
26. Matric priming (Solid matrix conditioning)
It is the incubation of seeds in a solid, insoluble matrix with
a limited amount of water. This method confers a slow
imbibition. (McDonald, 2000)
matric carriers are- (Calcinated clay, Vermiculite ,Peat Moss ,Sand, Micro-Cel )
Bio-priming (Seed conditioning)
It is a process of biological seed treatment that refers to
combination of seed hydration (physiological aspect of
disease control) and inoculation (biological aspect of disease
control) of seed with beneficial organism to protect seed
with the help of beneficial fungi and bacteria.
(Halmer, 2006)
28. • Osmotic potential of solution.
• Priming temperature and light
• Duration of priming
• O2 availability
• Drying method
(Halmer, 2006)
29. Advantages of Priming
Controlled water Imbibition
Imbibition injury prevented
Salt priming supply seeds with nitrogen and
other nutrients for protein synthesis
Disadvantages of Priming
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
30. Germination percentage (%)
2hr-Soaking
‘Guangxi 5’
2hr-Soaking
‘Gold Prince’
Fig-3: Germination of ‘Guangxi 5’ and ‘Gold Prince’ Triploid water melon after Hydropriming
treatments at different aeration times
(Rukui et al., 2002,Thailand)
31. Table-4 : Germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT) of triploid
watermelon seeds after soaking in water for 2 hrs following 24 or 48 hours
incubation.
NS- non significant, MGT- Mean germination time.
(Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)
32. Fig-3: Change in seed moisture content under different drying conditions
(Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)
33. Table-5 :
Germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT) of
hydroprimed triploid watermelon seeds after redrying.
(Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)
34. Table-6 : Means of pinto bean seed quality parameters affected by hydropriming duration and cultivar
Treatments
Electrical
conductivity
(µS/ cm/g)
Mean
germination
time (day)
Germination
percentage
Seedling dry
weight (mg)
Hydro-priming
P1
10.51a
3.03a
95.33b
84.92b
P2
9.65b
2.51b
99.00a
94.42a
P3
9.60b
2.65b
97.00ab
91.75a
P4
9.50b
3.07a
94.67b
83.67b
Cultivar
‘Talash’
9.84a
2.77b
96.25a
88.62a
‘COS16’
9.75a
2.73b
96.75a
88.87a
‘Khomain’
9.83a
2.95a
96.50a
88.56a
Different letters at each column for each treatment indicating significant difference
at p≤0.05. P1, P2, P3 and P4 : non – primed and hydro-primed seeds for 7.14 and
21 h. respectively.
(Kazem et al., 2010, Iran)
35. Table-7 : Means of pinto bean field traits influenced by hydro-priming
duration and cultivar
Treatments
Seedling
emergence
percentage
Mean
emergence
time (day)
Grains
per plant
1000
Grains/ Grain
m2
weigh
t (g)
Grain
yield per
plant (g)
Grain
yield/m2
(gm2)
Hydro-priming
P1
55.11b
29.68a
33.52a
896.2b
326.8a
7.553a
209.1b
P2
68.22a
25.75b
34.94a
1106.0a 324.7a
7.630a
251.7a
P3
64.22a
26.80b
34.06a
1040.0a 324.7a
7.612a
236.8b
P4
54.00b
30.57a
33.48a
884.4b
327.0a
7.581a
205b
Cultivar
‘Talash’
60.16a
27.92a
38.63a
1115.0a 317.0b
8.385a
248.1a
‘COS16’
60.83a
27.87a
39.52a
1128.0a 305.4b
8.400a
252.5a
‘Khomain’
60.16a
28.80a
23.86b
701.7b
5.997b
176.9b
355.1a
Different letters at each column for each treatment indicating a significant difference @
≤0.05 P1, P2, P3 and P4 : non-primed and hydro-primed seeds for 7.14 and 21 h.
respectively
( Kazem et al., 2010, Iran)
36. Table-8: Effect of osmopriming on the germination ability of tomato cv.
Riogrande improved and Roma.
T50
(days)
MGT
(days)
FGP (%)
GI
GE(%)
Control
5.50a
6.30 a
45.33 c
16.50 c
16.65 d
Osmopriming (PEG)
3.07 c
5.17 b
65.67 b
24.50 b
24.57 c
Osmopriming (NaCl)
3.77 b
5.13 b
74.00 a
25.50 a
37.45 b
Osmopriming (KNO3)
2.17 d
4.10 c
83.33 a
32.00a
46.28 a
LSD at 0.05
0.221
0.148
12.36
2.43
8.03
Control
5.15 a
6.70 a
48.33 c
16.50 c
15.25 c
Osmopriming (PEG)
3.57 c
5.01 c
64.67 b
23.50 c
25.57 b
Osmopriming (NaCl)
3.87 b
5.23 b
72.00a
27.50 b
37.45 a
Osmopriming (KNO3)
2.87 d
4.60 d
78.33 a
33.00 a
44.08 a
LSD at 0.05
0.254
0.188
11.36
2.33
9.13
Treatments
Riogrande
improved
Roma
FGP = final germination % ; MGT = mean germination time; T50 = time taken to 50%
germination; GI=germination index; GE=Energy of germination
(Farooq et al., 2005, Faisalabad)
37. Table-9 : Effect of seedling vigour of tomato cvs. Riogrande improved and
Roma.
Seedling Seeding
fresh
dry
weight
weight
(mg)
(mg)
Root
length
(cm)
Shoot
length
(cm)
7.51 a 31.41 d
45.05 d
30.88 d
1.12b
20.29 d
Riogrande Osmopriming (PEG) 7.33 a 54.00 c
improved
Osmopriming (NaCl) 5.15 b 62.19 b
Osmopriming(KNO3) 4.55 c 74.97 a
LSD at 0.05
0.593 4.342
Control
7.91 a 43.41 d
Osmopriming (PEG) 7.13 a 54.00 c
Roma
Osmopriming (NaCl) 5.45 b 62.19 d
Osmopriming(KNO3) 4.75 c 74.97 a
LSD at 0.05
0.575 4.232
54.45 c
64.52 b
77.87 a
6.112
43.05 c
54.45 c
62.52 b
76.87 a
6.112
49.77 c
69.29 b
76.75 a
5.126
34.88 d
49.77 c
64.29 b
73.75 a
5.126
1.15 b
1.17 b
1.42 a
0.221
1.12 b
1.13 b
1.02 b
1.49 b
0.213
27.77 c
30.00 b
35.05 a
0.712
21.29 d
27.77 c
30.00 b
37.05 a
0.714
Treatments
Control
FEP = final emergence % ;
MET
(days)
FEP
(%)
MET = mean emergence time.
(Farooq et al., 2005, Faisalabad)
38. Table-10: Effect of Halopriming on the germination of tomato cv Nagina & Pakit.
cultivar
Nagina
priming
Control
Hydropriming
Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3
LSD at 0.05
Control
Pakit
Hydropriming
Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3
LSD at 0.05
FGP
MGT
(days)
T50 (days)
Root
length(cm)
Shoot
length(cm)
61.33c
7.31a
6.13b
5.30c
4.93b
69.33b
7.18abc
6.52a
5.30c
5.58a
70.66b
7.00bc
6.28ab
5.50bc
5.24ab
69.33b
7.25ab
6.22b
4.20d
5.13ab
72.00b
7.24ab
6.38ab
5.56bc
5.27abc
74.66b
6.93cd
6.13b
6.06a
5.18ab
81.33a
6.58e
5.19d
5.76ab
5.20ab
71.36b
5.6531
52.00f
6.68de
0.2637
7.43a
5.80c
0.2322
6.52a
5.33c
0.4255
5.06c
5.34ab
0.5271
4.93bc
57.33e
7.20ab
6.16b
5.33bc
5.60a
62.66cd
6.93bc
6.22b
5.40b
5.23abc
66.66bd
6.96bc
6.28ab
5.23bc
4.76c
58.66de
7.43a
6.38ab
5.23bc
4.76c
68.00b
6.86c
6.23b
5.30bc
5.20abc
78.66a
6.33d
5.17d
6.00a
5.20abc
70.66b
6.90c
5.90c
5.16bc
5.33ab
4.4129
0.2998
0.2522
0.3277
0.5631
FGP = final germination % ; MGT = mean germination time; T50 = time taken to 50% germination.
(Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad)
39. Table-11: Effect of Halopriming on the fresh wt & dry wt of tomato cv Nagina &Pakit.
cultivar
Nagina
Pakit
Priming
Fresh weight(mg)
Dry weight (mg)
control
Hydropriming
Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3
LSD at 0.05
23.10cd
24.30bc
25.20b
24.80b
22.53d
25.00b
28.96a
24.06bc
1.3328
6.33e
7.36cd
7.80bc
8.00b
6.70e
7.00de
8.53a
7.26d
0.4908
control
Hydropriming
Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3
LSD at 0.05
22.30cd
23.30bc
24.20b
25.80b
23.53d
26.00b
27.56a
23.04bc
1.2315
6.33e
7.25bcd
7.75bc
8.10ab
6.50de
7.02de
8.66a
7.21cd
0.5013
(Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad)
40. Non-reducing sugars (mg/g of seed)
Reducing sugars (mg/g of seed)
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Total sugars (mg/g of seed)
A
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A- Control
B- Hydropriming
C- NaCl 10mM
D- NaCl 25mM
E- NaCl 50mM
F- KNO3 10mM
G- KNO3 25mM
H- KNO3 50mM
Fig-4: Effect of Halopriming on the Reducing, Non-reducing and Total sugar content of
tomato seeds cv Nagina & Pakit.
Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad
41. Application of coating substance to the seed to enhance
seed placement and performance with out altering shape
or placing chemicals on the seed coat which regulate and
improve germination.
( Copeland and Mc Donald 2001)
42.
43. SEED COATINGS
It is the coating applied to the seed that does not
obscure its shape. It may be fungicide, microbiological
treatments and micronutrients
Its major benefit is that the seed enhancement material is
directly placed on the seed as compared to the broad
casting.
FILM COATINGS
It’s a sophisticated process of applying precise
amount of active ingredients in form of thin film along
with the liquid material directly on to the seed surface
without obscuring its shape.
(Copeland and Mc Donald, 2001)
44. Advantages of seed coating
Enables accurate and even dose of chemicals and reduces
chemical wastage
Improve the appearance and dust free handling
To apply fungicides, insecticides, micronutrients directly to
seed.
Allow easy flow of seed in automatic seeding
Act as a temperature switch and water intake regulator
Disadvantages of coating
Coated seeds fetch high cost, than the bare seeds
Improper coating and improper dilution of coating
material may deteriote the whole seed lot
45. Table-12 : Effect of seed application with calcium paste on the plant growth , yield and
Chlorophyll content in pea plants grown under salinity stress (n = 10).
Parameters
Treatment
Green pod
Green seed
100-seed
yield pot-1
yield pot-1
weight (g)
(g)
(g)
Shoot
Total
SFW SDW
length
chlorophyll (g)
(g)
(cm)
Control
58.9b
18.4b
40.1c
221.7b
1.65b
7.98c 4.18c
CW
92.3a
20.6a
45.3b
24.1a
1.70b
8.67b 5.79b
CWH
98.4a
21.4a
49.9a
28.1a
1.97a
9.32a 7.70a
NaCl (150mM)
14.8e
10.7d
5.6f
12.3d
0.83d
4.16f
NaCl + CW
39.9d
13.8c
14.0e
18.4c
1.46c
6.59e 3.54d
NaCl + CWH
46.8c
17.7b
19.9d
21.8b
1.78b
7.27d 4.20c
2.57e
CW=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran at the ratio 1:5 (w/w).
CWH=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran + humic acid at the ratio 2:10:1
(w/w/w). SFW= Shoot fresh weight, SDW= Shoot dry weight
(Saad et al., 2012, Egypt)
46. Table-13 : Influence of Polykote film coating and accelerated ageing on vigour
index of cluster bean.
Film coating treatments
(T)
Control
Dry coating (3g/kg)
Slurry coating 3g/kg + 5ml of
water)
Slurry coating + Halogen
mixture(3g/kg)
Slurry coating + Bavistin (2g/kg)
Mean
S.Ed
CD (P=0.05)
days after accelerated ageing (D)
0
2
4
6
8
Mean
2737
2900
2571
2804
2014
2244
1323
1605
863
1318
1650
1959
3036
2932
2391
1713
1274
2048
3117
2958
2577
1848
1479
2179
3187
2995
T
116
238
3024
2858
D
128
261
2763
2398
T X D
244
NS
2059
1710
1619
1310
2310
2029
(Renugadevi et al., 2008, Coimbatore)
47. Table-14 : Influence of Polykote film coating and accelerated ageing on
germination of cluster bean
Film coating treatments
(T)
Control
Dry coating (3g/kg)
Slurry coating 3g/kg +
5ml of water
Slurry coating + Halogen
mixture(3g/kg)
Slurry coating + Bavistin
(2g/kg)
Mean
S.Ed
CD (P=0.05)
Days after accelerated ageing (D)
0
2
4
6
8
Mean
89(70.63) 87(68.87) 75(60.00) 60(50.77) 49(44.43) 65(53.73)
92(73.57) 92(73.57) 80(63.43) 65(53.73) 57(49.02) 73(58.69)
95(77.08) 93(74.66) 83(65.65) 66(53.33) 61(51.35) 75(60.00)
97(80.03) 94(75.82) 85(67.21) 67(54.94) 61(51.35) 77(61.34)
94(75.82) 95(77.08) 90(71.57) 73(58.69) 65(53.73) 80(63.43)
94(75.82) 92(73.57) 83(65.65) 69(56.17) 59(50.18) 74(59.34)
T
0.758
1.547
D
0.830
1.695
TXD
1.856
NS
(Figures in parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values)
(Renugadevi et al., 2008, Coimbatore)
48. Table-15 : level of contamination, percent of germination, relative speed of germination
and index of vigour as influenced by matriconditioning plus clove oil seed
treatments applied on hot pepper seed lots infected by Colletotrichum capsici.
Seed treatments
Contamination
(%)
Germination
(%)
Relative speed
of germination
(%)
Index of vigor
(%)
Untreated
50a
69c
57b
5c
Clove oil 0.06 %
6b
80a
69a
31b
Clove oil 0.1 %
4b
66c
50b
8c
Matric + clove oil
0.06 %
4b
76b
71a
47a
Matric + clove oil
0.1 %
3b
80a
74a
49a
Note : Means in the same rows suffixed with different letters are different at 5% levels
of significance according to DMRT.
(Untary, 2003, Coimbatore)
49. Seed Pelleting
It is the process of enclosing a seed with a small
quantity of inert material just large enough to facilitate
precision planting
Or
It is the mechanism of applying needed materials is
such a way that they affect the seed or soil at the seed soil
interference.
(Halmer,
2006)
Why inert material?
It creates natural water holding media and provide small
amount of nutrients to younger seedlings.
(Halmer, 2006)
50. Seed Pelleting Process
adhesive
seed
Coating of seed with adhesive
Filler material
Filler material sprinkled on
coated seeds
Pelleted seeds
Shade drying
sowing
sowing
(Halmer, 2006)
52. Types of Seed Pelleting
Type
Material Used
Innoculant
Pelleting
BiofertilizerViz., Rhizobia, PSB, Azospirillum,
Azatobactor, VAM
Protective
Coating
Biocontrol agent like Rhizobacteria bataticola,
Bacillus sp. Streptomycis sp., pesticides, fungicides.
Herbicide
Coating
Filler antidote or absorbent coating, Herbicide
antidote like 1.8 napthalic anhydride (NA)
Nutrient
Coating
Coating with micro and macronutrients eg.ZnSo4,
FeSo4, Borax
Hydrophillic
Coating
Starch graft polymers, magnesium carbonate
Oxygen
Supplier
Coating
Peroxides of zinc and calcium
(Halmer, 2006)
53. Advantages of pelleting
Increase in size and shape
Singling of seeds to prevent clogging
Precision placement
Moisture absorption
Supply of nutrients
Protection from birds/animals
Disadvantages of pelleting
Pelleted seeds fetch high cost & weights more, than
the bare seeds.
Empty pellet/ multi seed pellet if proper machine are
not used.
54. Table-16: Effect of seed pelleting with micronutrients and leaf powder on growth
& yield component of cowpea
Seed
TREATMENT Days to 50% Plant Height
No. of
No. Of
Seed yield/ ha
yield/plant
(S)
flowering Harvest (cm) pods / plant seeds/pod
(Kg)
(g)
S1
22.04
43.62
27.92
12.33
30.91
1478.6
S2
22.90
43.76
29.10
12.49
31.80
1536.30
S3
23.70
44.67
29.80
12.37
31.68
1529.30
S4
24.05
45.29
22.30
12.25
25.04
1370.00
S5
24.10
45.40
24.01
11.84
26.84
1347.70
S6
23.45
45.29
22.80
11.80
26.29
1258.70
S7
24.05
45.43
22.65
11.73
26.79
1240.30
S0
26.16
41.15
18.57
10.94
18.51
1119.00
23.56
44.51
24.67
11.97
27.26
1360.00
Mean
0.62
0.35
0.70
0.23
0.72
0.86
S.Em±
1.95
1.34
2.15
0.69
2.16
3.40
CD @ 5%
S1 : ZnSO4 @ 250 mg / kg of seed
S4 = S1 + S2,
S7 = S1 + S2 + S3
S2 : Borax @ 100 mg / kg of seeds
S5 = S1 + S3
S0 = Control(without pelleting)
S3 : Arappu leaf powder @ 250 g/kg of seeds, S6 = S2 + S3
(Masuthi et al., 2009, Dharwad)
60. Table-21: Percent germination and index of vigor as affected by priming or
matriconditioning plus biological agents as seed treatments applied on hot
pepper seed lots infected by Colletotrichum capsici
Bio control agents
Germination (%)
Index of vigor (%)
Priming
Matriconditioning
Priming
Matriconditioning
Untreated
71 bA
65 aB
56 dA
54 abB
Bacillus sp.
79 aA
60 abB
72 bcA
58 aB
P. fluorescence
72 bA
57 bB
67 cA
49 bcB
T. harzianum
78 aA
60 abB
81 aA
56 aB
T. psudokonongii
78 aA
61 abB
75 abA
54 abB
Gliocladium sp
67 bA
51 cB
70 bcA
43 cB
Note : Means in the same rows suffixed with different letters or in the same column
with different lowercase are different at 5% levels of significance according to DMRT.
(Kumalasari et al., 2005, Andhra Pradesh)
61. Advantages of Seed Quality Enhancement Technology
Reduced seed rate
Early emergence and reduced time of emergence under
stress conditions
Supply of growth regulators/nutrients/beneficial microbes
Better nursery management
Helps
seedling
to
dominate
weeds
in
competition
for
nutrition
Field stand and uniformity
Minimum exposure to toxicant
Direct seeding of
seeds.
High turnover
conventionally transplanted vegetable
63. Conclusion
It doesn’t END here
High germination and vigour are
not the only determinants
There is lot more to do,
a long way to go..
64. Conclusion
• Advances in polymer technology
• Seed testing research (Products in
pipeline)
– X ray, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Q2 technology,
Ethanol assay
– Molecular technology: Flow cytometry, Luminex®
MAPS, Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics
– Electrification
• Of course good seeds are produced in
field (breeding), enhancement is by seed
technologists
Editor's Notes
Prospects and Retrospectes of oil palm cultivation in India
Seed quest, 2009
Author
Feisterritzer, 1975
Principle involved in seed hydration
TIME
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
Table 1: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality
enhancement in Brinjal
( Bradford, 1986 )
Photos
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
2hr-Soaking
‘Guangxi 5’
Water uptake ( g/ g. seed )
Figures not sharing the same letters in a column differ significantly at p 0.05; FGP = final germination percentage; GI = germination index; MGT = mean germination time; T50 = time taken to
50% germination.
A
( Copeland and Mc Donald 2001)
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
CW=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran at the ratio 1:5 (w/w). CWH=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran + humic acid at the ratio 2:10:1 (w/w/w).
SFW= Shoot fresh weight, SDW= Shoot dry weight
ADHESIVE
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
Polykote @ 3g/kg of seeds, Halogen mix @ 3g/kg of seeds.
carbendazim @ 2g/kg of seeds, DAP @ 2g/kg of seeds