6. Review Questions on
Session 1
• What are the five levels of leadership
identified by Maxwell?
7. 5 levels of Leadership
I. Position:
Rights - People follow you because they have to.
II. Permission:
Relationships - People follow because they want to.
III. Production:
Results - People follow because of what you have done for the
country/ organization / team.
IV. People Development:
Reproduction - People follow because of what you have done for them.
V. Personhood:
Respect - People follow because of who you are and what you represent.
8. Review Questions on
Session 1
“If leaders are to be successful, they
must first lead themselves.”
(John Maxwell)
What does this imply?
13. Review Questions on
Session 1
How is real social change different
from charity?
14. Review Questions on
Session 1
What are some of the reasons why
people get involved in issues?
15. Review Questions on
Session 1
What are the differences between
Burns’s ‘transactional leadership’
and ‘transforming leadership’?
Which one should we go for? Why?
16. James MacGregor Burns
• Transactional leadership: power wielders
(‘pseudo leaders’) involved in a politics of
exchange – more interested in satisfying
their own purposes than in the aspirations
of their followers
17. James MacGregor Burns
• Transforming leadership espouses a
relationship between leaders and followers
in which each transforms the other.
– Leaders transform followers, helping them to
become leaders themselves
– The aim of leadership
• not just to reach a goal
• but to transform leaders and followers into better, more self-
actualized people
• in a process where leaders and followers raise one another to
higher levels of motivation and morality
18. Review Questions on
Session 1
Where would ‘transforming leadership’
be located on Maxwell’s 5-level
scale?
19. 5 levels of Leadership
I. Position:
Rights - People follow you because they have to.
II. Permission:
Relationships - People follow because they want to.
III. Production:
Results - People follow because of what you have done for the organization/team.
IV. People Development:
Reproduction - People follow because of what you have done for them.
V. Personhood:
Respect - People follow because of who you are and what you represent.
21. Managers Leaders
Deal with status quo Initiate change
Work in the system Create systems
React Create opportunities
Control risks Innovate
Enforce rules Formulate new rules
Seek / follow directions Provide vision / direction
Control people Motivate people
Coordinate activities Energise / inspire people
Give instructions Coach, create self-leaders
22. Review Questions on
Session 1
• Change, if any, in our understanding of
leadership?
• How will this change in understanding affect our
future behaviour as leaders?
24. Objectives of Session 2
• By the end of this session participants
will be able to demonstrate a clear
understanding of the following concepts
as they apply to leadership in the Social
Change Model (SCM)
– Citizenship
– Community
– Social capital
– Bonding
– Bridging
27. Citizenship
• Citizenship is a nebulous concept, often
associated only with government, political
parties, voting, and political organizations.
• Civic engagement means working to make a
difference in the civic life of our communities
and developing the combination of
knowledge, skills and values and motivation
to make that difference
• Democracy refers to people working together
so that communities can function
28. Citizenship
• Citizenship names the process whereby the
self is responsibly connected to the
environment and the community. It
acknowledges the interdependence of all
involved in the leadership effort.
• Citizenship means more than membership; it
implies active engagement of the individual
and the leadership group in an effort to serve
the community. It implies social or civic
responsibility.
• It is, in short, the value of caring about
others.
29. Community
• A community is a group of people who
have some defined trait or circumstance
that binds them together
• So we are likely a member of a variety
of communities: our country, our family,
our university, our field of study, our
work group, and so on
30. Community
• According to the Social Change
Model, citizenship “centers on
active community participation
as a result of a sense of
responsibility to the communities
in which we live.”
31. Examples of individual
civic engagement
• direct service
• community research
• advocacy and education
• capacity building
• political involvement
• socially responsible personal and professional
behavior
• philanthropic giving
• participation in associations
32. Social Capital
• An essential component of citizenship
– “networks, norms, and social trust that
facilitate coordination and cooperation for
mutual benefit” (Robert Putnam)
• ‘Life is easier’ for those who live in communities
that have worked to foster social capital
33. Discussion
• Can you think of cases of destruction of
communities and the consequences
thereof?
34. “Bonding” and “Bridging”
• Social capital is about the value of social
networks, bonding similar people and
bridging between diverse people, with norms
of reciprocity.
• Bonding refers to social networks between
people who are similar, while bridging refers to
social networks among diverse people
• Bonding is useful for getting by and bridging
is what is needed to get ahead
35. Community development process
1. Pseudo-community (a false sense of
getting along),
2. Chaos (unconstructive struggle),
3. Budding organization (focus on quick
fixes),
4. Community (strategies exist for
allowing various voices to be heard
and ideas to be considered)
36. Recap
• Citizenship – The Social Change Model defines citizenship as,
“active community participation as a result of a sense of
responsibility to the communities in which people live.”
• Community – various dimensions include where a group of people
live, society at large, and shared identities with others
• Social capital – “networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate
coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit”
• Bonding – refers to social networks that are limited to people who
are similar
• Bridging – social networks among more diverse people and
interests
39. JOHN F. KENNEDY
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
1961
• Note instances of / references to:
– Leadership
– Citizenship
• What elements of the speech would
YOU use in the local context?
40. JFK SPEECH (1/3)
• from this time and place
• to a new generation of Americans
• we shall pay any price
• Divided there is little we can do
• …help them help themselves…because
it is right
• civility is not a sign of weakness
41. JFK SPEECH (2/3)
• explore what problems unite us
• All this will not be finished in the first
one hundred days…But let us begin
• Will you join in that historic effort?
• I do not shrink from this responsibility, I
welcome it.
• ask of us here the same high standards
of strength and sacrifice which we ask
of you
42. JFK SPEECH (3/3)
• ask not what your country can do for
you; ask what you can do for your
country
49. Community Value
Citizenship
Believing in a process whereby an individual and/or
group become responsibly connected to the
community and to society through some activity.
Recognizing individuals and groups have
responsibility for the welfare of others.
50. Group Values
• Collaboration:
– Working with others in a common effort, sharing
responsibility, authority, and accountability.
• Common Purpose:
– Having shared aims and values. Involving others in
building a group’s vision and purpose.
• Controversy with Civility:
– Recognizing 2 fundamental realities of any creative
group effort
• 1) differences in viewpoint are inevitable
• 2) such differences must be aired openly but with civility.
51. Individual Values
• Consciousness of self:
– being self-aware of the beliefs, values, attitudes and
emotions that motivate you to take action.
• Congruence:
– Acting in ways that are consistent your values and
beliefs.
• Commitment:
– Having significant investment in an idea or person,
both in terms of intensity and duration.
