Measuring Cultural Diversity? a heuristic approach from science and technology policy Sussex Energy Group Andy Stirling, SPRU science and technology policy research presentation to meeting of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity on Measuring Cultural Diversity , Barcelona, 1 st December 2008

Sussex Energy Group Measuring Cultural Diversity? a heuristic approach from science and technology policy Andy Stirling, SPRU science and technology policy research presentation to meeting of the UN Convention on Cultural Diversity on Measuring Cultural Diversity , Barcelona, 1 st December 2008 Diversity in Cultures, Economies and Societies Some Key Attributes of Diversity A Framework for Analysing Diversity An Illustrative Example in Policy-Making

Diversity in Cultures, Economies and Societies

Some Key Attributes of Diversity

A Framework for Analysing Diversity

An Illustrative Example in Policy-Making

Multiple Rationales for Diversity Many reasons for social / cultural / economic / technological diversity reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions minority cultures, ecological niches, geographical locii

reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions

minority cultures, ecological niches, geographical locii

Multiple Rationales for Diversity reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity dynamic interacting practices, paradigms, perspectives Many reasons for social / cultural / economic / technological diversity

reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions

foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity

dynamic interacting practices, paradigms, perspectives

Multiple Rationales for Diversity reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity mitigate ‘lock-in’ diverse portfolios resist pressures to concentrate resist oligopoly, entrapment, monoculture, hegemony Many reasons for social / cultural / economic / technological diversity

reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions

foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity

mitigate ‘lock-in’ diverse portfolios resist pressures to concentrate

resist oligopoly, entrapment, monoculture, hegemony

Multiple Rationales for Diversity reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity mitigate ‘lock-in’ diverse portfolios resist pressures to concentrate hedge ignorance ‘eggs in different baskets’ ameliorates surprise reduce impacts unforeseen risks, vulnerabilities, shocks Many reasons for social / cultural / economic / technological diversity

reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions

foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity

mitigate ‘lock-in’ diverse portfolios resist pressures to concentrate

hedge ignorance ‘eggs in different baskets’ ameliorates surprise

reduce impacts unforeseen risks, vulnerabilities, shocks

Multiple Rationales for Diversity reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity mitigate ‘lock-in’ diverse portfolios resist pressures to concentrate hedge ignorance ‘eggs in different baskets’ ameliorates surprise promote resilience diversity offers a ‘response pool’ for adaptive strategies enables experimentation and adaptation to challenge Many reasons for social / cultural / economic / technological diversity

reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions

foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity

mitigate ‘lock-in’ diverse portfolios resist pressures to concentrate

hedge ignorance ‘eggs in different baskets’ ameliorates surprise

promote resilience diversity offers a ‘response pool’ for adaptive strategies

enables experimentation and adaptation to challenge

Multiple Rationales for Diversity reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity mitigate ‘lock-in’ diverse portfolios resist pressures to concentrate hedge ignorance ‘eggs in different baskets’ ameliorates surprise promote resilience diversity offers a ‘response pool’ for adaptive strategies accommodate dissent diversity helps reconcile plural values and interests facilitates choice, reduces stakes, resists polarisation Many reasons for social / cultural / economic / technological diversity

reflect context diversity allows sensitivity to heterogeneous conditions

foster innovation diverse configurations and relations stimulate creativity

mitigate ‘lock-in’ diverse portfolios resist pressures to concentrate

hedge ignorance ‘eggs in different baskets’ ameliorates surprise

promote resilience diversity offers a ‘response pool’ for adaptive strategies

accommodate dissent diversity helps reconcile plural values and interests

facilitates choice, reduces stakes, resists polarisation

Some Complexities of Diversity In economics (I guess like culture?) diversity is not a ‘free lunch’ forces trade-offs lower priority options, reduced economies of scale transaction costs quality standards, administrative burdens

forces trade-offs lower priority options, reduced economies of scale

transaction costs quality standards, administrative burdens

Some Complexities of Diversity In economics: diversity is not a ‘free lunch’ Diversity can complicate governance less momentum impeded development along ‘mainstream’ directions lower coherence capacity for ambiguity, confusion, even conflict

less momentum impeded development along ‘mainstream’ directions

lower coherence capacity for ambiguity, confusion, even conflict

Some Complexities of Diversity Diversity can complicate governance Measuring diversity raises particular issues for democracy inherently subjective intrinsic plurality both as object and by perspective tensions with equity rhetorical resource for privilege and special pleading In economics: diversity is not a ‘free lunch’ generates novelty dynamic, inchoate, interactive, innovative - perceived positive pathways separate from diversity can aid irresponsibility impede transparency, obstruct accountability?

inherently subjective intrinsic plurality both as object and by perspective

tensions with equity rhetorical resource for privilege and special pleading

generates novelty dynamic, inchoate, interactive, innovative

- perceived positive pathways separate from diversity

can aid irresponsibility impede transparency, obstruct accountability?

Some Complexities of Diversity Diversity can complicate governance Diversity raises issues for democracy In economics: diversity is not a ‘free lunch’ Diversity is inherently an aggregate (system-level) property not of a single element eg: not protection/promotion of specific expression can vary at nested levels eg: global / regional / local are independent diversity is not a catch-all exists alongside other distinct cultural priorities

Diversity is inherently an aggregate (system-level) property

not of a single element eg: not protection/promotion of specific expression

can vary at nested levels eg: global / regional / local are independent

diversity is not a catch-all exists alongside other distinct cultural priorities

Some Complexities of Diversity Diversity can complicate governance Diversity raises issues for democracy In economics: diversity is not a ‘free lunch’ Positive or negative … diversity is always inherently complex / dynamic / plural / subjective ... requires systematic, transparent, accountable, heuristic framework

Positive or negative …

diversity is always inherently complex / dynamic / plural / subjective ...

requires systematic, transparent, accountable, heuristic framework

literature / music / film / art / theatre / dance / opera genres / styles / provenances / languages / subjects diversity can be increased in three different ways What is Cultural Diversity? – many different disciplines converge

increasing diversity variety number of genres in mix What is Cultural Diversity?

widespread in economics and energy strategy, BUT - partitioning of categories eg: ‘popular music’ or “pop, rock, rap, techno, soul…” - when to start counting? eg: one record sale? one thousand? 1% of total sales? - what about varying degrees of representation in cultural portfolio? eg: “90% / 5% / 5%” or “33% / 33% / 33%” ? - what about the degree to which genres are different from each other? eg: Italian / German / Russian orchestral vs orchestral / jazz / rock? “ Category counting”: Existing Approaches to Diversity: Variety variety number of genres in mix

widespread in economics and energy strategy, BUT

- partitioning of categories

eg: ‘popular music’ or “pop, rock, rap, techno, soul…”

- when to start counting?

eg: one record sale? one thousand? 1% of total sales?

- what about varying degrees of representation in cultural portfolio?

eg: “90% / 5% / 5%” or “33% / 33% / 33%” ?

- what about the degree to which genres are different from each other?

eg: Italian / German / Russian orchestral vs orchestral / jazz / rock?

“ Category counting”:

increasing diversity balance evenness in allocations variety number of elements in mix What is Cultural Diversity?

balance evenness in allocations variety number of elements in mix increasing diversity What is Cultural Diversity?

balance evenness in allocations Existing Approaches to Diversity: Balance - addresses problem of when to start counting (partitioning) eg: one record sale? one thousand? - addresses varying degrees of allocation in total sales eg: “90% / 5% / 5%” or “33% / 33% / 33%” - still raise questions over ‘when is it one element and when two’? eg: “classic” / “opera / chamber / orchestral” - treats elements as if they are all equally different from each other eg: “3 types of opera” / “rock, jazz, opera” BUT: Widespread in ecology & economics, more recently in energy policy eg: Herfindahl (  i p i 2 ) Shannon ( –  i p i .ln p i )

- addresses problem of when to start counting (partitioning)

eg: one record sale? one thousand?

- addresses varying degrees of allocation in total sales

eg: “90% / 5% / 5%” or “33% / 33% / 33%”

- still raise questions over ‘when is it one element and when two’?

eg: “classic” / “opera / chamber / orchestral”

- treats elements as if they are all equally different from each other

eg: “3 types of opera” / “rock, jazz, opera”

BUT:

Widespread in ecology & economics, more recently in energy policy

eg: Herfindahl (  i p i 2 )

Shannon ( –  i p i .ln p i )

increasing diversity disparity degree of differences variety number of elements in mix balance evenness in contributions What is Cultural Diversity?

increasing diversity disparity degree of differences variety number of elements in mix balance evenness in contributions What is Cultural Diversity?

disparity degree of differences Portfolio and taxonomic theories give elegant methods for representing disparity - eg: Markowitz, Solow, Weitzman) - represent particular parameters, taxonomies or geometries BUT: - do not accommodate contending parameters, taxonomies or geometries - depend on multiple hidden variables (taxonomies, correlations, covariance, probability distributions) - do not address importance of variety and balance Existing Approaches to Diversity: Disparity NEVERTHELESS : (whether explicit or acknowledged or not) systematic transparent characterising of disparity is central to diversity measurement

Portfolio and taxonomic theories give elegant methods for representing disparity

- eg: Markowitz, Solow, Weitzman)

- represent particular parameters, taxonomies or geometries

BUT:

- do not accommodate contending parameters, taxonomies or geometries

- depend on multiple hidden variables (taxonomies, correlations, covariance, probability distributions)

- do not address importance of variety and balance

NEVERTHELESS : (whether explicit or acknowledged or not)

systematic transparent characterising of disparity is central to diversity measurement

Scaling of variety: where variety = 1,  = 0 2 Monotonicity of variety: for equal B, D;  rises monotonically with V Monotonicity of balance: for given V, D;  rises monotonically with B Monotonicity of disparity: for given V, B;  rises monotonically with D 5 Scaling of disparity: where aggregate difference = 0;  = 0 6 Open Accommodation:  is symmetric to any perspective on disparity 8 Parsimony of Form:  has few components and simple structure Explicit Aggregation:  allows explicit weightings on V, B and D 7 Robust to Partitioning:  is insensitive to aggregation on taxonomy 10 Ready Articulation:  can be integrated with other priorities Conditions for a General ‘Diversity Heuristic’

Scaling of variety: where variety = 1,  = 0

2 Monotonicity of variety: for equal B, D;  rises monotonically with V

Monotonicity of balance: for given V, D;  rises monotonically with B

Monotonicity of disparity: for given V, B;  rises monotonically with D

5 Scaling of disparity: where aggregate difference = 0;  = 0

6 Open Accommodation:  is symmetric to any perspective on disparity

8 Parsimony of Form:  has few components and simple structure

Explicit Aggregation:  allows explicit weightings on V, B and D

7 Robust to Partitioning:  is insensitive to aggregation on taxonomy

10 Ready Articulation:  can be integrated with other priorities

Start with disparity: for any particular perspective, any cultural portfolio can be represented in multidimensional ‘disparity space’ (of attributes, properties) Constructing a General Diversity Heuristic applies equally to: literature music film art theatre dance opera and diverse classical critical perspectives: populist avant garde national bias foreign bias minority interest Challenge of Objectivity: This is intrinsic to any classification. The task of a general diversity measure is to be symmetrical with respect to different classificatory schemes and yield transparent, definitive and comparable results across different taxonomies.

Start with disparity: for any particular perspective, any cultural portfolio can

be represented in multidimensional ‘disparity space’ (of attributes, properties)

applies equally to: literature

music

film

art

theatre

dance

opera

and diverse classical

critical perspectives: populist

avant garde

national bias

foreign bias

minority interest

Challenge of Objectivity:

This is intrinsic to any classification.

The task of a general diversity measure is to be symmetrical with respect to different classificatory schemes and yield transparent, definitive and comparable results across different taxonomies.

Distances between pairs of elements represent their mutual disparity ( d a,b ) a b c Start with disparity: for any particular perspective, any diverse mix can be represented in multidimensional ‘disparity space’ (of attributes, properties) From Cultural Disparity to Cultural Diversity

Start with disparity: for any particular perspective, any diverse mix can

be represented in multidimensional ‘disparity space’ (of attributes, properties)

Distances between pairs of elements represent their mutual disparity ( d a,b ) Disparity of a portfolio of elements is given as a function of these pairwise distances a b c d a,b d b,c and… Variety and balance can be captured by weighting this by the product of the proportional importance in the system of each element in the pair ( p i .p j )  = . p i .p j  ij (i  j) d ij Start with disparity: for any particular perspective, any diverse mix can be represented in multidimensional ‘disparity space’ (of attributes, properties) From Cultural Disparity to Cultural Diversity

 = . p i .p j

 ij (i  j) d ij

Start with disparity: for any particular perspective, any diverse mix can

be represented in multidimensional ‘disparity space’ (of attributes, properties)

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria:  =  ij d ij .p i .p j 1: if variety = 1;  = 0 2:  rises monotonically with variety 3:  rises monotonically with balance unlike category counting 4 :  rises monotonically with disparity unlike Herfindahl/Shannon 5: if disparity = 0;  = 0 unlike Herfindahl/Shannon 6:  generalises for any disparity attributes , d ij unlike MVPA, Weitzman

easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria:

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

1: if variety = 1;  = 0

2:  rises monotonically with variety

3:  rises monotonically with balance unlike category counting

4 :  rises monotonically with disparity unlike Herfindahl/Shannon

5: if disparity = 0;  = 0 unlike Herfindahl/Shannon

6:  generalises for any disparity attributes , d ij unlike MVPA, Weitzman

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic  =  ij d ij .p i .p j Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic PORTFOLIO A  =  ij d ij .p i .p j Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria disparity in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic rock rap opera PORTFOLIO A  =  ij d ij .p i .p j Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria disparity in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic PORTFOLIO A 70% 5% 25%  =  ij d ij .p i .p j Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria disparity in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl rock rap opera

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic PORTFOLIO A PORTFOLIO B 70% 5% 25% 70% 25% 5%  { A } >  { B } in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl  =  ij d ij .p i .p j Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria disparity rock rap opera rock rap opera

 { A } >  { B }

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) unlike Shannon, Herfindahl

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic  =  ij d ij .p i .p j allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria  ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )  

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7)

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

 ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )





Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic  =  ij d ij .p i .p j allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria  ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )     0 0  ´  ij d ij 0 diversity property variety

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7)

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

 ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )





Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic  =  ij d ij .p i .p j in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique  ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )     0 0 0 1  ´  ij d ij 0  ij p i . p j diversity property variety balance

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7)

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique

 ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )





Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic  =  ij d ij .p i .p j in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique  ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )     0 0 0 1 1 0  ´  ij d ij 0  ij p i . p j  ij d ij diversity property variety balance disparity

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7)

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique

 ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )





Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic  =  ij d ij .p i .p j  ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )   in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria   0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1  ´  ij d ij 0  ij p i . p j  ij d ij  ij d ij . p i . p j diversity property variety balance disparity diversity allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique

 =  ij d ij .p i .p j

 ´ =  ij ( d ij ) . ( p i .p j )





in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7)

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

allows exploring of weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) unique

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic New term,  ij , allows heuristic attention to coherence (10) unique ie: electricity portfolio interactions  =  ij d ij .  ij .p i .p j allows exploring different weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria  ij PORTFOLIO A gas wind 75% 25%

New term,  ij , allows heuristic attention to coherence (10) unique

ie: electricity portfolio interactions

 =  ij d ij .  ij .p i .p j

allows exploring different weights on variety, balance, disparity (9)

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7)

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

 ij

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic PORTFOLIO A  =  ij d ij .  ij .p i .p j in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria allows exploring different weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) New term,  ij , allows heuristic attention to coherence (10) unique ie: electricity portfolio interactions ` + + gas wind 75% 25%

 =  ij d ij .  ij .p i .p j

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7)

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

allows exploring different weights on variety, balance, disparity (9)

New term,  ij , allows heuristic attention to coherence (10) unique

ie: electricity portfolio interactions `

Some Properties of the New Diversity Heuristic + + 75% nuclear 25% wind PORTFOLIO B value:  { A } > value:  { B }  =  ij d ij .  ij .p i .p j in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7) Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria PORTFOLIO A allows exploring different weights on variety, balance, disparity (9) New term,  ij , allows heuristic attention to coherence (10) unique ie: electricity portfolio interactions gas wind 75% 25%

value:  { A } > value:  { B }

 =  ij d ij .  ij .p i .p j

in addition:  is robust to partitioning (criterion 7)

Easily shown to fulfill first six mathematical criteria

allows exploring different weights on variety, balance, disparity (9)

New term,  ij , allows heuristic attention to coherence (10) unique

ie: electricity portfolio interactions

Mapping Relations between Diversity and Priorities APPRAISE PRIORITIES operational parameters / strategic criteria CHARACTERISE DISPARITY attributes / functions / structures EXPLORE COHERENCE portfolio interactions, systemic effects ANALYSE RESULTS trade-offs, sensitivities, regularities, conditions

APPRAISE PRIORITIES

operational parameters / strategic criteria

CHARACTERISE DISPARITY

attributes / functions / structures

EXPLORE COHERENCE

portfolio interactions, systemic effects

ANALYSE RESULTS

trade-offs, sensitivities, regularities, conditions

Deriving Structures of Cultural Disparity criteria of cultural characteristics a b c Any multivariate dataset can be normalised to yield a disparity space In other words: existing statistics give disparity information for free – eg: criteria of policy priority criteria of cultural provenance - non-English literary translations indigenous literature derivative literature translated English literature non-literary cultural quality cultural protection cultural promotion national value added value for favoured economies global value added gender - age group - ethnic minorities - religion region - urban / rural - sexual orientation - nationality d a,b d b,c

Any multivariate dataset can be normalised to yield a disparity space

In other words: existing statistics give disparity information for free – eg:

- non-English literary translations

indigenous literature

derivative literature

translated English literature

non-literary

cultural quality

cultural protection

cultural promotion

national value added

value for favoured economies

global value added

gender - age group - ethnic minorities - religion

region - urban / rural - sexual orientation - nationality

increasing disparity distance, d similar options linked at low values of d similar options linked Stylised Example: Disparity in Publishing Detailed multicriteria diversity analysis reveals structure of energy diversity national popular biography national popular history national popular crime national popular mystery national popular romance national other national literary biography national literary history national contemporary literature national classical literature derivatives of national literature Latin America literary Latin America popular African literary African popular other non-English South Asian literary South Asian popular East Asian literary East Asian popular English literary translations Engish translated popular fiction Engish translated documentary

increasing disparity distance, d

similar options linked at low values of d

similar options linked

Detailed multicriteria diversity analysis reveals structure of energy diversity

national popular biography

national popular history

national popular crime

national popular mystery

national popular romance

national other

national literary biography

national literary history

national contemporary literature

national classical literature

derivatives of national literature

Latin America literary

Latin America popular

African literary

African popular

other non-English

South Asian literary

South Asian popular

East Asian literary

East Asian popular

English literary translations Engish translated popular fiction Engish translated documentary

d Conventional ‘Category Counting’ Treats each named category as equally diverse national popular biography national popular history national popular crime national popular mystery national popular romance national other national literary biography national literary history national contemporary literature national classical literature derivatives of national literature Latin America literary Latin America popular African literary African popular other non-English South Asian literary South Asian popular East Asian literary East Asian popular English literary translations Engish translated popular fiction Engish translated documentary

d

Treats each named category as equally diverse

national popular biography

national popular history

national popular crime

national popular mystery

national popular romance

national other

national literary biography

national literary history

national contemporary literature

national classical literature

derivatives of national literature

Latin America literary

Latin America popular

African literary

African popular

other non-English

South Asian literary

South Asian popular

East Asian literary

East Asian popular

English literary translations Engish translated popular fiction Engish translated documentary

national popular national biography / history national literary foreign translations English translations d Subjective Aggregation of Publishing Disparity Open to manipulation by expedient category aggregation – eg: ‘renewables’

national popular

national biography / history

national literary

foreign translations

English translations

d

Open to manipulation by expedient category aggregation – eg: ‘renewables’

Detailed multicriteria diversity analysis reveals structure of disparities d national popular fiction national literary fiction foreign translations English translations foreign derivatives of national literature Systematic Picture of Publishing Disparity national popular biography national popular history national popular crime national popular mystery national popular romance national other national literary biography national literary history national contemporary literature national classical literature derivatives of national literature Latin America literary Latin America popular African literary African popular other non-English South Asian literary South Asian popular East Asian literary East Asian popular English literary translations Engish translated popular fiction Engish translated documentary

Detailed multicriteria diversity analysis reveals structure of disparities

d

national popular fiction

national literary fiction

foreign translations

English translations

foreign derivatives of national literature

national popular biography

national popular history

national popular crime

national popular mystery

national popular romance

national other

national literary biography

national literary history

national contemporary literature

national classical literature

derivatives of national literature

Latin America literary

Latin America popular

African literary

African popular

other non-English

South Asian literary

South Asian popular

East Asian literary

East Asian popular

English literary translations Engish translated popular fiction Engish translated documentary

Seek best diversity / priority trade-off over all possible portfolios under each particular perspective (eg: for three elements) value attached to cultural diversity  value attached to other cultural priorities (indigenous expression, economic value) Mapping Cultural Diversity and Policy Priorities

Seek best diversity / priority trade-off over all possible portfolios

under each particular perspective (eg: for three elements)

value attached to cultural diversity



value attached to other cultural priorities

(indigenous expression, economic value)

dominant portfolios lie on this boundary diversity  priority Mapping Diversity against Priorities Seek best diversity / priority trade-off over all possible portfolios under each particular perspective (eg: for three elements)

dominant portfolios lie on this boundary

diversity



priority

Seek best diversity / priority trade-off over all possible portfolios

under each particular perspective (eg: for three elements)

Identifies ‘surface’ of preferable diverse mixes for each perspective without assuming any particular form to diversity / priority trade-off 100% portfolio contribution 0% heuristic ‘ conditional optimisation’ max priorities trade-off max diversity – each perspective / dataset treated separately – allows exploration of sensitivities / perspectives Schematic Results

Identifies ‘surface’ of preferable diverse mixes for each perspective

without assuming any particular form to diversity / priority trade-off

100%

portfolio

contribution

0%

heuristic

‘ conditional optimisation’

max priorities trade-off max diversity

– each perspective / dataset treated separately

– allows exploration of sensitivities / perspectives

Exploring Sensitivities heuristic framework for analysis and reflexive deliberation catalyst for a more open, accessible politics of diversity X Y Z include different viewpoints

X

Y

Z

include different viewpoints

Conclusions Many reasons for social / cultural / economic / technical diversity But … cultural diversity also presents economic and political challenges Nature of cultural diversity and desirable degree are inherently subjective Three properties: variety , balance and especially disparity offer framework This yields a flexible heuristic to explore perspectives & trade-offs  =  ij d ij . p i .p j Avoids contingencies of simply counting arbitrary categories Aids more systematic, transparent and accountable ‘democracy of diversity’ Allows exploration / representation of relations and conditions linking cultural diversity and other cultural policy priorities