Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar. Diabetes develops when the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot effectively utilize the insulin it produces.
There are two main types of diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This results in insulin deficiency and a lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin for survival. It often occurs in childhood and adolescence.
Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance, meaning cells fail to respond properly to insulin. It begins with insulin resistance and abnormal insulin secretion, eventually leading to reduced insulin production. Type 2 diabetes is more common in adults, related to obesity and lack of exercise.
Common symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst and urination, increased hunger, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing of wounds. Diabetes causes long-term damage to various organs due to elevated glucose levels. Potential complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, neuropathy, and lower limb amputations.
Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed through blood tests measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, and glucose tolerance testing. Management focuses on keeping blood sugar levels within target range through medications, diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Proper glucose control and treatment of complications is crucial to avoid diabetes-related disability and premature mortality.
