Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Integrated Pest Managment
Similar to Integrated Pest Managment (20)
More from Organic Training
More from Organic Training (12)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Integrated Pest Managment
- 1. Planning an Insect Pest Management System from the Ground Up (with examples from organic research) Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, FiBL, Switzerland Geoff Zehnder, Sustainable Agriculture Program, Clemson University zehnder@clemson.edu
- 2. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest control strategy that uses a variety of complementary strategies including: biological and cultural management, mechanical and physical controls, and genetic and pesticides when needed (source: Wikipedia). Interesting fact: For their leadership in developing and spreading IPM worldwide, Dr. Perry Adkisson (Texas A&M) and Dr. Ray Smith (UC Berkeley) received the 1997 World Food Prize.
- 3. Integrated Pest Management Concept developed in the 1950s Early proponents emphasized ecological approaches for more permanent solutions Conventional agriculture Reactive approaches dominate Pesticides are relatively cheap (ecological and societal costs not factored) “IPM Continuum” culminates in biologically based strategies
- 4. Organic Pest Management: Emphasizes Preventative Practices
- 5. 1st Phase Strategies (Foundation of Organic Pest Management) Cultural practices implemented in the initial stages of organic farm planning Prevent and avoid problems beforehand Have roots in traditional agriculture
- 6. Strategies Underlying 1st Phase Practices Strategy Example Make crop unavailable to pests in space/time Site selection, crop isolation, timing of planting/harvest, etc Make crop unacceptable to pests Intercropping, trap cropping, mulching Reduce pest survival by enhancing natural enemies Increase crop ecosystem diversity; farmscaping Alter crop susceptibility to pests Host plant resistance/tolerance; soil quality, fertility
- 7. Farm Site Selection Pest management not usually most important consideration, but Many organic farms are located in regions where climate is unfavorable for pest outbreaks Example: plum curculio In general, higher, cooler and dryer regions support fewer insect pests
- 8. Crop Isolation/Rotation Most effective against pests that disperse short distances and/or that overwinter near host crop fields. Carrot fly Colorado potato beetle Onion maggot Learn about key pest (insect and disease) host range and biology/behavior to help with crop rotation plan
- 9. Woody Borders Modeling studies indicate that woody field borders influence insect pest populations: Habitat for natural enemies Can inhibit movement of pests into fields
- 10. Isolation of Susceptible Crops In Space or Time Insect transmitted virus diseases Depending on the virus/vector, new crops should be isolated from sources of inoculum (infested fields, weed hosts, etc)
- 11. Rotation with Cover Crops Beneficial, but be aware of secondary effects Allelopathy; may suppress crop growth Examples; barley, oat, wheat, rye, canola, mustards, fescues, May harbor secondary pests i.e. wireworms attracted to grass cover crops
- 12. Rotation with Biofumigation Crops Brassica crops (mustards, rape, etc.) Plant defense compounds Glucosinolates converted to isothiocyanates Soil concentrations high enough to kill pathogens, weed seeds, soil insects
- 13. Soil Quality Management Does it affect above-ground pest damage?
- 14. Organic farming proponents have long held the view that the likelihood of pest outbreaks is reduced in “healthy soil” Sir Albert Howard. 1940. RC Oelhaf. 1978 MC Merrill. 1983 •Belowground and aboveground habitat management is equally important •Plant resistance is linked to optimal physical, chemical and biological properties of soil Miguel Altieri (UC Berkeley)
- 15. European Corn Borer Infestation Reduced on Plants Grown in Organic Soils Compared egg-laying on plants grown in soil from organic vs conventional farms Significantly more ECB eggs laid on plants in conventional soil Egg-laying was more variable on plants in conventional soils. Variability in egg-laying affected by plant mineral balance Hypothesis: biological buffering in org. soils Research by Dr. Larry Phelan; Ohio State University
- 16. Reduced development of Colorado potato beetle on potato grown in organic soil Research by Alyokhin & Atlihan, 2005
- 17. Mulch: an IPM tool Can help reduce problems with: Colorado potato beetle Aphid and thrips transmitted viruses May exacerbate some insect problems Squash bug Planthopper
- 18. Melon-Virus Experiments Cover crop as camouflage Annual rye planted between rows in late fall Virus incidence lower in cover crop treatments Reflective mulch also reduced virus incidence 0 50 100 2003 2004 Cover No Cover % Plants Infected with WMV
- 19. Conservation tillage Favors rich soil biota Greater abundance and diversity of soil microbes in conservation tillage Favors greater numbers of predatory arthropods (spiders, beetles)
- 20. Host Plant Resistance Resistance vs. Tolerance Limited application for control of insect pests in conventional agriculture Efficacy of synthetic insecticides Low tolerance for cosmetic damage Partial plant resistance not acceptable Whitefly Damage: Hairy vs. Smooth Leaf Cotton Corn Earworm: Can’t easily penetrate tight husk varietie
- 21. `Prince Hairy’ Potato From Cornell Breeding Program
- 22. Moderate HPR is preferable in sustainable/organic systems Low-level pest densities support natural enemy populations Manipulate planting and harvest dates for optimum effect Demand may provide commercial incentives for seed companies to expand screening programs
- 23. Second Phase Strategies Vegetation Management Make habitat less suitable for pests; attractive to natural enemies Terms include: Habitat enhancement Farmscaping Ecological Engineering Conservation biological control Intercropping Trap Cropping
- 24. Plant Diversification Provides food and shelter for natural enemies (predators and parasites) Favorable microclimate Alternative hosts or prey Supply of nectar and pollen Enhances “top-down” action of natural enemies on pests.
- 25. Beetle Banks Island Habitats on Farms Permanently vegetated raised strips across fields (grasses, perennials). Refuge for Predatory beetles Spiders Birds Small mammals Primarily used in large fields (cereal, row crops) Winter home for > 1000 predatory invertebrates per square meter (Thomas et al. 1992)
- 26. Conservation Strips Mixture of forbs and grasses Combines “beetle bank” and “insectary strip” concepts Increases rates of predation Management of weed strips can be used in this context
- 27. Int’l. Organic Research Institute in Switzerland
- 28. Flowering Insectary Strips Provides pollen and nectar Attracts and keeps natural enemies in area `Provisioned’ natural enemies have increased longevity, fecundity
- 29. Evaluation of Wildflower Strips to Enhance Biocontrol in Cabbage Pfiffner et al. 2003 Treatments Strips adjacent Strips 10-90 meters Cabbage with no strips Higher rate of parasitism next to strips Parasitism increased with proximity to strips Scale/size of strips relative to crops important
- 30. Chocolate-box Ecology? Flowering plants added without prior testing Parasitic wasps visit an ave. of only 2.9 plant species Researchers now screen plants for optimal species Farmers collect info on key pests, natural enemies to design effective farmscapes www.attra.org
- 31. Intercropping `Resource concentration’ hypothesis (Root 1973) Concentrated areas of host plants are easier for insect pests to find and colonize Interferes with pests in a `bottom-up’ manner
- 32. Trap Cropping Attractiveness and relative size in the landscape are key factors Examples: Blue Hubbard around summer squash; Pumpkins around melons (cuc. beetle) Cherry peppers around bell pepper (pepper maggot) Collards around cabbage (DBM) Top; Sam Pair, USDA-ARS, Lane, OK
- 33. Third Phase Strategies Release of Biological Control Agents Predators, parasitoids Microbial agents Selectivity Allow for rapid response to pest problems Most research in greenhouse systems
- 34. Biocontrol Agent Success in Commercial Greenhouses Predatory Mites & Orius spp.
- 35. Release of Biocontrol Agents in Field-Grown Organic Crops Experimental Successes Parasitoids caterpillars in vegetables, aphids in wheat, leafhopper in vineyards Mite, ladybug and lacewing predators spider mites, aphids and leafhoppers in vineyards and apple orchards
- 36. Release of Biocontrol Agents in Field-Grown Organic Crops Experimental Failures Cherry fruit fly on sweet cherry Grape mealybug on grape Incompatible life histories of pest and biocontrol agent, or disruption of agents by other natural enemies
- 37. Biocontrol Landmark Bacillus thuringiensis 1901; Silkworm “sudden collapse” disease 1911: Named by Ernst Berliner (Thuringia) Farmer use in 1920s France; Sporine EPA registration in 1961 Thousands of strains active against caterpillars, beetles, flies Toxin attacks gut cells Bt spore crystals; Courtesy of Rosemary Walsh, EMF-LSC, Penn State
- 38. Biocontrol Landmark Codling Moth Granulosis Virus Isolated from codling moth in 1963 Europe 1979: Apple Biological Control Program Three commercial formulations; widely used U.S. Two commercial formulations; little use
- 39. Of Less Importance Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes
- 40. Why is Use of Biological Control Agents Limited? Commercial development restricted only to those with potential market for large acreage crops Many effective agents for less important pests never pass beyond developmental stage Mass rearing techniques Small companies; limited technology Suboptimal quality in past but improving But used regularly in organic farming Research needed on how to integrate use of biocontrol agents with other strategies
- 41. 4th Phase Strategies Insecticides of biological, mineral origin Pheromones Repellents Mineral oils, insecticidal soaps Non-synthetic origin (except pheromones)
- 42. Organic Insect Control Products Current Trends in Organic Farming Reduced pyrethrin use; non-target effects Azadirachtin (neem) use is increasing Successful experiments against several pests including aphids and some chewing insects Spinosad one of few new approved materials Fermentation product of bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa Successfully tested worldwide against a variety of pests/crops
- 43. Quassia Extract (bitter wood) Quassia amara Many active compunds; alkaloids, triterpenes and bitter principles (quassin) 50X more bitter than quinine; herbal remedy Used mostly in Europe: Mosquito larvacide To control aphids in cereal crops To control wooly apple aphid in tree fruit
- 44. Kaolin Clay Surround WP™ Used as a repellent; alters feeding, oviposition behavior of insect pests Most use in tree fruit, grapes
- 45. Specialized Application Dropleg application of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki against lepidopterans in leek. The application from top and bottom increases efficacy of Bt applications. Photo: Eric Wyss, FiBL
- 46. Limits of OMRI-Approved Insecticides, etc Degrade quickly; low potency; short residual activity Must integrate with other strategies More research needed Develop treatment thresholds for organic systems where natural enemies are prevalent Commercial development EPA; fast-track registration Limited by markets
- 47. Organic Insect Pest Management: Future Directions Integration of tactics; i.e. 2nd and 3rd phase strategies; Example: Pest: Brown apple moth Egg parasite: Longevity and survival enhanced by nectar plants
- 48. Attract & Kill Products mix pest attractants (pheromones) with insecticide
- 49. Attract & Reward Attract (4th phase) Lures with synthetic plant volatiles Attract beneficial insects Reward (2nd phase) Pollen, nectar plants Enhance level of pest control
- 50. Valuing Ecosystem Services “Ecosystem services are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life (Daily 1997).” The value of global Ecosystem Services estimated at $33 trillion (Costanza et al., 1997).
- 51. Dr. H.S. Sandhu Lincoln University, New Zealand 1. Assessing the predation rate of aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) 2. Assessing the predation rates of blow fly eggs (Calliphora vicina R.D.) simulating carrot rust fly eggs (Psila rosae Fab.)
- 52. Experimental assessment of ES in arable fields 29 Study Sites (14 Organic and 15 Conventional fields) (a) (b) Fig. (a) Map of New Zealand study area (Canterbury). (b) Location of selected arable organic ( ) and conventional fields ( ) N Ashburton Rakaia river Leeston Lincoln
- 53. Predation rates of aphids and fly eggs in selected arable fields Fig. Predation rates (%removal/24h) of aphids and fly eggs in selected fields
- 54. Ground living polyphagous predators: Are they any value? Dollar value of biological control of aphids in selected organic fields
- 55. More Information More information on insect management for organic farms can be found at: •http://attra.org/pest.html •http://www.extension.org/article/18593 •http://www.sare.org/publications/insect.htm
- 56. Acknowledgements This presentation address general organic production practices. It is to be to use in planning and conducting organic horticulture trainings. The presentation is part of project funded by a Southern SARE PDP titled “Building Organic Agriculture Extension Training Capacity in the Southeast” Project Collaborators •Elena Garcia, University of Arkansas CES Heather Friedrich, University of Arkansas Obadiah Njue, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Jeanine Davis, North Carolina State University Geoff Zehnder, Clemson University Charles Mitchell, Auburn University Rufina Ward, Alabama A&M University Ken Ward, Alabama A&M University Karen Wynne, Alabama Sustainable Agriculture Network
Editor's Notes
- Although early proponents of IPM emphasized ecological approaches to pest management, synthetic pesticides are still widely used in conventional agriculture. The “IPM Continuum” emphasizes a shift to biologically based strategies based on planning and knowledge of the crop ecosystem.
- Diagram showing that organic or ecologically based pest management relies on cultural and vegetation management practices to make the crop less suitable for pest development (1st and 2nd phases). Release of biocontrol agents and application of less toxic insecticides are implemented if preventative strategies are not effective.
- Examples of 1st phase cultural practices or strategies to reduce insect pest problems
- Most of the certified organic crop acreage in the U.S. is located in the western states where conditions are less favorable for disease and insect pest problems.
- It is important to know about the biology and behavior of key pests of crops grown on the farm. For example, all of the above pests disperse short distances and therefore can be managed using crop isolation/rotation.
- An example: Tomatoes are susceptible to aphid transmitted viruses like cucumber mosaic virus. Late plantings should not be planted adjacent to early plantings to avoid spread.
- Rotation with cover crops or with different market crops can be useful to break up disease and insect pest cycles. But some cover crops may suppress growth of market crops or can be hosts for secondary pests. Therefore when choosing cover crops be aware of potential secondary effects.
- Biofumigation rotation crops like mustard and rape produce lots of foliage (high biomass). Plants are chopped and incorporated into the soil to release plant defense compounds (glucosinolates are converted by enzymatic action to isothiocyanates that can kill soil pathogens, insects, nematodes, etc).
- Research by Larry Phelan with Ohio State University demonstrated that corn plants grown on organic soils supported lower numbers of ECB than plants on conventional soils. He hypothesized that nutrients and minerals in plants in organic soils were more balanced, thus were less suitable for insect pest development.
- Additional research; lower numbers of Colorado potato beetle on potato grown in organic soil (manure) than in conventional soil (no manure).
- Straw and plastic reflective mulch used an IPM tool. The straw mulch above helped reduce populations of Colorado potato beetle. The aluminum reflective mulch below helped reduce the incidence of aphid-transmitted viruses. However organic mulches may harbor other pests like squash bugs and planthoppesr.
- Experiments conducted by Geoff Zehnder at Clemson University in South Carolina showed that a rye cover crop planted between rows of melon reduced the incidence of Watermelon Mosaic Virus. The cover crop made the melon plants less attractive to aphid vectors of the disease.
- Conservation tillage may favor increased populations of predatory arthropods in the soil that can help control pest insects.
- Some crop varieties have resistance or tolerance to certain pest insects. Examples include hairy-leaf cotton that can reduce whitefly infestations, and tight husk varieties of corn that reduce damage by corn earworm. While HPR has limited application for control of insect pests in conventional agriculture, it has more potential for use in organic farming because organic farmers can usually tolerate some insect pest damage and there are limited insecticide options.
- The hairy spines or trichomes on ‘Prince Hairy’ potato negatively impact development of Colorado potato beetle.
- Low level pest densities are tolerable in organic systems, thus partial or moderate host plant resistance is acceptable and even preferable in organic agriculture.
- Learn more about ‘Habitat Enhancement’ or ‘Ecological Engineering’ to reduce insect pest problems in the above publication published in 2004 by CAB International.
- Plant diversification enhances ‘top down’ action of natural enemies of pests. Called ‘top-down’ because the top animals in the system (predators) are affected, and they in turn prey on pest insects.
- Permanent habitat for natural enemies at the Int’l. Organic Research Institute in Switzerland includes annual, perennial and woody plants that provide habitat to beneficial arthropods and vertebrates.
- Examples of flowering plant strips established to attract and keep natural enemies (predators and parasites) of insect pests. The bottom photo shows flowering strips planted between rows of celery on a large farm in California.
- This 2003 study indicated that highest rates of parasitism of cabbage worm occurred on cabbage planted closest to flowering strips, and that rates of parasitism decreased on cabbage planted further away from the flowering strips.
- Planting flowering plants without knowledge of the specific predators/parasites that they attract has been called “chocolate box ecology”. This practice is generally not effective. The researcher or farmer must have knowledge of key pest and natural enemy biology and then screen insectary plants to identify those that enhance biological control.
- Intercropping is the planting of different crop families in the same area. This helps to reduce disease and insect pest problems because it is more difficult for pests to develop in diverse plantings than in homogenous or mono-cropped plantings. Intercropping is based on the resource concentration hypothesis of Root (1973) which says that concentrated areas of host plants are easier for insect pests to colonize. Intercropping interferes with pests in a ‘bottom-up’ manner because the influence is exerted on the pest, or the lower animal in the system.
- Trap crops are crops that are more attractive to the pest than the main crop. They are usually planted in borders around the main crop or may be also be planted in strips within the main crop.
- Most success with release of biological control agents for control of insect pests has occurred in greenhouse systems.
- Predatory mite (left) and Orius (minute plant bug) are commonly used predators released in greenhouses to control insect pests (top). Bottom: Systems to deliver predatory insects on greenhouse plants.
- These examples of biological control failures in field-grown organic crops occurred because of incompatible life histories, or because of interference by other natural enemies.
- Bacillus thuringiensis is one of the most commonly used and effective microbial biological control agents. Several varieties are commercially available for control of different pests.
- Codling moth granulosis virus products are widely used in Europe, but not widely used in the U.S. (some in sustainable/organic tree fruit production)
- Efficacy of these products depends on favorable environmental conditions, and the products are expensive.
- Some synthetically produced pheromones are approved for use in organic farming systems.
- Trends in use of OMRI-approved insecticides. Use of broad spectrum materials like pyrethrin is decreasing because of negative effects on natural enemies (non-target effects). Use of neem-based products is increasing because of effectiveness against different pests and generally low toxicity against beneficial arthropods. Spinosad is highly effective against different insect pests, but has toxicity against beneficials and is expensive.
- The efficacy of some OMRI-approved insecticides can be enhanced with specialized application equipment.
- In this organic tree fruit system a flowering strip is planted to attract an egg parasite of the brown apple moth.
- Attract and Kill products mix a pheromone to attract the insect pest along with an insecticide to kill the pest. These are currently used in conventional production but products using OMRI-approved insecticides could be developed for organic systems.
- In an Attract and Reward system, beneficial insects are attracted into the crop by application of a volatile organic compound or lure. They are kept in the area by plantings of flowering plants that provide pollen and nectar. Thus the beneficial insects are rewarded and the level of pest control is enhanced.
- We are just now beginning to place economic value on ecosystem services (biological control from natural enemies is an ecosystem service).
- A New Zealand study to quantify the value of insect predators on conventional and organic farms
- Mortality of aphids by ground dwelling predators (beetles, spiders, etc) was much greater on organic than on conventional farms.
- The dollar value of ground dwelling predators like ground beetles, spiders and earwigs ranged as high as $200 per hectare per year (mostly from savings in insecticide costs).