External Costs of Nitrogen Fertiliser Use
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External Costs of Nitrogen Fertiliser Use
- 1. Externalities of Nitrogen Fertilisers Dr Darko Znaor
- 2. Contents 1. Why N fertilisers? 2. How to assess its externalities? 3. Policy implications
- 4. Benefits of N fertilisers • • • • • Higher yields Cheap (“value for money”) Easy to transport, store & apply Non-toxic & non-smelling Enhance C storage in biomass
- 5. Downside of N fertilisers - manufacturing • • • Energy intensive (fosil fuels) Polluting Often subsidised
- 6. Downside of N fertilisers - application • • • • Environmental problems (air/climate, soil, water, BD) Declining yield response Secondary effects (pests, weeds, freezing, etc.) Fertiliser dependency
- 7. N fertilisers consumption 2000-2011 Source: IFA, 2013
- 8. A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK for assessing N fertilisers externalities
- 9. A framework for assessing N fertilisers externalities Damage to: • • • • • Subsidies: Air Climate Water Soil Biodiversity • Production • Transport • Application External cost
- 11. CO2 N2O SO2 NOx NH3 PM10 PM 2.5 Data source: UNFCCC, LRTAP, Gothenburg Protocol & E-PRTR
- 12. Atmos. depos. indirect CO2 N2O N2O NOx NH3 Source of data: UNFCCC & LRTAP reports, N balances N2O Leaching & run-off Soil Leaching indirect NO3 NO2 NH4
- 13. MONETARISATION
- 14. Monentarisation of emissions Pollutant Damage (EUR/t) High Low CO2 NH3 NOx 33* 1,335* PM 2.5 647* 7,134 * PM 10 N (water) N (water) 4,632* 100** 5,000** 33* 76,193* 51,580* 124,873* 81,086* 4,000** 20,000** Method Marginal abatment cost VSL or VOLY VSL or VOLY VSL or VOLY VSL or VOLY VSL (colon cancer) WTP (eutrophication) * EEA, 2011. Revealing the costs of air pollution from industrial facilities in Europe. European Environment Agency, Cohenhagen. ** Sutton et al. (eds.), 2011. The European Nitrogen Assessment. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge .
- 15. UK agriculture: environmental cost of N fertilisers 216 EUR per ha or 36% of UK’s agrculture gross-value added Source: own calculation
- 17. Two-track policy approach 1. Economic instruments (“market”) • Deterring (taxes, levies, fines, etc.) • Stimulating (subsidies, lower VAT, etc.) 2. Awareness raising (“church”)
Editor's Notes
- http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/fertilized-world/essick-photography#/11-shanghai-workers-scatter-fertilizer-670.jpg
- http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/fertilized-world/essick-photography#/14-only-sub-saharan-plant-producing-low-cost-urea-fertilizer-670.jpg2% of global energy use
- In the 70-ties it was 30,000 t http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/bouwman_pedosphere.pdf
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), The Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention)Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg Protocol)The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
- The vast majority of NH3 emissions — around 94 % in Europe — come from the agricultural sector. indirect emissions following deposition of NH3 and NOx (1% of N deposited as NH3and NOx is subsequently re-emitted as N2O), or leaching or run off (2.5 % of Nleached or run off, IPCC Worksheet 4-5, sheets 4 and 5).