Non conventional energy resources
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Non conventional energy resources
- 1. TECHNOLOGICAL HARVESTING OF NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
- 2. PRESENTED BY Prashant Desai Rohit Chaphalkar
- 3. INTRODUCTION Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure
- 4. MAIN TYPES OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES Solar Energy Geo thermal Energy Tidal Energy Hydro Electric Energy Biomass Energy Wind Energy
- 5. Solar Energy
- 7. oHeating Water oSpace Heating oGenerating Electrical Energy Major Uses of Solar Energy
- 8. Solar Technologies o Daylighting o Passive Solar Heating oConcentrating Solar Thermal oPhotovoltaics (PV)
- 9. Passive Solar These homes in Montana and California with a passive solar design heats the home in the winter and cools the home in summer.
- 10. How a Solar Power Plant Works
- 11. Power tower
- 13. Photovoltaic Array Components oPV Cells oModules oArrays
- 14. oClean oSustainable (can be used for longer duration) oFree of cost oProvide Electricity to Remote Places Advantages of Solar Energy
- 15. Disadvantages of Solar Energy oInefficient – maximum efficiency upto 30% oCostly equipment oPart Time oHigh maintenance cost
- 19. Tidal Energy Tidal energy is energy generated by tides
- 20. The Tides • Tidal energy comes from the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon on the Earth’s bodies of water, creating periodic shifts in these bodies of water. •These shifts are called tides.
- 21. Tidal EnergyTidal Energy • Millions of gallons of water flow onto shoreMillions of gallons of water flow onto shore during tidal flows and away from shore duringduring tidal flows and away from shore during ebb tide periods.ebb tide periods. • The larger the tidal influence, the greater theThe larger the tidal influence, the greater the displacement of water and therefore the moredisplacement of water and therefore the more potential energy that can be harvested duringpotential energy that can be harvested during power generation.power generation.
- 23. Tidal EnergyTidal Energy • Tidal energy is one of many forms of hydropower generation. • Tidal power has many advantages as compared to other forms of renewable energy. – It is predictable – Global Climate Change should only increase its generating capacity due to higher ocean levels. – It is completely carbon neutral like wind or hydro energy.
- 24. Tidal Stream GeneratorsTidal Stream Generators
- 25. Tidal Stream GeneratorTidal Stream Generator SpecificsSpecifics
- 26. Tidal Stream GeneratorsTidal Stream Generators • The world’s only operational commercial-scale tidal turbine, SeaGen, was installed in Strangford Narrows in Northern Ireland in 2008. • The prototype SeaGen turbine produces 1.2MW with currents of 2.4m/s or more. The capacity factor exceeds 60%. • The facility is an accredited UK power station, and can contribute up to 6,000MWh annually to the UK grid, the equivalent of approximately 1500 homes.
- 27. Advantages of using tidalAdvantages of using tidal power:power: • Predictable source of “green" energy during lifetimePredictable source of “green" energy during lifetime of barrageof barrage • It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste; itIt produces no greenhouse gases or other waste; it needs no fuel.needs no fuel. • Not expensive to maintain.Not expensive to maintain. • Tidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in convertingTidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in converting the potential energy of the water into electricitythe potential energy of the water into electricity • Vertical-axis tidal generators may be joined togetherVertical-axis tidal generators may be joined together in series to create a ‘tidal fence’ capable ofin series to create a ‘tidal fence’ capable of generating electricity on a scale comparable to thegenerating electricity on a scale comparable to the largest existing fossil fuel based, hydroelectric andlargest existing fossil fuel based, hydroelectric and nuclear energy generation facilitiesnuclear energy generation facilities
- 28. Disadvantages of usingDisadvantages of using tidal powertidal power • A barrage across an estuary is very expensive toA barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build, and affects a very wide area – thebuild, and affects a very wide area – the environment is changed for many miles upstreamenvironment is changed for many miles upstream and downstreamand downstream • It provides power for around 10 hours each day,It provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out, which iswhen the tide is actually moving in or out, which is not very muchnot very much • Existing ecosystems would be heavily altered,Existing ecosystems would be heavily altered, with new species moving in and perhapswith new species moving in and perhaps dominating old speciesdominating old species • Tidal power schemes have a high capital costTidal power schemes have a high capital cost
- 29. Environmental Impacts of TidalEnvironmental Impacts of Tidal Stream GenerationStream Generation
- 30. Environmental EffectsEnvironmental Effects • A tidal power scheme is a long-term source ofA tidal power scheme is a long-term source of electricity. A proposal for the Severn Barrage,electricity. A proposal for the Severn Barrage, if built, has been projected to save 18 millionif built, has been projected to save 18 million tones of coal per year of operation. Thistones of coal per year of operation. This decreases the output of greenhouse gasesdecreases the output of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.into the atmosphere. • If fossil fuel resource is likely to decline duringIf fossil fuel resource is likely to decline during the 21st century, as predicted by Hubbert peakthe 21st century, as predicted by Hubbert peak theory, tidal power is one of the alternativetheory, tidal power is one of the alternative source of energy that will need to besource of energy that will need to be developed to satisfy the human demand fordeveloped to satisfy the human demand for energy.energy.
- 32. Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is heat inside the earth.
- 33. What is Geo thermal? Geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). Thus, geothermal energy means heat inside the earth.
- 34. At the center is a core of iron. Around that is an outer core of iron and rock so hot the rock is melted. The liquid rock is called magma. The next layer is a mixture of rock and magma called the mantle. The shell of the earth – with the oceans and mountains - is called the crust. The Earth Is Made of Layers
- 35. Heat Inside the Earth • The inside of the earth is very hot. • We can use this heat to warm our houses and produce electricity.
- 36. • Today, power plants use steam from geothermal wells to make electricity. • The steam is used to spin turbines. • The turbines spin magnets in coils of copper wire to make electricity. How Do We Use Geo thermal Energy?
- 37. • The most active geothermal resources are usually found where earthquakes occur volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, volcanoes are concentrated. Where Can We Find Geo thermal Energy?
- 38. Geo thermal Energy is Clean & Cheap. No fuel is burned, so there is no air pollution. The steam is turned into water and put back into the earth. Geothermal energy is cheap – new power plants can make electricity for about the same as coal power plants.
- 39. Geo thermal power plant in USA
- 40. Photo of Geo thermal power plant
- 42. Layout Of Hydel power plant
- 43. Location Of hydro power plants Generally located near rivers Dams Streams High pressure water sources
- 44. Chief Joseph Dam in Washington • Produces 2069 MW; Grand Coulee is 6465 MW! • The other kind of dam is the storage dam with a high reservoir
- 45. Chief Joseph Dam “Fish Ladder” • Fish ladder to allow fish to bypass the dam and turbines • Federal fish counters identify and tally them
- 46. Electrical Switch Yard at a Dam • Bonneville Dam upstream from Portland • Energy from the turbines is collected on bus bars for transmission After a transformer raises the voltage (and decreases the current), the high lines connect to the red-and-white tower’s insulators to be connected into the grid
- 47. Utah Dam Electrical Transformers High power has three phases, thus three single- phase transformer s are used for each generator’s output
- 48. Working Of Water Wheels • The water strikes the wheel about mid-way up so the inertia and the weight of the water push the wheel around Water Flow
- 50. Hydroelectric Power Plants in India Koyana dam, Maharashtra Ujjani dam, Maharashtra
- 51. Continued … Gaj Nathpa Jakri
- 52. Continued … Rangit Sardar Sarovar
- 53. Biomass Energy
- 56. Biomass Resources Energy Crops Woody crops Agricultural crops Waste Products Wood residues Tropical crop wastes Animal wastes Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Commercial and industrial wastes
- 57. Corn Soybeans Sorghum Sugar Cane Bagasse
- 61. Tracy Biomass Plant Truck unloading wood chips that will fuel the Tracy Biomass Plant, Tracy, California.
- 62. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Power Plant
- 63. BioFuels Ethanol Created by fermentation of starches/sugars Active research on cellulosic fermentation Biodiesel Organic oils combined with alcohols Creates ethyl or methyl esters SynGas Biofuels Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or liquid fuel similar to diesel
- 64. Biodiesel Bus
- 66. Environmental Impacts Air Quality Reduce NOx and SO2 emissions Global Climate Change Low/no net increase in CO2 Water Conservation Better retention of water in watersheds Biodiversity and Habitat Positive and negative changes
- 67. Wind Energy
- 68. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity
- 69. Common Wind Turbine Construction Rotor • Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft • Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind speed (40 to 400 revolutions per minute typical speed range) • Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator
- 70. Contd….
- 71. Sizes and Applications Small (≤10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Application Intermediate (10-250 kW) • Village Power • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power Large (660 kW - 2+MW) • Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power • Community Wind
- 72. Location of wind farms o Mountains or hilly areas o It can be build even on sea sides or oceans
- 73. 3D View of 1.5 mw turbine
- 74. ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER 1. No by-product is produced 2. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. 3. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own supply. 4. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and businesses can use them.
- 75. DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER: 1. Not uniform 2. Wind turbines are noisy. (About 70 mph). 3. Capacity of wind turbines is less. 4. Less efficiency (About 30%)
- 77. Questions?
- 79. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- The Sun is 93 million miles away. A tiny fraction of the Sun’s energy hits the Earth (~a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth to meet our whole demands for a year. We call the energy from the sun, solar energy. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun’s energy that hits the Earth. Solar energy is transmitted to the earth in the form of radiant energy. It is vital to us because it provides the world—directly or indirectly– with almost all of its energy. In addition to providing the energy that sustains the world, solar energy is stored in fossil fuels and biomass, and is responsible for powering the water cycle and producing wind.
- Solar energy is radiation produced by nuclear fusion inside the sun’s core. It takes millions of years for the energy in the sun’s core to make its way to the solar surface. It takes 8 minutes to travel 93 million miles to earth. (186,000 miles per second) The Greenhouse effect traps some of the heat making life on earth possible.
- The four technologies employed to make use of solar energy are: Daylighting- the use of natural sunlight to brighten the building’s interior. Passive Solar Heating- takes advantage of Sun’s warmth and materials that absorb that warmth during the day/release it at night when heat is needed. Active Solar Heating- solar collectors concentrate the sun’s power on dark color plates that absorb heat. Air or liquid flows through tubes and warmed by the plates. Concentrating Solar Thermal- mirrors direct sunlight on one point. Water is turned into steam with this heat. The steam turns a turbine to create electricity. Photovoltaic(PV)- converts sunlight directly to electricity.
- This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity. Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.
- This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity. Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.
- This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity. Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.
- The conversion efficiency of a PV cell is the proportion of sunlight energy that the cell converts into electrical energy. This is very important because improving this efficiency is vital to making PV energy competitive with more traditional sources of energy, such as fossil fuels. The first PV cells were converting light to electricity at 1 to 2 percent efficiency. Today’s PV devices convert up to 17 percent of the radiant energy that strikes them into electric energy. (40% NREL)
- One PV cell only produces 1 or 2 watts of electricity, which isn't enough power for most applications. To Increase power groups of solar cells are electrically connected and packaged into packaged weather-tight modules and arrays to provide useful output voltages and currents to provide a specific power output. A PV System typically consists of 3 basic components. PV cells - Electricity is generated by PV cells, the smallest unit of a PV system, Modules - PV cells are wired together to form modules which are usually a sealed, or encapsulated, unit of convenient size for handling. Arrays – Groups of panels make up an array.
- In order to generate large amounts of electricity which can be fed into the electric grid, large number of arrays can be wired together to form an Array Field.
- Photovoltaic system is ideal for remote applications whether other power sources are impractical or unavailable, such as in the Swiss Alps or on navigational buoys. It is not practical to connect these applications to an electric grid.
- http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/web_sites/01-02/RE_info/tidal1.htm. The commercial system under development by MCT is known as “SeaGen” . The prototype is operational in Strangford Narrows, Northern Ireland, and uses twin 16m diameter rotors to develop a rated power of 1.2MW at a current velocity of 2.4m/s. The system is accredited to OFGEM as an official UK generating station and regularly runs at full rated power. It has the capability to deliver about 10MWh per tide, which adds up to 6,000MWh per year. This is approximately the rate of energy capture that a wind turbine of about 2.4MW rated capacity can typically produce. So SeaGen shows that the tides are not only more prodictable than wind but twice as productive. Photo: http://interestingenergyfacts.blogspot.com/2008/04/tidal-power-tidal-energy-facts.html
- http://www.marineturbines.com
- http://www.marineturbines.com
- Image: http://www.treehugger.com/verdant-power-turbine-j003.jpg http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file31334.pdf http://www.marineturbines.com/21/technology/29/environmental_impact/
- Biomass Resources Biomass resources include any organic matter available on a renewable basis, including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other waste materials. Material handling, collection logistics and infrastructure are important aspects of the biomass resource supply chain. Resources Herbaceous Energy CropsHerbaceous energy crops are perennials that are harvested annually after taking two to three years to reach full productivity. These include such grasses as switchgrass, miscanthus (also known as Elephant grass or e-grass), bamboo, sweet sorghum, tall fescue, kochia, wheatgrass, and others. Woody Energy CropsShort-rotation woody crops are fast growing hardwood trees harvested within five to eight years after planting. These include hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, silver maple, eastern cottonwood, green ash, black walnut, sweetgum, and sycamore. Industrial CropsIndustrial crops are being developed and grown to produce specific industrial chemicals or materials. Examples include kenaf and straws for fiber, and castor for ricinoleic acid. New transgenic crops are being developed that produce the desired chemicals as part of the plant composition, requiring only extraction and purification of the product. Agricultural CropsThese feedstocks include the currently available commodity products such as cornstarch and corn oil; soybean oil and meal; wheat starch, other vegetable oils, and any newly developed component of future commodity crops. They generally yield sugars, oils, and extractives, although they can also be used to produce plastics and other chemicals and products. Aquatic CropsA wide variety of aquatic biomass resources exist such as algae, giant kelp, other seaweed, and marine microflora. Commercial examples include giant kelp extracts for thickeners and food additives, algal dyes, and novel biocatalysts for use in bioprocessing under extreme environments. Agriculture Crop ResiduesAgriculture crop residues include biomass, primarily stalks and leaves, not harvested or removed from the fields in commercial use. Examples include corn stover (stalks, leaves, husks and cobs), wheat straw, and rice straw. With approximately 80 million acres of corn planted annually, corn stover is expected to become a major biomass resource for bioenergy applications. Forestry ResiduesForestry residues include biomass not harvested or removed from logging sites in commercial hardwood and softwood stands as well as material resulting from forest management operations such as pre-commercial thinnings and removal of dead and dying trees. Municipal WasteResidential, commercial, and institutional post-consumer wastes contain a significant proportion of plant derived organic material that constitute a renewable energy resource. Waste paper, cardboard, wood waste and yard wastes are examples of biomass resources in municipal wastes. Biomass Processing ResiduesAll processing of biomass yields byproducts and waste streams collectively called residues, which have significant energy potential. Residues are simple to use because they have already been collected. For example, processing of wood for products or pulp produces sawdust and collection of bark, branches and leaves/needles. Animal WastesFarms and animal processing operations create animal wastes that constitute a complex source of organic materials with environmental consequences. These wastes can be used to make many products, including energy. http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html
- "Biogas Platform" — Decomposing biomass with natural consortia of microorganisms in closed tanks known as anaerobic digesters produces methane (natural gas) and carbon dioxide. This methane-rich biogas can be used as fuel or as a base chemical for biobased products. Although the Biomass Program is not currently doing much research in this area, a joint Environmental Protection Agency/Department of Agriculture/Department of Energy program known as AgStar works to encourage use of existing technology for manures at animal feedlots. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html
- http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/mswaste/msw.jpg http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg
- Biofuels A variety of fuels can be made from biomass resources including the liquid fuels ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Biofuels research and development is composed of three main areas: producing the fuels, applications and uses of the fuels, and distribution infrastructure. Biofuels are primarily used to fuel vehicles, but can also fuel engines or fuel cells for electricity generation. For information about the use of biofuels in vehicles, see the Alternative Fuel Vehicle page under Transportation. See the Transportation page for information about the biofuels distribution infrastructure. See the Hydrogen page for more information about hydrogen as a fuel. Fuels EthanolEthanol is made by converting the carbohydrate portion of biomass into sugar, which is then converted into ethanol in a fermentation process similar to brewing beer. Ethanol is the most widely used biofuel today with current capacity of 1.8 billion gallons per year based on starch crops such as corn. Ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is currently the subject of extensive research, development and demonstration efforts. BiodieselBiodiesel is produced through a process in which organically derived oils are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. The biomass- derived ethyl or methyl esters can be blended with conventional diesel fuel or used as a neat fuel (100% biodiesel). Biodiesel can be made from soybean or Canola (rapeseed) oils, animal fats, waste vegetable oils, or microalgae oils. Biofuels from Synthesis GasBiomass can be gasified to produce a synthesis gas composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, also called syngas or biosyngas. Hydrogen can be recovered from this syngas, or it can be catalytically converted to methanol. It can also be converted using Fischer-Tropsch catalyst into a liquid stream with properties similar to diesel fuel, called Fischer-Tropsch diesel. However, all of these fuels can also be produced from natural gas using a similar process. Conversion Processes Biochemical Conversion ProcessesEnzymes and microorganisms are frequently used as biocatalysts to convert biomass or biomass derived compounds into desirable products. Cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes break down the carbohydrate fractions of biomass to five and six carbon sugars, a process known as hydrolysis. Yeast and bacteria ferment the sugars into products such as ethanol. Biotechnology advances are expected to lead to dramatic biochemical conversion improvements. Photobiological Conversion ProcessesPhotobiological processes use the natural photosynthetic activity of organisms to produce biofuels directly from sunlight. For example, the photosynthetic activities of bacteria and green algae have been used to produce hydrogen from water and sunlight. Thermochemical Conversion ProcessesHeat energy and chemical catalysts are used to break down biomass into intermediate compounds or products. In gasification, biomass is heated in an oxygen-starved environment to produce a gas composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In pyrolysis, biomass is exposed to high temperatures in the absence of air, causing it to decompose. Solvents, acids and bases can be used to fractionate biomass into an array of products including sugars, cellulosic fibers and lignin. http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_fuels.html
- Environmental Issues Biomass technologies are friendlier to the environment than conventional energy technologies, which rely on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels contribute significantly to many of the environmental problems we face today — greenhouse gases, air pollution, and water and soil contamination. Biomass technologies could help us break our conventional pattern of energy use to improve the quality of our environment. Air QualityBiomass alternatives can reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, and other air pollutants associated with fossil fuel use. Global Climate ChangeIncreased emissions of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, especially carbon dioxide, has created an enhanced greenhouse effect known as global climate change or global warming. Biomass technologies produce very low or no amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Soil ConservationSoil conservation issues associated with biomass production include soil erosion control, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration, and stabilization of riverbanks. Water ConservationBiomass technology life cycles may have impacts on watershed stability, groundwater quality, surface water runoff and quality, and local water use for crop irrigation and/or conversion facility needs. Biodiversity and Habitat ChangeBiodiversity is the genetic and species diversity of living things in a defined area or region. Altered land use to support increased biomass production may result in changes in habitat and levels of biodiversity. http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html